33.
To explore form/style/aesthetics ✓
And easily/quickly/cost effectively communicate to/gather feedback from clients ✓
Freehand/rough drawings of designs/concepts ✓
Can be used to convey/visualise/refine/develop the idea ✓
Award [1] for identifying why sketches would be used in the development of the Greenfeet Vertue shoe and [1] for a brief explanation.
2 marks
Topic 3.2
34.
Virtual prototyping:
Are CAD-based/photorealistic/interactive models that use surface and solid modelling ✓
An advantage of virtual prototyping is that the designers can communicate with users without building a physical model/prototype ✓
Which can be expensive/difficult/time consuming ✓
Full scale physical modelling:
Are tangible versions of an object that can be physically interacted with ✓
An advantage of full scale physical modelling is that users can evaluate the interior/seats/cockpit design of the bus (at actual size) ✓
Which enables designers to test the design with a range of users ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of the advantages of using virtual prototyping and full scale physical modelling to get feedback during the design development of the Routemaster bus.
Mark as [3] + [3].
Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.
6 marks
Topic 3.3 + 3.4
35.
a)
FEA uses CAD to simulate the forces the wing would be subjected to ✓
the designer can quickly make changes to the CAD drawing to improve the design of the wing ✓
design changes can be made without having to do expensive physical testing ✓
Award [1] for each advantage of using FEA analysis for the design of the Boeing 787 wings listed
2 marks
Topic 3.4
b)
an instrumented model is used to measure the performance of a product ✓
the wings on the 787 have been tested using instrumented models to study the performance of the wings in a range of situations that would not / may not be safe to field test / test in flight ✓
this ensures that the wing can safely operate in the situations it was designed for ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how instrumented models have been used in the development of Boeing 787 wings.
3 marks
Topic 3.3
36.
to test the process of laminating / manufacture ✓
as laminating technology is new / innovative ✓
to ensure that it is viable / will work for the splint ✓
for the designers ✓
who can learn from the process of making the prototype ✓
which can lead to an improved design / iteration ✓
learn from user feedback / testing ✓
users can interact with prototypes to give the designers feedback ✓
that feedback can be used to improve the design of the splint for users ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why prototypes would have been used in the development of the Eames splint.
Do not award marks across different clusters
6 marks
Topic 3.3
37.
graphical modelling:
a visualisation of an idea often created on paper or through software, in two or three dimensions ✓
communicate with oneself or others ✓
aid further development of ideas or discussion ✓
explore creative solutions and refine ideas ✓
physical modelling:
the creation of a smaller or larger tangible version of an object that can be physically interacted with ✓
communicate with oneself or others ✓
visualise information about the context that the model represents ✓
test aspects of the design against user requirements ✓
to engage users and experts to interact with the physical models to gain feedback ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of each of two advantages of using graphical modelling in the development of the IDEO trolley.
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of each of two advantages of using physical modelling in the development of the IDEO trolley.
Do not award marks across different clusters
6 marks
Topic 3.2 + 3.3
38.
can make complex shapes ✓
can make parts to high accuracy ✓
can be done faster than traditional methods of manufacture ✓
minimises waste in production ✓
can be made as a single component ✓
reduces the number of processes required ✓
can increase number of variants/allows changes to the product ✓
Award [1] for identifying each advantage of using 3D printing to create the turbine blade.
Note to examiners - mark as a ‘list’ question.
2 marks
Topic 3.5
39.
a)
virtual modeling allows models to be tested/altered quickly ✓
CAD can use FEA/surface/solid modeling/haptics ✓
to limit the possibility of errors before production/make
modifications ✓
CAD allows designers to easily transfer files digitally ✓
to manufacturers in other locations ✓
which can increase manufacturing options/decrease cost of production ✓
CAD systems can be linked to CAM output ✓
which would increase efficiency in production ✓
saving time/money ✓
CAD takes advantage of design for manufacture ✓
to consider optimum use of existing manufacturing capability in the design phase ✓
which has an economic benefit for the manufacture ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of the benefit for production when CAD is used in the design phase.
Do not award marks across different clusters
3 marks
Topic 3.4
b)
a conceptual model begins in the imagination/mind ✓
conceptual models enable designers to communicate the big idea to the client/user ✓
and gauge people’s reaction to the concept or idea ✓
designers can share/communicate the idea with the design team ✓
using graphical/physical/virtual methods ✓
which allow conceptual ideas to be understood/developed/moved from being intangible to tangible ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of each of two advantages of using conceptual modelling prior to the development of a CAD model
6 marks
Topic 3
c)
Comfort:
digital humans can be used to test the best position/range of adjustability of the chair ✓
allowing the designers to create the optimal layout of the control panel ✓
minimising fatigue and discomfort for the operator ✓
digital humans can help determine the shape and size of the chair ✓
based on the suitable percentile range/anthropometric data ✓
to maximise the user's comfort over a long duration of time ✓
Safety:
digital humans can be used to test the position and size of the door ✓
to allow for easy/safe access for the operator ✓
which could minimise the risk of falling/tripping when opening the doors/entering or exiting the cabin ✓
digital humans can be used to test the position and size of windows ✓
to allow for optimal line of sight for the operator ✓
which could minimise risk of accidents when operating the crane ✓
digital humans can be used to simulate risky situations ✓
to determine the optimal position of emergency buttons/controls ✓
to ensure/test safe evacuation procedures ✓
Performance:
digital humans can be used to ensure optimal reach of controls ✓
which allows efficiency/ease of operation ✓
to maximise productivity ✓
digital humans can be used to ensure there is a sufficient
work envelope/area ✓
to perform maintenance tasks ✓
using required tools/equipment ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the use of a digital human can help improve the design of the crane cabin with respect to comfort [3 max], safety [3 max] and performance [3 max].
Do not award marks across different clusters
9 marks
Topic 3.4
40.
a)
cost effective ✓
easy to shape/manipulate ✓
easy to modify ✓
tactile material ✓
readily available (abundant) material ✓
helps communicate the form ✓
can be scanned/used for further digital development ✓
suitable for large scale modeling ✓
Award [1] for listing a reason why clay modelling is still used to make prototype models such as in car design up to [1 max].
1 mark
Topic 3.3
b)
surface modelling is a realistic/aesthetic representation of the final model/offers some machining data/contains no data about the interior of the part ✓
whereas solid modelling is a comprehensive (internal and external) representation of the final part/provides a complete set of data for the product to be realized ✓
Award [1] for each description of the difference between solid and surface modelling up to [2 max].
Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark
Do not award marks across clusters
2 marks
Topic 3.4
c)
isometric drawings provide a 3D view of the car ✓
that helps communicate the idea between designers and client/gives a clear representation what the product will look like ✓
exploded isometric drawings can be used to show how the parts need to be assembled ✓
which helps in the manufacturing of different parts of the car ✓
Award [1] for identifying why isometric drawings are often used in car design and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].
Do not award marks for ‘shows all dimensions/angles of the car’
Do not award marks across clusters
2 marks
Topic 3.2
d)
digital humans are virtual simulations of human beings with realistic movements of various parts of the body ✓
can be used to test/evaluate how people interact with the car interior/ controls ✓
to determine optimum clearance/reach/adjustability ✓
digital humans are virtual simulations of human beings with realistic mass/size/shape ✓
can be used to test/evaluate the result of a crash/accident ✓
to optimise the interior of the vehicle to enhance safety/minimise risk of injury ✓
digital human libraries contain models of varying sizes and shapes ✓
designers do not need to utilise a range of real people/physical models to test the interior of the car ✓
reducing labour costs/making modifications to the car interior design quick/cost effective ✓
Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why digital humans are used in car interior design up to [3 max].
3 marks
Topic 3.4