Thiazide diuretics

                                                                           Brief

Thiazide refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine .The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at Merck and Co. in the 1950s.The first approved drug of this class, chlorothiazide, was marketed under the trade name Diuril beginning in 1958.In most countries, thiazides are the least expensive antihypertensive drugs available.

The first thiazide drug is chlorothiazide 

• Thiazide diuretics act mainly to block sodium and chloride reabsorption at the first portion of the DCT

• Thiazide inhibit a Nat- Cl symport in the luminal membrane of the epithelial cells in the DCT

• Enhances Ca? reabsorption in the DCT by inhibiting Nat entry; thus enhancing the activity of Nat → Ca* exchanger in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells

• Thiazide diuretics are recommended as one of the first medicines to treat high blood pressure.

• Edema

• Heart failure 

• Diabetes insipidus 

• Nephrolithiasis

• Advanced chronic kidney disease

• Orthostatic hypotension

• Syncope

• Geriatric population (age greater than 65 due to risk of hyponatremia)

• Pregnancy

• Hypercalcemia

• Severe hyperuricemia or gout

• Urinating more often.

• Too little sodium in the blood.

• Too little potassium in the blood. 

• Dehydration 

• Muscle cramps.

     ☆Thiazide diuretics may cause very low levels of potassium, called hypokalemia. Hypokalemia can cause life-threatening heartbeat problems. To prevent potassium loss, you may be given a potassium-sparing diuretic like :