YO1_YHours

Youth Opting for Career 1st

《年轻人的择业之路：其一》

Notes on Academic Working Hours & Incomes

Created on 15Mar2021 the MoonDay (辛丑年二月初三日·文昌帝君诞)

Updated on 27Mar2021 the MetalDay (辛丑年二月十五日·太上老君诞·岳帅诞)

Youth Opting for Career (07 October 2010 – now)

《年轻人的择业之路》(04 April 2012: 08.40am – 06.40pm)

《青年人的谋生途径》(04 April 2012: 06.40pm – 现在)

^@1《（年轻人 / 青年人？）的（择业 / 谋生？）（之路 / 途径？）》(04 April 2012: 06.40pm – 现在)

Notes @1: This title has at least eight shown possibilities. Its type of title having an existing role, named (youngster / youth?) here, can resist against the nianshou (年兽) attacks. A nianshou always maliciously tries to gamble the hidden identity by (oneself / himself / herself / itself?), so as to possibly cheat the handful benefits.

注解 @1：这个题目有至少八种显明的可能性。他题目的种类（含有 / 包括了？）一个叫（年轻人 / 青年人？）的角色。这个角色在这里的存在可以抵抗年兽的攻击。年兽时常存有恶意地试探（它 / 他 / 她 / 牠？）赌自己隐藏了的身份时可能欺骗到手的利益。

| Learning Chinese Language | When & Why Chinese Language |

Notes on Academic Working Hours (October 2010 – 26 March 2012)

Notes on Academic Working Hours & Incomes (26 March 2012 – now)

Version 1.2

Part I: On Academic Working Hours (October 2010 – May 2012)

[1] For the working career in academia, this is a mixture type of industrial economy for teaching job as teacher and knowledge economy for research job as researcher.

[2] The universities, for being able to do mass production of undergraduate students, have in some ways been replacing the traditional type of master-apprentice training relationship. This is a form of industrial economy, where the books are the machine-like tools and about 40 books, each with three credit hours, to form a bachelor degree course at 120 credit hours.

[3] To produce the books, then the authors have to produce novel copyrighted literary works through study, review, research, and development. This is a form of knowledge economy, where the professors produce by oneself or adopt books from the others for skill training and job specialization for the undergraduate and postgraduate students.

[4] The word of “professor” means a person offering special training or a particular skill, often one which is respected because it involves a high level of education.

[5] In the industrial economy, the amount of weekly working hours at about 40 hours inclusive of rest time is a universally acceptable industrial labour guideline and standard.

[6] Working as an academician at a university is a very demanding job, as can be observed from the requirement to own a normal doctorate degree (aka PhD degree) to prove capabilities to study, research, and teach high level skills in one’s specialization(s).

[7] For knowledge economy, the job is more on problem solution, and working hour is not that clear. For example, one who is smart may independently spend two weeks to finish digesting a normal book and another month to solve the problems in the book. However, for one who is less smart, more time is needed, and may be teaching guidance as well.

[8] Hence, for academia, its working hour is flexible because the preparation to teach university subjects in the courses is of type knowledge economy.

[9] In short on selection of career path for academia or industry, if one being an academician needs more than 40 working hours per week and the annual salary is not much better than those working in the industry in average, then it is advised to work for the industry. This is to ensure that at least there is no over-working and we have time efficiency achieved.

[10] For corporate sector, it can be of (mainly) industry nature or knowledge (or research) nature. The number of 40 working hours per week is again a good guideline.

[11] For academic sector, writing copyrighted book as a machine-like tool for the mass production of university students is the best way of incomes for an academician, in which a full professor will normally do to pass one’s knowledge to the future generations.

[12] Meanwhile for learning to write book, each university degree normally requires a book, specially called as “thesis”. In other words, the university degree trains a student in writing a special book to pass knowledge around.

[13] For industrial economy portion of academic sector, it generates the fixed monthly salary income paid to the teaching academicians.

[14] For knowledge economy portion of academic sector, the income is normally in the forms of royalty from intellectual properties (IP) like patent and copyright. In case there exists a mutual agreement, this royalty may be shared among the academician, university, and funding agency.

[15] On industrial economy portion of academic sector, the terms and conditions of employment contract are normally quite fixed and stable like a template after centuries of industrial age experience.

[16] On knowledge economy portion of academic sector, its experience is still quite new for at about three decades old since the US Bayh–Dole Act 1980 (or University and Small Business Patent Procedures Act) in the USA in year 1980. For the share distribution of ownership and royalty over the created intellectual properties (IP), it normally depends on a separate mutual agreement based on the invested commercial capital like cash, trade secret, labour, land and building, machinery tools, materials, etc.

[17] On the relationship of an academician with a university as compared with a company, one can refer to the phrases like affiliate for affiliation, associate for associate professor, fellow for fellowship in an academy, and executive for executive director.

[18] For costly patent protection, then an academician will normally try to get the full financing from the university by reducing one’s share amount. Nevertheless, as in tradition for economical copyright protection, the academician, especially experienced full professor, will normally own the whole copyright independently, sell or transfer (as a gift) the copyright to a publisher.

[19] Research is very risky. The research funding normally comes from the federal governments and large companies only. For university, small business, and non-profit organizations using the research funding of US federal government, only after the Bayh-Dole Act 1980 has been enacted, they are allowed to become the patent owner. Before Bayh-Dole Act 1980, for all the US federal government funded research, the ownership of its research outputs is in the hands of US federal government, in which those patent rights are normally licensed free of charge. This is because by rights the US government shall not involve directly in the commercial activities.

[20] In short, there are many stages for the progress of science and useful arts (or knowledge advancement/progress in general) into two main groups, i.e.

(a) Process: (a.1) study (to read from books to understand the conceptual meanings), (a.2) exploration (to search out from random wandering around some spaces into a dynamically ordered route for a head topic), (a.3) review (to check from books, theses, conference proceedings, journals, or patents; to investigate the boundary of prior arts), (a.4) research (to search again, then to output and claim novelty), and (a.5) development (to advance further the territory of novel outputs); and

(b) Result: (b.1) comments, (b.2) problem definition/modeling, (b.3) methodology (i.e. analytical/statistical/experimental hypotheses and proofs/solutions), (b.4) improvement (through enhancement by adding, or refinement by removing), (b.5) discovery, (b.6) innovation, (b.7) invention, (b.8) enablement (i.e. practical applications and typical examples) [Note: Technology is the applications of Science.], (b.9) efficient function-cost optimization, (b.10) quintessence (i.e. for most typical examples as basic commercial entry packages), (b.11) standardization, and (b.12) recycling.

(c) For art stream counterparts to science stream (being discovery, innovation, and invention), they are characters, roles, styles, and fashions, both either decorated, modified, adapted or new. An example is linguistic register as language style.

(d) For hybrid stream from both art and science, they are design, model, and architecture. Examples are designer and architect.

[21] There are four major sub-groups of science relying on different proving methodology mainly, i.e. (a) Mathematics on analytical proof; (b) Physics on analytical proof; (c) Chemistry on experimental proof; (d) Biology on statistical proof; and (e) Computing on analytical proof. Hence, do select one’s career path for future better advancement according to one’s strength. Yup! One can be a solo, duo, trio, quartet, or also quintet for single or mixed disciplines.

Part II: On Academic Working Incomes (26 March 2012 – 26 March 2012)

[1] For the working career in academia, this is a mixture type of industrial economy for teaching job as teacher and knowledge economy for research job as researcher.

[2] The teaching income shall have been enough fulfilling a university teacher’s basic financial needs, like tutor and lecturer.

[3] Meanwhile for research income, it is a gifted output or product from a researcher to enable a university teacher, like assistant/associate/full/emeritus professor, to acquire teaching materials for own teaching uses, or for exchanges or cross licensing with other researchers.

[4] In case during the running of the research project at the university, significant funding, resources, or costs are incurred from or borne by the university, government, outside company, or individual investor, then the financing investor will own certain percentages of shares over the research output or product.

[5] For non-significant funding, resources, or costs used in the research project parked at the university, normally refund or payment by the researcher, or university vice versa, can redeem the contributor and settle the issue of tiny share ownership.

[6] On the ownership issue of research outputs, the originality of idea conception is the most critical and essential consideration factor. The most difficult part of a research project is to successfully guess a starting point close enough to the actual novel working location. In the database for example, the beginning of a dynamic data structure to build a database needs at least two pointer variables.

[7] An academician, as researcher and teacher, who owns original research output as source of product, has become a boss already.

[8] Master’s degree holder by research having a new and functioning solution model is a pseudo-boss; whereas normal doctorate or Ph.D. holder by research having at least two new and functioning solution models, combinable under a common title, is an actual boss already.

参考书目 (References)

[R0] Kok-Wah Lee (李国华) (Roles: Nanyang author (南洋作家), information engineer, Malaysian, Chinese, male), “Youth Opting for Career” (《青年人的谋生途径》). Online electronic article, created on 07 October 2010, updated on 21 April 2012, accessed on 21 April 2012. < Access here >

[R1] Benjamin S. Bloom (Roles: author, educational psychologist, American, male), “The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring”. Journal: Educational Researcher, Vol. 13, No. 6, June-July 1984, pp. 4-16.

[R2] Kok-Wah Lee (李国华) (Roles: Nanyang author (南洋作家), information engineer, Malaysian, Chinese, male), “Initial Comments on “Shan Hai Jing” (Book of Mountains & Oceans)” (《《山海经》初评》). Online electronic article, created on 16 August 2009, updated on 18 March 2012, accessed on 04 April 2012. < Access here >

[R3] Kok-Wah Lee (李国华) (Roles: Nanyang author (南洋作家), information engineer, Malaysian, Chinese, male), “The Four Basic Principles/Apogees in Chinese Culture” (《中华文化的四大原则》). Online electronic article, created on 21 April 2012, updated on 21 April 2012, accessed on 21 April 2012. < Access here >

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Created on 07 October 2010

Ended-1 on 12 May 2012

Ended-2 on 18 August 2012

Ended-3 on 15 July 2013

Ended-4 on 15 March 2021 the MoonDay (辛丑年二月初三日·文昌帝君诞)

Updated on 15 March 2021 the MoonDay

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