1st President: Emilio AguinaldAguinaldo
2nd President: Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina
Biography & Background
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Manuel Quezon | Biography, Contributions, World War II, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Quezon
Contributions & Achievements
• Guéraiche, W. (2008). Manuel Quezon, patron of the American-Filipino community. Moussons, 12, 163–172. https://doi.org/10.4000/moussons.1536
3rd President: José Paciano Garcia Laurel Sr.
Biography & Background
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025, November 2). José P. Laurel | Philippine Commonwealth, WWII, Japanese Occupation. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jose-P-Laurel
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, October 30). Jose P. Laurel. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel
• Geni. (2023, April 26). Sotero Laurel y Remoquillo (1849–1902). https://www.geni.com/people/Sotero-Laurel/6000000012868139898
Contributions & Political Role
• Jose P. Laurel. (n.d.). Philippine President Websites. https://philippinespres.weebly.com/jose-p-laurel.html
Trivia / Other Facts
• Jose P. Laurel Facts for Kids. (n.d.). https://kids.kiddle.co/Jose_P._Laurel
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4th President: Sergio Osmeña Sr.
Biography & Background
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, October 24). Sergio Osmeña. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025, October 15). Sergio Osmeña | Commonwealth leader, independence advocate. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sergio-Osmena
Contributions
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025, October 15). Sergio Osmeña | Commonwealth leader, independence advocate. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sergio-Osmena
Trivia / Other Facts
• Traveler, M. C. V. (2020, September 20). 9 facts you need to know about President Sergio Osmeña. The Visual Traveler. https://www.thevisualtraveler.net/2017/09/9-facts-you-need-to-know-about.html?m=1
• Today in Philippine History, September 9, 1878, Sergio Osmeña Sr. was born in Cebu City. (2012, September . The Kahimyang Project. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1273/today-in-philippine-history-september-9-1878-sergio-osme-a-sr-was-born-in-cebu-city
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5th President: Manuel Roxas y Acuña
Biography & Background
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Manuel Roxas | Biography, Facts, President of the Philippines, Death, WWII, Burial, Family, & Legacy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manuel-Roxas-y-Acuna
• Roxas City Government. (2024, January 1). Manuel Acuña Roxas - Bigger, Brighter, Better Roxas City. Bigger, Brighter, Better Roxas City. https://roxascity.gov.ph/manuel-acuna-roxas/
Contributions
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Manuel Roxas | Biography, Facts, President of the Philippines, Death, WWII, Burial, Family, & Legacy. Encyclopedia Britannica.
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7th President: Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.
Biography & Background
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, October 30). Ramon Magsaysay. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay
• FamilySearch.org. (n.d.). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LC18-GZX/pres.-ramon-del-fierro-magsaysay-1907-1957
Contributions
• Quitil, K. (2023, March 17). Commemorates the 66th death anniversary of the late Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay. SanClementeTarlac.gov.ph. https://sanclementetarlac.gov.ph/commemorates-the-66th-death-anniversary-of-the-late-philippine-president-ramon-magsaysay
• Executive Order No. 156. (n.d.). Supreme Court E-Library. https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/5/74657
Trivia
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, October 30). Ramon Magsaysay. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay
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8th President: Carlos P. Garcia
Biography & Background
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, October 30). Carlos P. Garcia. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia
Contributions
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, July 14). Filipino First policy. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_First_policy
Trivia / Known As
• Carlos P. Garcia. (n.d.). Philippine President Websites. https://philippinespres.weebly.com/carlos-p-garcia.html
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9th President: Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr.
Biography & Background
• President Diosdado Macapagal. (n.d.). https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/people/5883/president-diosdado-macapagal
• Diosdado P. Macapagal | Registry. (n.d.). National Historical Commission of the Philippines. https://philhistoricsites.nhcp.gov.ph/registry_database/diosdado-p-macapagal/
Contributions
• Today in Philippine History September 28, 1910, Diosdado P. Macapagal was born in Lubao, Pampanga. (2011, September 28). The Kahimyang Project. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/645/today-in-philippine-history-september-28-1910-diosdado-p-macapagal-was-born-in-lubao-pampanga
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11th President: Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino
Biography & Background
• Corazon Aquino. (n.d.). Archives of Women’s Political Communication. https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/corazon-aquino/
• Corazon Cojuangco Aquino - Biography - HKU Honorary Graduates. (n.d.). https://www4.hku.hk/hongrads/graduates/hon-d-h-b-a-corazon-cojuangco-aquino
Contributions
• Corazon Aquino | Research Starters. (2020). EBSCO Research. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/corazon-aquino
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12th President: Fidel “Eddie” Valdez Ramos
Biography & Background
• Contributors to Wikimedia projects. (2024, December 27). Fidel V. Ramos. Simple English Wikipedia. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos
• Wiki, C. T. R. L. H. (n.d.). Fidel Ramos. Real Life Heroes Wiki. https://real-life-heroes.fandom.com/wiki/Fidel_Ramos
• Wikipedia contributors. (2025, October 28). Narciso Ramos. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Ramos
Contributions
• Former President Fidel Valdez Ramos. (2025, May 7). PeaceGovPH. https://peace.gov.ph/gawad-kapayapaan-2022-fvr
Trivia / Known As
• Jazeera, A. (2022, July 31). Philippine ex-President Fidel Ramos dies at 94. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/31/philippine-ex-president-fidel-ramos-dies-at-94
Manuel Quezon | Biography, Contributions, World War II, & Facts | Britannica
14th President: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Biography / Background
• Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo
Contributions / Achievements
• Philippine Commission on Women. (n.d.). Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. https://pcw.gov.ph/gloria-macapagal-arroyo/
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Biography, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Filipino politician who was president of the Philippines