develop a growth mindset, understanding they can learn challenging subjects by increasing their efforts and employing more effective strategies.

discover their preferred ways of learning, utilizing strategies that allow them to maximize their learning of valuable new information and skills.

employ critical thinking, using probing questions and higher-order reasoning skills to evaluate complex situations, make wise choices, and solve important problems.

have a fixed mindset, believing they were born with a fixed amount of intelligence and talent and there is little or nothing they can do to improve their abilities.

often experience frustration, boredom, or resistance when their instructors don’t teach the way they like to learn.

use ineffective thinking skills that result in confusion, illogical thinking, unwise choices, challenging problems, and even exploitation by others.