U7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

Vocabulary

Ecotourism: form of tourism; tourists visit relatively undisturbed natural areas and this is intended to lower environmental impact since it is not mass tourism (this is also helping LDCs gain economically while preserving the environment)

Microloans: small sums of money lent at a low interest rate; these are typically used for starting new businesses or helping the impoverished

Rostow Model

● Traditional Society

○ Subsistence farming, fishing, mining, etc.

● Pre-Conditions for Take-Off

○ Infrastructure begins

● Take-Off

○ Rapid industrial, political, economic, and social growth

● Drive to Maturity

○ New innovations replace older ones, growth spread throughout the state (country)

● High Mass Consumption

○ More wealth, services, goods, and consumerism

○ Trade expands internationally or even globally

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

● Transportation

○ Bulk-gaining production = closer to the market

○ Bulk-reducing production = farther from the market

● Labor

○ Closer to heavier items

○ Outsourcing: sending employees to other countries

● Agglomeration

○ Businesses locate close to each other, which creates commercially strong areas

Measures of Development

● GDP = productivity of people in a country

● GNP = productivity including people in a country and outside labor

● PPP = adjustment to GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods

● GNI = value of goods/services outputs produced in a country per year, including money leaving/entering country

● GII = gender inequality index (MDCs have more equality and LDCs tend to have less equality)

● Millenium Development Goals: the UN administered these goals; they relate to solving world problems like poverty, gender inequality, resource disputes, etc. 

● HDI (Human Development Index): scale from 0-1 to measure human development in countries; development is based on decent standard of living, longer lifespan, and access to knowledge

○ Very high in North America and most East Europe countries

○ High in developed countries in Latin America

○ Medium in developing countries (Asia)

○ Low in developing countries (Southwest Asia, Africa)

● Inequality Adjusted HDI: good equality means the HDI and IHDI are equal; indicates development but accounts for inequality

A Long, Healthy Life

● Nutrition and medicine

● Life expectancy higher at birth

● More elders in developed countries means more babies survived

● Lower IMR (infant mortality rate)

Access to Knowledge

● Quantity of schooling

○ Years and expected years

● Quality of schooling

○ Pupil/teacher ratios and literacy rate

Industrial Revolution

● The cottage industry system was a home-based manufacturing

● New social, economic, and political inventions were made alongside industry

● Gradual diffusion of new ideas occurred over the decades

● The industries which were first impacted were:

○ Iron

○ Coal

○ Textiles

○ Transport

○ Chemicals

○ Processing

Industrial Regions and Their Main Industries

Situation Factors

Proximity to Inputs

● Nonmetallic Minerals

○ Over 90% of what we use

○ Ex: Fertilizers

● Metallic Minerals

○ Machinery

○ Contemporary society (ex: buildings, etc.)

○ Conductors of heat and electricity

○ Ferrous Alloys

■ Has iron

■ Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Tin, Titanium, and Tungsten are used to make ferrous alloys

○ Nonferrous Metals

■ Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Lithium, Magnesium, Zinc, precious metals, and rare earth metals are important for manufacturing

Proximity to Markets

● Single Market Manufacturers

○ Specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers

○ Close proximity to customers

○ Ex: producer of buttons, and other small accessories

○ Just-in-time delivery: parts delivered to assembly plant for use

● Perishable Products

○ Near market so products don’t perish before reaching consumers

○ Daily newspaper is “perishable” since it must be delivered that same day

● Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?

○ Trucks are for short distance, within a day is best

○ Trains are for longer distance than trucks, no frequent stops

○ Ships are for across oceans, low cost per km

○ Air is very costly, but can get the products to the right place quite quickly

○ Break of Bulk Point: location where the transport method is changed

■ Ex: seaports, airports, etc.

Changing Factors in Key Industries

● Copper

○ Mining is bulk-reducing

○ Concentration and smelting are bulk-reducing

○ Refining the copper is bulk-gaining

● Motor Vehicles

○ Regional distribution

■ Auto alley from Michigan to Alabama

■ In Europe, Germany is the leading producer as labor costs are low and demands are high

■ In East Asia, mainly near large cities like Beijing

○ Global distribution occurs through various manufacturers

■ Many part makers are single-market manufacturers

Site Factors

● Labor

○ Labor-intensive industry: wages for laborers are the main expense

■ Opposite is capital intensive

● Capital

○ Money is needed to get funds/expansion

● Land

○ Need enough land for factories (that’s why factories are multistory to save space)

Industrial Pollution

Air Pollution

● Global warming

○ Average temperature of Earth’s surface increases

○ Fossil fuel burning, factories, and vehicles are causes

○ Trace gases may block or delay the leaving of heat from the Earth’s atmosphere

○ Greenhouse effect: when greenhouse gases like CO2 trap heat in the atmosphere; leads to damage and melting ice caps

● Ozone Damage

○ The ozone layer absorbs harmful UV rays

○ Greenhouse gases and air pollution are causing the ozone layer to break down (CFCs do that)

● Regional Scale

○ Vegetation and water supply affected

○ Acid rain

○ US reduced sulfur dioxide greatly in the late 20th century to help

● Local Scale

○ Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates

○ Smog in cities mainly

○ South California has the most particulates (and smog) in the US

Solid Waste Pollution

● Sanitary Landfill

○ Most common strategy for trash disposal

○ Incineration: burning of trash

○ Methane and harmful gases released

○ Has been decreasing in US by nearly ¾

● Hazardous Waste

○ Heavy metals, acids, cyanides

○ Mining contributes the most hazardous waste

○ Health problems to living things

Water Pollution

● Point-source pollution

○ Smaller, easier to control

○ Originates at a certain point

○ Accidents happen in industries

■ Ex: oil spill

● Non-point pollution

○ Greater quantities, harder to control

○ Agriculture runoff is primary

○ Bodies of water can die off with too much pollution

■ Ex: Aral Sea

● Effects on Aquatic Life

○ Less clean water means less fresh oxygen for fish

○ Factories sometimes use the water to cool something and then dump the warmer water back in

○ Excessive aquatic plants grow due to fertilizer runoff

Changes Within Developed Countries

● Shifts Within US

○ Industrialization was largely bypassed in the South where they had not recovered from the Civil War

○ Right to Work Laws

■ Unions: workers can join these to ensure proper rights are being given

○ Textile production was mainly in the NE in the 20th century, but now more in the S and W

● Shifts in Europe

○ Convergence regions in E and S Europe, income lags

○ Competitive regions are in West Europe mainly, manufacturing job losses

Emerging Industrial Regions

● Outsourcing

○ Low-cost labor

○ Transfer work to developing countries even though there are transport costs

● Mexico and NAFTA

○ Working plants in Mexico near the US border are called maquiladoras

■ These are reducing in number (job loss occurring)

○ Labor leaders fear more manufacturers will take advantage of Mexican labor

● BRIC/BRICS

○ Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa

○ These are major developing regions which have labor and outsourcing

Trade Agreements

● Reduce barriers in trade

● NAFTA: Mexico, US, Canada

● Mercosur: in South America; includes Brazil and Argentina

● EU: European countries mainly in North, West, and South Europe

Deindustrialization: automation causes job loss; loss of traditional industry for new industry

US Belts

● Sun Belt: along the bottom of the US; agriculture in sunny, hot areas

● Bible Belt: religious; mid East coast towards South

● Corn Belt: agriculture; in south area of MidWest

● Rust Belt: old factories; Northeast to Midwest

● Coal Belt: coal abundance; from a little under Northeast coast to South 

Energy

Energy Demand

● There are three main ways of energy consumption

○ Businesses

○ Houses

○ Transportation

Fossil Fuels and Supply

Fossil fuels: energy source from residue of plant/animal remains of long time ago; non renewable

● Coal

○ In the 1800s, it became the leading source of energy for North America and Europe

○ Tropical locations originally, but continental drift changed that 

○ China has nearly half of all coal supply

● Petroleum

○ First pumped in 1859

○ Used in motor vehicles in 20th century for the first time

○ Made from residue on the sea floor millions of years ago

○ ¼ of the world’s supply of petroleum is in Russia and Saudi Arabia

● Natural Gas

○ Used to be just burned off as waste

○ Now used for heaters and electricity

○ Millions of years ago from sea floor

○ ⅓ of supply is in Russia and Southwest Asia

○ In U.S., the reserves are mainly in Texas, Oklahoma, and Appalachian Mts.

○ Measured in quad BTUs (about 8 million U.S. gallons of gasoline is 1 quad BTU)

○ Developed countries have larger shares of this and other fossil fuels (also through trade)

Nonrenewable resource: takes many years to form, and there is limited supply (must wait millions of years for more); fossil fuels are nonrenewable

Renewable resource: a resource that can be found continuously and doesn’t run out necessarily (ex: wind, water)

Other Sources

● Nuclear energy

○ Nonrenewable, but better than fossil fuels

○ Small amount = lot of energy.

○ Potentially harmful accidents

○ Radioactive waste

○ Limited uranium

○ Too costly

● Renewable sources

○ Hydroelectric power

○ Biomass fuel

○ Wind power

○ Geothermal energy

○ Solar energy

○ Nuclear fusion (hydrogen and helium)

There are core and periphery states (uneven development).

Core has more power and advantages than periphery.