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SARANA KOMUNIKASI AKADEMIK
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
This Program is arranged by Rolles Nixon Palilingan (the student of Postgraduate Program of Udayana University) when learning TOEFL in order to get
This Program is arranged by Rolles Nixon Palilingan (the student of Postgraduate Program of Udayana University) when learning TOEFL in order to get
the requisite score.
the requisite score.
The Program can be used by anyone who is learning TOEFL in preparing to get an intended score.
The Program can be used by anyone who is learning TOEFL in preparing to get an intended score.
TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION SECTION
TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION SECTION
Patterns and rules of style like those in this Review of Structure and Written Expression frequently appear on Parts A and Β of the Structure and Written Expression Section of the TOEFL. To prepare for Section 2 of the TOEFL, study the problems in this chapter:
Problems with Verbs
Problems with Verbs
Main Verbs
Main Verbs
Missing Main Verb
Verbs that Require an Infinitive in the Complement
Verbs that Require an -ing Form in the Complement
Verb Phrases that Require an -ing Form in the Complement
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l Tense
l Tense
Irregular Past Forms
Irregular Past Forms
l Modals
l Modals
Modal + Verb Word
Modal + Verb Word
Logical Conclusions — Events in the Past
Logical Conclusions — Events in the Past
Logical Conclusions — Events in the Present
Logical Conclusions — Events in the Present
Logical Conclusions — Events that Repeat
Logical Conclusions — Events that Repeat
Knowledge and Ability — Know and Know How
Knowledge and Ability — Know and Know How
Past Custom — Used to and BE Used to
Past Custom — Used to and BE Used to
Advisability — Had Better
Advisability — Had Better
Preference — Would Rather
Preference — Would Rather
Preference for Another — Would Rather That
Preference for Another — Would Rather That
Negative Imperatives
Negative Imperatives
l Causatives
l Causatives
Causative MAKE
Causative MAKE
Causative GET
Causative GET
Causative HAVE
Causative HAVE
Causative LET
Causative LET
Causative HELP
Causative HELP
l Conditionals
l Conditionals
Factual Conditionals — Absolute, Scientific Results
Factual Conditionals — Absolute, Scientific Results
Factual Conditionals — Probable Results for the Future
Factual Conditionals — Probable Results for the Future
Factual Conditionals — Possible Results
Factual Conditionals — Possible Results
Factual Conditionals — Probable Changes in Past Results
Factual Conditionals — Probable Changes in Past Results
Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals — Impossible Results Were
Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals — Impossible Results Were
Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals — Change in Conditions Unless
Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals — Change in Conditions Unless
l Wishes
l Wishes
Wishes — Events in the Past
Wishes — Events in the Past
Wishes — Events in the Present and the Future
Wishes — Events in the Present and the Future
Contrary-to-Fact Wishes — Events that Repeat
Contrary-to-Fact Wishes — Events that Repeat
Contrary-to-Fact Wishes — Impossible Results Were
Contrary-to-Fact Wishes — Impossible Results Were
(exercise problems 6-30)
(exercise problems 6-30)
l Subjunctives
l Subjunctives
Importance — Subjunctive Verbs
Importance — Subjunctive Verbs
Importance — Nouns Derived from Subjunctive Verbs
Importance — Nouns Derived from Subjunctive Verbs
Importance — Impersonal Expressions
Importance — Impersonal Expressions
l Infinitives
l Infinitives
Purpose — Infinitives
Purpose — Infinitives
l Passives
l Passives
Passives — Word Order
Passives — Word Order
Passives — Agent
Passives — Agent
Necessity for Repair or Improvement — NEED
Necessity for Repair or Improvement — NEED
Belief and Knowledge — Anticipatory It
Belief and Knowledge — Anticipatory It
l HAVE + Participle
l HAVE + Participle
Duration — HAVE + Participle
Duration — HAVE + Participle
Duration — HAVE + Been + Participle
Duration — HAVE + Been + Participle
Predictions — Will Have + Participle
Predictions — Will Have + Participle
Unfulfilled Desires in the Past — Had Hoped
Unfulfilled Desires in the Past — Had Hoped
l Tag Questions
l Tag Questions
Tag Questions — BE and Other Verbs
Tag Questions — BE and Other Verbs
Tag Questions — Modals and Modal -Related Forms
Tag Questions — Modals and Modal -Related Forms
Tag Questions — Ambiguous Abbreviations
Tag Questions — Ambiguous Abbreviations
l Auxiliary Verbs
l Auxiliary Verbs
Missing Auxiliary Verb
Missing Auxiliary Verb
REVIEW EXERCISE PROBLEMS 31-46
REVIEW EXERCISE PROBLEMS 31-46
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR VERBS
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR VERBS
Problems with Pronouns
Problems with Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Subject Pronouns in Complement Position
Subject Pronouns in Complement Position
Object Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Object Pronouns after Prepositions
Object Pronouns after Prepositions
Possessive Pronouns before -ing Forms
Possessive Pronouns before -ing Forms
Possessive Pronouns before Parts of the Body
Possessive Pronouns before Parts of the Body
Relative Pronouns that Refer to Persons and Things
Relative Pronouns that Refer to Persons and Things
Relative Pronouns that Refer to Persons
Relative Pronouns that Refer to Persons
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PRONOUNS
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PRONOUNS
Problems with Nouns
Problems with Nouns
Count Nouns
Count Nouns
Noncount Nouns
Noncount Nouns
Nouns with Count and Noncount Meanings
Nouns with Count and Noncount Meanings
Count and Noncount Nouns with Similar Meanings
Count and Noncount Nouns with Similar Meanings
Noncount Nouns that are Count Nouns in Other Languages
Noncount Nouns that are Count Nouns in Other Languages
Singular and Plural Expressions of Noncount Nouns
Singular and Plural Expressions of Noncount Nouns
Classifications — Kind and Type
Classifications — Kind and Type
Infinitive and -ing Subjects
Infinitive and -ing Subjects
Qualifying Phrases with -ing
Qualifying Phrases with -ing
Nouns Nominal That Clause
Nouns Nominal That Clause
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PRONOUNS
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PRONOUNS
Problems with Adjectives
Problems with Adjectives
l Determiners
l Determiners
Determiners — a and an
Determiners — a and an
Noncount Nouns with Qualifying Phrases —the
Noncount Nouns with Qualifying Phrases —the
Ø meaning All
Ø meaning All
No Meaning Not Any
No Meaning Not Any
One of the and Some of the
One of the and Some of the
Few and Little
Few and Little
Much and Many
Much and Many
A Little and Little; A Few and Few
A Little and Little; A Few and Few
Only a Few and Only a Little
Only a Few and Only a Little
A Large (Small) Number of and a Large (Small) Amount of
A Large (Small) Number of and a Large (Small) Amount of
Almost All of the and Most of the
Almost All of the and Most of the
l Other Adjectives
l Other Adjectives
Sufficiency — Enough with Nouns
Sufficiency — Enough with Nouns
Sufficiency — Enough with Adjectives
Sufficiency — Enough with Adjectives
Consecutive Order — One, Another, the Other
Consecutive Order — One, Another, the Other
Consecutive Order — Some, Other, the Other; Some, Others, the Others (the Rest)
Consecutive Order — Some, Other, the Other; Some, Others, the Others (the Rest)
Numerical Order
Numerical Order
Nouns that Function as Adjectives
Nouns that Function as Adjectives
Hyphenated Adjectives
Hyphenated Adjectives
Adjectives Ending in –ed and -ing
Adjectives Ending in –ed and -ing
Cause-and-Result — So
Cause-and-Result — So
Cause-and-Result — Such
Cause-and-Result — Such
Excess — Too
Excess — Too
Emphasis — Very
Emphasis — Very
Adjectives with Verbs of the Senses
Adjectives with Verbs of the Senses
Problems with Comparatives
Problems with Comparatives
Exact Similarity — the Same as and the Same
Exact Similarity — the Same as and the Same
General Similarity — Similar to and Similar
General Similarity — Similar to and Similar
General Similarity — Like and Alike
General Similarity — Like and Alike
Specific Similarity — Quality Nouns
Specific Similarity — Quality Nouns
Specific Similarity — Quality Adjectives
Specific Similarity — Quality Adjectives
General Difference — Different from and Different
General Difference — Different from and Different
General Difference — to Differ from
General Difference — to Differ from
Comparative Estimates — Multiple Numbers
Comparative Estimates — Multiple Numbers
Comparative Estimates — More Than and Less Than
Comparative Estimates — More Than and Less Than
Comparative Estimates — As Many As
Comparative Estimates — As Many As
Degrees of Comparison — Comparative Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison — Comparative Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison — Superlative Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison — Superlative Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison — Irregular Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison — Irregular Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison — Comparative Adverbs
Degrees of Comparison — Comparative Adverbs
Double Comparatives
Double Comparatives
Illogical Comparatives — General Similarity and Difference
Illogical Comparatives — General Similarity and Difference
Illogical Comparatives — Degrees
Illogical Comparatives — Degrees
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR COMPARATIVES
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR COMPARATIVES
Problems with Prepositions
Problems with Prepositions
Place — Between and Among
Place — Between and Among
Place — in, on, at
Place — in, on, at
Time — in, on, at
Time — in, on, at
Addition — Besides
Addition — Besides
Exception — but and except
Exception — but and except
Replacement— Instead of and Instead
Replacement— Instead of and Instead
Example — Such As
Example — Such As
Condition and Unexpected Result — Despite and in Spite of
Condition and Unexpected Result — Despite and in Spite of
Cause — Because of and Because
Cause — Because of and Because
Cause — from
Cause — from
Purpose — for
Purpose — for
Means — by
Means — by
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PREPOSITIONS
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PREPOSITIONS
Problems with Conjunctions
Problems with Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions — Inclusives both ...and
Correlative Conjunctions — Inclusives both ...and
Correlative Conjunctions — Inclusives both... and... as well as
Correlative Conjunctions — Inclusives both... and... as well as
Correlative Conjunctions — Inclusives not only ...but also
Correlative Conjunctions — Inclusives not only ...but also
Correlative Conjunctions — Exclusives not... but
Correlative Conjunctions — Exclusives not... but
Other Conjunctions
Other Conjunctions
Affirmative Agreement — So and Too
Affirmative Agreement — So and Too
Negative Agreement — Neither and Either
Negative Agreement — Neither and Either
Planned Result — So That
Planned Result — So That
Future Result — When
Future Result — When
Indirect Questions
Indirect Questions
Question Words with –ever
Question Words with –ever
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR CONJUNCTIONS
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR CONJUNCTIONS
Problems with Adverbs and Adverb-Related Structures
Problems with Adverbs and Adverb-Related Structures
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Manner— Fast, Late, Hard
Adverbs of Manner— Fast, Late, Hard
Sometime and Sometimes
Sometime and Sometimes
Negative Emphasis
Negative Emphasis
Introductory Adverbial Modifiers — Once
Introductory Adverbial Modifiers — Once
Introductory Adverbial Modifiers — While
Introductory Adverbial Modifiers — While
No Longer
No Longer
Duration — For and Since
Duration — For and Since
Dates
Dates
Pseudocomparatives
Pseudocomparatives
Generalization — as a Whole and Wholely
Generalization — as a Whole and Wholely
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR ADVERBS AND ADVERB RELATED STRUCTURES
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR ADVERBS AND ADVERB RELATED STRUCTURES
STYLE
STYLE
Problems with Point of View
Problems with Point of View
Point of View — Verbs
Point of View — Verbs
Point of View — Reported Speech
Point of View — Reported Speech
Point of View — Verbs and Adverbs
Point of View — Verbs and Adverbs
Point of View — Activities of the Dead
Point of View — Activities of the Dead
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR POINT OF VIEW
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR POINT OF VIEW
Problems with Agreement
Problems with Agreement
Agreement — Modified Subject and Verb
Agreement — Modified Subject and Verb
Agreement — Subject with Accompaniment and Verb
Agreement — Subject with Accompaniment and Verb
Agreement — Subject with Appositive and Verb
Agreement — Subject with Appositive and Verb
Agreement — Verb-Subject Order
Agreement — Verb-Subject Order
Agreement — an Indefinite Subject and Verb
Agreement — an Indefinite Subject and Verb
Agreement — a Collective Subject and Verb
Agreement — a Collective Subject and Verb
Agreement — Noun and Pronoun
Agreement — Noun and Pronoun
Agreement — Subject and Possessive Pronouns
Agreement — Subject and Possessive Pronouns
Agreement — Indefinite Subject Pronoun and Possessive Pronouns
Agreement — Indefinite Subject Pronoun and Possessive Pronouns
Agreement — Impersonal Pronouns
Agreement — Impersonal Pronouns
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR AGREEMENT
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR AGREEMENT
Problems with Introductory Verbal Modifiers
Problems with Introductory Verbal Modifiers
Verbal Modifiers — -ing and -ed Forms
Verbal Modifiers — -ing and -ed Forms
Verbal Modifiers — Infinitives of Purpose to Introduce Instructions
Verbal Modifiers — Infinitives of Purpose to Introduce Instructions
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR INTRODUCTORY VERBAL MODIFIERS
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR INTRODUCTORY VERBAL MODIFIERS
Problems with Parallel Structure
Problems with Parallel Structure
Parallel Structure — in a Series
Parallel Structure — in a Series
Parallel Structure — after Correlative Conjunctions
Parallel Structure — after Correlative Conjunctions
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PARALLEL STRUCTURE
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Problems with Redundancy
Problems with Redundancy
Redundancy — Unnecessary Phrases
Redundancy — Unnecessary Phrases
Redundancy — Repetition of Words with the Same Meaning
Redundancy — Repetition of Words with the Same Meaning
Redundancy — Repetition of Noun by Pronoun
Redundancy — Repetition of Noun by Pronoun
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR REDUNDANCY
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR REDUNDANCY
Problems with Word Choice
Problems with Word Choice
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Raise and Rise
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Raise and Rise
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Lay and Lie
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Lay and Lie
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Set and Sit
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs — Set and Sit
Similar Verbs — Te// and Say
Similar Verbs — Te// and Say
Similar Verbs — Let and Leave
Similar Verbs — Let and Leave
Similar Verbs — Borrow and Lend
Similar Verbs — Borrow and Lend
Similar Verbs — Make and Do
Similar Verbs — Make and Do
Prepositional Idioms
Prepositional Idioms
Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR WORD CHOICE
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISE FOR WORD CHOICE
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