Degree Study 1

Types of Academic Certificates

since Primary Schools & Rebounds

Created on 15Mar2021 the MoonDay (辛丑年二月初三日·文昌帝君诞)

Ended-1 on 27Mar2021 the MetalDay (辛丑年二月十五日·太上老君诞·岳帅诞)

Updated on 09Sep2021 the FireDay. (辛丑年八月初三日·八仙诞·何仙姑)

Degree Study

| Degree Study System (学位制度) | Youth Opting | Types of IP |

Types of Academic Certificates since Primary Schools & Rebounds

( C2 | Si ) 13Sep2021 the MoonDay.

[1] Language Certificate (小学语文证书 – 证什么？) (学会了哪几种语文和证明了其什么通晓程度后方可继续上路？): School leaving certificate from primary school level, according to learnt languages, as well as possible basic subjects like mathematics, science, history, geography, human health, and civics for safety.

[2] Elementary Level (E-Level) Certificate (中学初级程度证书 – 证什么？) (证明了什么初级的东西后方可使用？): Lower secondary school students learning the elementary knowledge at secondary school level, according to the first elementary basis of common art and science subjects competing in a common career platform.

[3] Ordinary Level (O-Level) Certificate (中学中级程度证书 – 再证什么？) (再证明了什么中级的东西后方可使用？): Upper secondary school students learning the ordinary knowledge at secondary school level, according to the second ordinary basis of quite many subjects competing in a career direction.

[4A] Advanced Level (A-Level) Certificate (中学高级程度证书 – 又证什么？) (又证明了什么高级的东西后方可使用？): Pre-university (Pre-U) students learning the most advanced knowledge at secondary school level, according to the third advanced basis of a few subjects competing in a career arena.

[4B] Diploma (学院文凭 – 凭什么？): College students using diplomacy to get solution models to be applied to similar problems encountered by them.

[5A] Bachelor Degree / Full Bachelor Degree (大学学士学位 – 学什么？) (又曰本科生学位、正学士学位 – 为学之本在哪里？) (何为学位？又谁有座位让人旁学？): University undergraduate students learning independent problem solving techniques for known problems in a broad knowledge domain. Duration is three to four years. Normally a bachelor degree holder will use two subjects as core skillful tools in one’s future job, so called as major field. A major field needs at least 20 credit hours per subject group.

[5B] Higher Diploma (学院高等文凭 – 高凭什么？): College students using diplomacy to get advanced solution models, e.g. high technology, to be applied to similar problems encountered by them.

[5C] Associate Degree / Associate Bachelor Degree (大学副学士学位 – 学什么？) (又曰副科生学位 – 为学之本在哪里？) (何为学位？又谁有座位让人旁学？): University undergraduate students learning independent problem solving techniques for known problems in a medium-sized knowledge domain. Duration is two years. Normally an associate degree holder will use one subject as core skillful tool in one’s future job, so called as minor field. A minor field needs at least 10 credit hours per subject group.

[6A] Master’s Degree by Coursework (大学作业硕士学位 – 石上刻什么？): University postgraduate students furthering the problem solving techniques into deeper knowledge scope.

[6B] Master’s Degree by Research (大学研究硕士学位 – 开石做什么工？): University postgraduate students researching into deeper knowledge scope for at least one unit of novel knowledge outputs; or one unit of repeatable and functional novel solution model to one known/new problem.

[7A] Ph.D. Degree / D.Phil. Degree (Normal Doctorate) (大学哲学博士学位 – 开石做什么双倍工？比喻需要有可连成一气的两点刚成一寸长也。): University postgraduate students researching into deeper knowledge scope for at least two units of connected novel knowledge outputs under a common title; or at least two units of repeatable and functional novel solution models to at least two known/new problems, in which the solution models can be combined under a common title.

[7B] Ab.D. Degree (All but Dissertation) (俺不地 | 隘堡的·音译或谙名！自中文种子句的字集二甸o：安士、利市): Almost to obtain Ph.D. degree, but full steps at most TEN (10) form stages have exceeded EIGHT (8) before convocation thesis at TWO (2), where ALL Stages# =< 10. Due to Western Chess to have Fame and Profits separated into two groups, to have Chi-Squared Distributions (Chi-x^2 tests) activated, or switched on with two group types, the chess scenario “stalemate” will exist afterwards. In other words, Ab.D. degree is thesis-like book; whereby Ph.D. degree is book-like thesis. PhD thesis shall be used to exchange answers or solutions with the others’ theses, in the units of thesis chapters. AbD book has not chosen to be colonel (上校), but selected to be the back-up role as lieutenant-general (中将), wherein his or her research reports were not used to exchange with the theses library, to form tertiary level lecture notes so as to earn higher teaching incomes from undergraduate study fees. PhD was for Fame in tort law as academician, but AbD was for Profits in contract law as businessman.

[7C] Example from K.W. Lee’s Postgraduate Study Second: Started (Application Form + Registration)[2] + Ended (Thesis Acceptance + Convocation Ceremony)[2] + Mid-Islands (Proposal Defense + Work Completion Seminars)[3] + Research Publication (Conference Proceedings + Journal)[3] =< 10

Chess Stalemate >= 10 where checkmate game ended to eat the King Piece by eleventh move (11th).

Moves# = SEMR(10) + Thesis Defense Seminars (2) + Others if Any > 10

Conference Proceedings (Keywords: Coinware, Chinese Passphrase) in China Provinces (GuangDong, HeiLongJiang, JiangSu)

Journal (Keywords: Multihash Keys) kn China Province (ZheJiang)

Events number primality over TEN (10) were not recordable into meeting minutes of a legal entity, because of Fame at University, and Profits at Commerce.

10 >= Legal Entity (6) + Natural People the Member (4), where LKW had held “ANN based BAP”, “Proofs of Vector Analysis & Identities”, “Secure Switches Guarded Partitioned Silicon Domains and Used to Club King SW8”, as well as “Club Queen SW2+8 for Overflow Detectors & Monetary Exchangers”, at service mark#4.

[7D] Differences between Ab.D. (隘堡的士) and Ph.D. (哲学博士) are mark-up or mark-down of price unit, where AbD is mark-up in contract law and PhD is mark-down in tort law. Instances of mark-up type are stamp duties of SPA (Sales and Purchase Agreement) & LA (Loan Agreement), income taxes of individuals and commerce, sales taxes of retail and wholesale, etc. Meanwhile instances of mark-down type are club member discount tiers (0% - 30%), sales promotion discount, academic version software price (10% of cash payment), etc. Club membership of MY-SG Popular Bookshop branches, and Microsoft Visual Studio SW licenses, were instances picked up by LKW beforehand.

[7E] Based on STPM subject Mathematics T at 3rd Semester Chapter 18, English mathematician Karl Pearson (born 1857 died 1936) had a statistics tool to be called up here entitled “Pearson chi-squared test”. The special chess scenario called stalemate can be visualized by using statistical proofs.

On LKW the Postgraduate side, at 1% of significance level, or P(X > x) = 0.01; in freedom degree v = k – 1 = 3, where k(solution models) = {conference#2, journal#1, assumed thesis secret#1}, n(k) = 4; as from x^2 distribution table, at X^2(v = 3, p = 0.99), the number of events X^2 =< 11.34, or in integer nearest to the floor function has to be not more than ELEVEN (X^2 =< 11).

On the Full Professor side at the University the Pawnshop, a total of overt(15) and covert(1) solutions were charged or pawned. There are at least six (6) attendees to a meeting to have copyright recorded into meeting minutes. Excluding the Full Professor, there are five (5) members to divide the 15+1 research papers, coming to 3 (= 15/5) overt published papers, plus a secret unpublished. At Pearson’s Chi-Squared test, Full Professor side has statistical data at degree of freedom v = k – 1 = 3, where k(solution models) = {overt#3, covert#1}, n(k) = 4; and at 10% of significance level; told to be at point X^2(v = 3, p = 0.90), where number of events X^2 =< 6.251, or in floor function to become the nearest SIX (6). These facts tell that university pawnshop was surrounded to be at YinYi (ZW: 阴仪; EN: Moon domain), whereby communications and records should be encrypted, and without at least a verbal secret key, the thesis contents should have been not able to be digested. From [7C], Fame(10) – Open(2) – End(2) =< Internal Events#(6).

[7F] Integer for Academic University was six (6) at Fame or Tort Laws; whereas for Patent Office was seven (7) at Cash Profit or Contract Laws. University pawnshop was type YinYi. Yet key concept of patent enablement was type YangYi (ZW: 阳仪; EN: Sun domain). Patent apps have a common ground free, based on enablement rules, to make patent contents publicly accessible at minimum costs what so ever.

[8A] Habilitation Degree / Sc.D. Degree / D.Sc. Degree / Doctor of Letters (Higher Doctorate) (大学异士学位 – 什么田地可共工？返璞归真也。): University graduates researching, without other’s contribution for originality of novel idea conception, to create sufficient units of connected novel knowledge outputs to form backwards for at least one studying subject, at least at bachelor degree level, like diploma at colleges, Advanced Level (A-Level), Ordinary Level (O-Level), etc. A question here is: How many credit hours or learning/teaching hours shall the newly created subject normally be?

[8B] Proof from YinYang studies (阴阳学), a human group has shareholders as owner and insider at AGM (Annual General Meeting), interacts with other outsiders such as managers, workers, customers, suppliers; whereby Greater Yang (太阳) gaps 26 to 50, and Lesser Yang (少阳) 1 to 25. Meanwhile meeting records could only be written down whenever meeting members are at least six (6) persons. This produces an upper bound value at 24 (= 6*4), where a legal entity number 6, and her natural human faces#4.

Human interaction model = Before Group Formation (25) / Insider#(6) => floor function => Outsider#(4)

[8C] At the academy domain, this story tells that a University has upper bound six (6), and a certificate recipient is at most four (4) titles. Consequently, those University titles include: {Bachelor, Master, Normal Doctorate, Higher Doctorate}.

[8D] At higher doctorate level, the thesis would be converted into higher volume of printing, where book type is the end, and to be passed to other libraries for wider readership and applications.

[8E] Based on the principle of enablement in Patent Laws, below list the enablement titles as once in LKW’s keeping. They are at common ground free, to let the kids to grow up as in the Book of Changes (易经) about family relationships.

<<Byzantine Generals Problem>> Leslie LAMPORT | Robert Shostak & Marshall Pease, 1982.7, < https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/357172.357176 >

<<Hirsch Index>> Jorge E. HIRSCH, 2005.8, < https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102 >

<<Human Interaction Models>> Kaneyuki KUROKAWA, 1997.4, < https://doi.org/10.1109/MP.1997.581387 >

<<2D Key & CLPW>> Xpree K.W. LEE, 2009.4, < http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJCEE.2009.V1.1 >

[8F] In view of number of varsity titles has been limited to at most four (4), then at least one (1) move was reserved at the Chess game, to have thesis conversion to book publication and distribution at the Sc.D. level; which means item [7E] X^2(v = 3, p = 0.99) =< 11.34 events, deducted ONE (1) step for Sc.D. to have become floor(11.34 – 1) = 10 (TEN).

[9] (05Feb2017 a MetalDay). Partnership （合伙企业） at most #Sijil (en: certificate; cn: 证书) = 20 at Standard Five of Primary School. The knot priority (伏先日期) before the S5 is four years of workmanships catered for four Labor Heads, or in equivalent to one Labor Group. For example, ZonXuiBu 【终须有报】 could be or most likely might be the labor group for four major types of literary works in the SJM-Field (《水济田运》).

[10] (15Feb2017 a WaterDay). Last partnership writings prior to the Auxiliary Partnership ( 辅企：辅弼式合伙企业 ) [ 121.249.Li.base# ] for cross-boundary goods distribution begun from month March the first day ( 01st ), as like 01Mar2017 in this year Fire Chicken, or every anniversary date since then.

Nota Bene (N.B.)

NB-1: From 10,000-hour rule researched by Anders Ericsson, one, who aims to become excellent expert to master an art or science career, needs a learning time unit of 10,000 hours to pave through from knowledge domain to skill domain.

NB-2: (03Jun2012). A knowledge subject is excellent to be and have at least a working system, (which is) independent and recyclable. For example, a computer system (Group type in Chinese language: 眼) is independent, not yet recyclable, and has four major components: CPU (Central Processing Unit) (元), I/O (Input/Output) Devices (亨), OS (Operating System) & Application Software (利), Memory Units (貞).

This page contains Chinese characters.

E. & O. E. = Errors and Omissions Exempted

E. & O. E., + E. = Errors and Omissions Exempted, plus Estimations

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Out of Sight, Out of Love. || Where One Comes, Where One Goes.

Veni Vedi Vinci : I come I see I conquer.

Where One Comes from, Where One Goes to.

Where Ones Come from, Where Ones Go to.

Email here : E96LKW@hotmail.com

Created on 23 July 2007

Ended-1 on 27 August 2014

Ended-2 06 January 2015

Ended-3【火鸡年正月十二木天：查晗破晓 】 WoodDay 09 February 2017

Ended-4 on 15 March 2021 the MoonDay (辛丑年二月初三日·文昌帝君诞)

Ended-5 on 13 September 2021 the MoonDay (辛丑年八月初七日·八仙诞)

Updated on 13 September 2021 the MoonDay

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