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4. Ocean management futures
Future possibilities for managing the oceans as a global commons
Causes and consequences of increasing demand for the abiotic resources of oceans, including minerals, oil and gas
Trends in biotic resource use (fish and mammals) and the viability of alternatives to overfishing, including aquaculture, conservation areas and quotas
Strengths and weaknesses of initiatives to manage ocean pollution, including local and global strategies for radioactive materials, oil and plastic waste
The strategic value of oceans and sources of international conflict/insecurity, including the contested ownership and control of island, canals and transit choke points
One contemporary geopolitical case study focusing on a contested ocean area
Causes and consequences of increasing demand for the abiotic resources of oceans, including minerals, oil and gas
Causes and consequences of increasing demand for the abiotic resources of oceans, including minerals, oil and gas
Trends in biotic resource use (fish and mammals) and the viability of alternatives to overfishing, including aquaculture, conservation areas and quotas
Trends in biotic resource use (fish and mammals) and the viability of alternatives to overfishing, including aquaculture, conservation areas and quotas
Pages 91-98
Download a copy of the document and finish ALL tasks
Apply your knowledge - Can you now answer the following past exam questions?
Nov 19 - Evaluate the success of actions to reduce overfishing. [10] -
Nov 21 - Suggest how sustainable management of ocean fish stocks in low- and middle-income countries may have benefits for:
(i) local communities; [3]
(ii) the global environment. [3]
Nov 2023 - Explain two strategies to manage overfishing (3+3) -
Ocean Pollution Management Initiatives
Ocean Pollution Management Initiatives
Strengths and weaknesses of initiatives to manage ocean pollution, including local and global strategies for radioactive materials, oil and plastic waste
Task 1 - Read the Facts: Read the following Ocean pollution facts
Create a mind map that describes the location of and causes of ocean pollution. Put it around a copy of this map.
Work in Groups of 3 to fill in this document.
Past Exam Questions
Evaluate strategies designed to manage pollution caused by two or more types of waste materials in the oceans. (Nov 21)
Suggest one political and one environmental challenge associated with the movement of oil around the globe by sea. (3 +3) (May 22)
80s school book - notice stress on oil. What are most current school books focusing on. Does this mean that oil pollution is reduced? Why might that be? What ban has lead to less big oil tanker spills?
For each of the Initiatives to Manage Ocean pollution do the following:
For each of the Initiatives to Manage Ocean pollution do the following:
Describe it
What are the strengths of the initiative
What are the weaknesses of the initiative
Marine Pollution issue 1 - Radioactive waste
Marine Pollution issue 1 - Radioactive waste
Global Initiatives
Global Initiatives
Intergovernmental agreements and International Civil Society
Local Initiative.
Local Initiative.
Fukushima Japan - Read article and watch video
What Was the problem?
What happened in 1972 to reduce it?
What was the role of the International Environmental Civil Society organisation Greenpeace in reducing radioactive dumping.
Sources: 1. The London Convention
Source 2: The Role of Greenpeace
Local Initiative - Fukushima
What was the problem
How did the Japanese government respond to stop radioactive pollution entering the sea.
What is the current status and what issues are involved?
BBC - Concerns over plans to release waste water
Video Source 1 - Latest news - CNN - Anger as Japan releases wastewater.
Video source 2 (below) - this has more of the technical aspects of what was done to clean up and stop pollution entering sea.
Marine Pollution issue 2 - oil
Marine Pollution issue 2 - oil
The Global Response
The Global Response
Local problem and response
Local problem and response
Oil Pollution has many sources - pipelines, oil rigs (see previous example of deepwater horizon) and Oil tankers.
After the Prestige oil spill, when a tanker ran aground and spilt thousands of litres of crude oil on the coast of northern spain a ban was first created by the EU on single hulled ships. Later this was taken up by the UN and all were banned in 2010.
Sources:
China Daily 2005 - effects of ban
Globe.net (2015) - a final farewell to single hulled tankers
1. The problem - Very heavy shipping lanes can lead to collisions which can damage fuel tanks leading to oil spills.
CNA report on clean up operations. Describe methods used and comment on the effectiveness
3. Planning for the future - describe and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of these ideas.
Chat GPT prompt for further notes - "what does singapore do to manage local oil spills and what are the aims to improve this."
Marine Pollution issue 3 - plastic waste
Marine Pollution issue 3 - plastic waste
Global Problem and Response
Global Problem and Response
Local Problem and Response
Local Problem and Response
80% of the oceans plastic waste originates on land. It is washed down in rivers through improper waste management. Hence the most important ways for international organisations to reduce plastic dumping is to reduce Single Use Plastics, promote environmental campaigns to educate people, and to recycle plastics.
Global campaigns and international assistance can also become part of the solution to cleaning up the current problem. - as shown by the OCEAN CLEANUP project (see link)
However, The UN Environment Program estimates that 8 million tonnes of plastic is dumped in the oceans each year. Over 60% of this which generated by China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand.
Ocean Cleanup has also been involved in trying to stop plastic reaching the seas by cleaning up rivers..Ocean cleanup is focusing on some of the worlds major polluting rivers e.g. Klang river in Malaysia
Task - summarise the global problem with facts and figures and evaluate the success of the Ocean cleanup project as a global response.
GET INVOLVED - This local group in South East Asia are amazing... SEVEN CLEAN SEAS find out what they do.
What is the issue of plastic waste in Bali.
What was the role of the local response from students at the Green school. What was the response of local government.
How effective has it been.
SEADS - Here’s How a Young Change Maker Got Bali to Ban Single-Use Plastic Bags
WeForum - Two other activists in Bali
Ban finally reinstated in 2022 - why did the ban falter??
Research up to date latest information on this project.
The strategic value of oceans and sources of international conflict/insecurity, including the contested ownership and control of island, canals and transit choke points
The strategic value of oceans and sources of international conflict/insecurity, including the contested ownership and control of island, canals and transit choke points
The Strategic Value of Oceans
Document Template for this section
Task 1: Go through this resource and video and answer questions.
What is the strategic value of the Indian ocean to the various countries that are mentioned in the video and article.
Is this strategic value increasing? If so why?
What are the names of the choke points in the Indian Ocean - why is control of these important and also a possible source of international conflict/ insecurity?
The contested ownership and control of island, canals and transit choke points
Add to your notes: Oceans are a source of geopolitical tension if there are any disputes over ownership.
Disputes mostly occur if the ocean or islands in the ocean have a specific value. These are mostly due to
a) they are on important shipping lanes
b) they have a large resource potential - biotic or abiotic.
The Transport of oil by large tankers occurs on shipping routes around the world from its major origins - the middle eastern countries of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran.
It is in this zone in particular that we see contested islands and transit choke points causing potential insecurity in the region.
Read: The Weaponisation of Global Choke Points.
What does it mean by "the Weaponisation of choke points".
Which choke points are mentioned in the article, and what are the issues in each point.
Case Study: Straits of Hormuz and contested islands in the Persian/ Arabic Gulf.
Why is this such an area of geopolitical tension. What is the current state of affairs in the area.
Watch video below about other global oil choke points - make some notes on those that relate to the worlds main canals - the Suez and Panama.
Evergiven: Read article on right - What was the effect that the blockage of the Canal by the Evergiven had on global trade.
Task: You need to make notes on this section - super important for Higher level as this is also related to Global interactions.
News Article
News Article
One contemporary geopolitical case study focusing on a contested ocean area
One contemporary geopolitical case study focusing on a contested ocean area
Choose one of the places below and create a case study
Where is it (Place)
What processes are involved that cause this to be a contested area
What are the Power issues
What are the Possible futures
Resource to go with this Section: Pages 101-104 (click on book on the left)
Case Study 1: The South China Seas
Case Study 1: The South China Seas
Case Study 2: The Arctic Ocean
Case Study 2: The Arctic Ocean
Note: You MUST get updated news on this on the Flipboard Pages - All case studies MUST be contemporary and have the latest developments - What are they?
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