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Grammar Lesson 08:
Compound-Complex Sentences
The four kinds of sentences according to structure are:
1. Simple Sentence
•
Definition: A sentence that contains only one independent clause,
expressing a complete thought.
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Example: She plays the piano.
2. Compound Sentence
•
Definition: A sentence that contains two or more independent
clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so).
•
Example: I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining.
3. Complex Sentence
•
Definition: A sentence that contains one independent clause and at
least one dependent (subordinate) clause. The dependent clause
cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
•
Example: Although it was raining, I went for a walk.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
•
Definition: A sentence that contains two or more independent
clauses and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause.
•
Example: I wanted to go for a walk, but because it was raining, I
stayed inside.
These sentence structures help vary writing and add complexity, allowing
for clear expression of different ideas and relationships between them.2
Structure of Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence combines elements of both
compound and complex sentences. It contains:
1. Two or more independent clauses (simple sentences)
connected by a coordinating conjunction (like and, but, or, so).
2. At least one dependent (subordinate) clause that cannot
stand alone and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction
(like although, because, if, when," etc.).
Structure:
•
Independent Clause 1 + Coordinating Conjunction +
Independent Clause 2 + Subordinating Conjunction +
Dependent Clause
•
Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause +
Independent Clause 1 + Coordinating Conjunction +
Independent Clause 2
Common Coordinating Conjunctions:
•
and
yet
•
but
for
•
or
nor
•
so
Common Subordinating Conjunctions:
•
because
since
•
although
after
•
if
before
•
when
unless
•
while
even thoughExamples of Compound-Complex Sentences
1. I wanted to go to the park, but it started raining, so we decided
to stay indoors.
2. Although I studied hard, I still didn’t pass the test, and I felt
disappointed.
3. My sister loves to read books, but she doesn’t have much time
because she works full-time.
4. The movie was exciting, but it was also a little too long, so we
left before it ended.
5. I’ll help you with your homework if you promise to finish your
chores first.
6. We went to the zoo, and we saw many animals, although it was
a bit crowded.
7. I need to buy some groceries, but I don’t have enough money yet,
so I’ll go later.
8. He can’t go to the party because he has to study, but he promised
to visit soon.
9. I wanted to go swimming, but the pool was closed, so I decided
to go jogging instead.
10. Even though the weather was bad, we went for a walk, and we
enjoyed the fresh air.
11. I finished my work early, but I didn’t leave the office because I
had to wait for my colleague.
12. You should wear a jacket because it’s cold outside, but don’t
forget to bring an umbrella.
13. The kids were playing outside when I got home, and they looked
like they were having fun.
14. I tried to call you, but your phone was off, so I left a message
instead.
15. While I was cooking dinner, my brother was cleaning the garage,
and my parents were watching TV.
16. I would have gone to the concert, but I didn’t have tickets, so I
stayed home.
317. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will have a picnic, and everyone
is invited to join us.
18. She loves to travel, but she doesn’t have enough vacation days,
so she plans to go next year.
19. I went to the store to buy some milk, but I forgot my wallet, so I
couldn’t buy anything.
20. Although the exam was difficult, I felt prepared, and I think I did
well.
Passages
Technology Then and Now
In the past, people relied on handwritten letters to communicate, but
now we can send messages instantly using smartphones. Although it
took weeks for letters to reach their destination, email and messaging
apps allow us to connect with anyone around the world in seconds.
Technology has certainly changed the way we live, and it continues to
improve, so it’s exciting to think about what the future holds.
Education Then and Now
Years ago, children had to rely mostly on textbooks to learn, but today
they have access to online resources, which makes learning much
more interactive. Although traditional classrooms still exist, many
schools now use digital tools to enhance education. This shift has
been great for students, and it allows teachers to reach children in
different ways.
Transportation Then and Now
In the past, people had to travel long distances by horse or carriage,
but today, we can fly across the world in just a few hours. Although
the first airplanes were small and slow, today’s jets are fast and
comfortable, making air travel much easier. While there are still
4trains and buses for shorter trips, air travel has revolutionized the
way we move from place to place.
Communication Then and Now
Before the invention of the telephone, people used telegraphs to send
messages, which could take hours or even days. Today, we can
communicate instantly using phones, video calls, or social media,
which has made the world much smaller. Although face-to-face
communication is still important, technology has made it easier to
stay in touch no matter the distance.
Work Then and Now
In the past, most people worked in factories or farms, but today, many
jobs are in offices or remote positions. Although the industrial
revolution brought about significant changes, modern technology has
created new types of work, such as those in tech and digital fields.
People can now work from anywhere, and this flexibility has changed
the way we think about work-life balance.
Shopping Then and Now
Shopping used to mean going to a store and choosing items in person,
but now we can shop online and have products delivered to our
doorsteps. Although many people still enjoy the experience of
shopping in stores, online shopping has become a convenient option.
This shift has changed the retail industry, and it will likely continue
to evolve as technology advances.
Family Life Then and Now
In the past, families often lived close to each other, and they spent
more time together at home, but today, many people live far away
from their relatives due to work or education. Although technology
allows us to stay connected, nothing can replace the joy of spending
5time with family in person. Still, modern life has led to more
flexibility, allowing families to stay close even if they’re physically far
apart.
Entertainment Then and Now
Years ago, people entertained themselves by going to theaters or
listening to radio broadcasts, but today, streaming services have
changed the way we watch movies and shows. Although people still
enjoy going to the cinema, the convenience of watching content at
home has become more popular. This shift in entertainment has also
led to the growth of online gaming, which continues to thrive.
Medicine Then and Now
In the past, medical treatments were much less advanced, and many
diseases couldn’t be treated effectively, but today, medical science
has made incredible progress. Although there are still challenges in
the medical field, such as finding cures for certain diseases, new
technologies have improved diagnoses and treatments. As a result,
people are living longer and healthier lives.
Environmental Awareness Then and Now
Years ago, people didn’t think much about protecting the
environment, but today, there is a growing awareness about climate
change and sustainability. Although many challenges remain, people
are making efforts to reduce waste and use renewable energy
sources. With global cooperation, we can hope to create a cleaner
world for future generations.
Travel Then and Now
In the past, traveling long distances was a long and expensive process,
but today, flying is affordable and relatively quick. Although planes
were once only available to the rich, air travel is now accessible to
6many people. This has allowed for more cultural exchange and
tourism, which has changed the way we experience the world.
Food Then and Now
In the past, food was grown locally, and people often ate meals that
were based on seasonal ingredients, but today, we can get food from
all over the world, even if it’s not in season. Although modern food
production has made it easier to access different foods, it has also
raised concerns about the impact on health and the environment.
People are now more conscious about their eating habits, and many
are turning to organic or local foods.
Fashion Then and Now
Fashion has changed dramatically over the years, and what was once
considered stylish in the past is often no longer in trend today.
Although certain fashion trends come back in cycles, today’s fashion
is more diverse and inclusive. While some people still prefer vintage
styles, others embrace modern, cutting-edge designs.
The Family Unit Then and Now
In the past, families were often larger, and children stayed at home
until they were much older, but today, many young people move out
earlier to pursue education or careers. Although family dynamics
have changed, many people still value spending time with their
relatives. In the modern world, families are adapting to new lifestyles
while maintaining their strong connections.
Sports Then and Now
Years ago, sports were mostly played in local communities, and
professional athletes were fewer in number, but today, sports are
watched and played by millions of people around the world. Although
7sports like football and basketball were popular then, new sports
such as esports have gained popularity, attracting a whole new
audience. Today, athletes are celebrated worldwide, and they inspire
millions of young people.
News Then and Now
In the past, people got their news through newspapers or radio
broadcasts, but today, news can be accessed instantly on the internet.
Although print media still exists, online platforms and social media
have become the primary source of information for many people. This
change has made news more immediate, but it also raises concerns
about the spread of misinformation or fake news!
Living Conditions Then and Now
Many years ago, people lived in smaller houses with basic amenities,
but today, most homes are equipped with modern technology and
conveniences. Although there are still places where people live in
poverty, the general living conditions for many people have
improved. With the rise of smart homes and eco-friendly designs,
people are now focused on comfort and sustainability.
Art Then and Now
In the past, artists worked with traditional materials like paint and
clay, but today, many artists experiment with digital media and
technology. Although classic art forms are still valued, digital art has
opened up new possibilities for creativity. With platforms like
Instagram, artists can now share their work with a global audience,
which wasn’t possible before.
Privacy Then and Now
Years ago, privacy was easier to maintain because there were fewer
ways for people to share personal information, but today, social
8media has made it more challenging to keep things private. Although
people can control what they share online, their data is often
collected by companies. As a result, many are now more cautious
about their online presence.
The Role of Women Then and Now
In the past, women were often expected to stay at home and take care
of the family, but today, women are found in all professions, including
leadership roles. Although progress has been made, women still face
challenges in achieving equality in the workplace. However, more
women are now fighting for their rights, and they continue to break
barriers in many industries.
These passages demonstrate how the world has changed in various
aspects, using compound-complex sentences to help intermediate
learners practice sentence structure and deepen their understanding
of more complex ideas.
Here are passages about traditional and modern Seventh-day
Adventists, written with compound-complex sentences:
The Sabbath Observance
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists have always observed the
Sabbath from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, which is a
fundamental part of their faith. While modern Adventists may choose
to attend church services on Saturday, they may not strictly follow all
the traditional practices. Although both groups value the Sabbath,
some modern Adventists also embrace more flexible ways to observe
the day, depending on their personal understanding and lifestyle.
9Health Principles
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists have long followed a vegetarian
diet, believing that it contributes to better health, but modern
Adventists sometimes adopt a more varied diet, including small
amounts of meat. Although the health message is still important,
some modern Adventists feel that it's a personal choice and prefer not
to be as strict about food rules. Despite these differences, both groups
emphasize the importance of living a healthy lifestyle, which includes
regular exercise and avoiding harmful substances.
Worship Styles
Traditional Adventist worship services have often been more formal,
with hymns sung from hymnals and traditional prayers, while
modern Adventists may incorporate contemporary music and more
informal worship styles. Although both groups believe in the
importance of communal worship, modern services may include
multimedia presentations and a more relaxed atmosphere. While
some traditionalists may feel that this new style is too casual, others
appreciate the way it connects with younger generations.
The Role of Women in the Church
Historically, traditional Seventh-day Adventists have had strict
gender roles, with men typically serving as church leaders, but
modern Adventists have become more inclusive, allowing women to
take on leadership roles. Although some traditional Adventists still
resist the idea of female pastors, others see the importance of gender
equality within the church. The ongoing debate about women's
ordination shows that there are different perspectives, but both sides
agree that women play an important role in the Adventist mission.
10Education and Schools
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists have always placed a strong
emphasis on Christian education, and many Adventist families send
their children to Adventist schools. Although modern Adventists may
choose to send their children to public or non-Adventist private
schools, they still prioritize education that aligns with their faith.
While traditionalists argue that Adventist schools provide the best
environment for nurturing faith, others feel that mainstream
education can offer valuable experiences as well.
Evangelism and Outreach
Traditional Adventist evangelism often focused on door-to-door
visits, distributing literature, and public meetings, but modern
Adventists have expanded their outreach methods to include online
evangelism and social media campaigns. Although both groups are
passionate about spreading the Adventist message, modern
approaches have allowed them to reach a broader audience,
especially younger people. While traditional methods are still
respected, some feel that online platforms are more effective in
today's digital world.
Attire and Modesty
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists have historically adhered to a
conservative dress code, with an emphasis on modesty, but modern
Adventists often dress more casually while still respecting principles
of modesty. Although both groups believe in modest dress, modern
Adventists may interpret modesty differently depending on cultural
and personal preferences. Despite these differences, both groups
agree that how a person dresses should reflect respect for God and
the church.
11Use of Technology
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists may be more cautious about
technology, believing that it can distract from spiritual life, while
modern Adventists embrace technology, using it for church services,
Bible study, and communication. Although there are concerns about
the negative effects of technology, many modern Adventists see it as
a tool for ministry and personal growth. Despite this, traditional
Adventists continue to emphasize the importance of keeping
technology in check to maintain spiritual focus.
Social Engagement
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists have often been focused on
personal piety and community involvement, while modern
Adventists are more likely to engage in social justice issues and
activism, reflecting the changing priorities of society. Although
traditional Adventists have always supported humanitarian efforts,
some modern Adventists feel that addressing systemic issues such as
poverty and inequality is just as important as personal salvation. Both
groups agree on the importance of caring for others, but their
methods may differ.
Attitudes Toward Culture
Traditional Seventh-day Adventists have historically been more
cautious about engaging with popular culture, feeling that it might
lead to moral compromise, while modern Adventists are more likely
to participate in cultural activities such as music, movies, and sports.
Although traditionalists still view certain aspects of culture as a
potential threat to spiritual growth, modern Adventists see cultural
engagement as an opportunity to share their faith in new and relevant
ways. Despite differing views, both groups agree that their faith
should influence their actions and interactions with the world.
12These passages explore the differences and similarities between
traditional and modern Seventh-day Adventists, using compound
complex sentences to convey more nuanced thoughts. These
sentences help learners practice sentence structure and improve
their understanding of more complex ideas.
More Passages
Comparing the Philippines to Thailand and Vietnam
The Philippines is an archipelago made up of over 7,000 islands,
which makes it distinct from countries like Thailand and Vietnam,
both of which are located on the mainland. While Thailand boasts
beautiful beaches and vibrant cities like Bangkok, the Philippines
offers more remote and diverse island experiences, including the
stunning beaches of Boracay and Palawan. Although Vietnam has a
rich history and culture that is deeply rooted in its ancient traditions,
the Philippines shares some similar aspects, such as its colonial past
and the influence of foreign cultures, which can be seen in both
countries’ food and architecture. However, the Philippines differs
significantly in language, as it has over 170 languages, while Thailand
and Vietnam each have one official language, Thai and Vietnamese,
respectively. Even though all three countries are known for their
warm hospitality, Filipinos are particularly famous for their English
proficiency, which is one of the reasons many foreign tourists feel at
ease when visiting the Philippines.
Comparing the Philippines to Japan and Indonesia
The Philippines, Japan, and Indonesia are all located in Asia, yet they
have unique cultures and environments. Japan, with its advanced
technology and bustling cities like Tokyo, contrasts sharply with the
Philippines, where rural life is still prevalent and much of the country
13remains underdeveloped. Although Indonesia shares the Philippines’
tropical climate and archipelagic nature, the two countries have
distinct histories and cultures; Indonesia's majority population
practices Islam, while the Philippines is predominantly Catholic due
to its Spanish colonization. Moreover, Japan’s infrastructure and
public transport systems are highly developed, which makes
traveling around the country easier compared to the Philippines,
where public transport options can sometimes be unreliable. Despite
these differences, all three countries enjoy a rich tradition of festivals,
whether it’s Japan’s cherry blossom celebrations, Indonesia’s Bali
arts festival, or the Philippines’ colorful Sinulog festival. Even though
these countries differ in many aspects, they all offer rich cultural
experiences that attract millions of tourists every year.
Comparing the United States and the United Kingdom
The United States and the United Kingdom share a common language,
but their cultures are quite different, which can be seen in everything
from food to social behavior. While the United States is known for its
fast-paced lifestyle and emphasis on individualism, the United
Kingdom places a greater value on traditions and a more reserved
approach to life. Although both countries have a rich history of
democratic governance, their political systems differ significantly:
the United States has a presidential system, while the United
Kingdom operates under a parliamentary system with a
constitutional monarchy. The United States is a vast country with
diverse landscapes, from the deserts of Arizona to the forests of the
Pacific Northwest, whereas the United Kingdom, though smaller in
size, boasts picturesque countryside and coastal views. Even though
both nations enjoy a high standard of living, healthcare is another
area of contrast: the U.S. has a private healthcare system, while the
U.K. offers free healthcare through the National Health Service (NHS).
14Despite these differences, the U.S. and the U.K. remain close allies,
sharing common values and interests on the global stage.
Comparing France and Germany
France and Germany are both influential countries in Europe, yet
their approaches to politics, culture, and society differ in several key
ways. Although both countries are known for their rich histories and
cultural contributions, France is often celebrated for its art, fashion,
and cuisine, while Germany is recognized for its engineering,
technology, and strong economic position in Europe. While France
has a more centralized government, Germany operates under a
federal system, where individual states have significant power in
making decisions. Despite their differences in political structure, both
countries have a strong commitment to the European Union, and they
work closely together to address issues like trade and security. The
French, who are known for their love of wine and fine dining, have a
different approach to meals compared to the Germans, who tend to
focus more on hearty, practical foods like sausages and pretzels. Even
though there are cultural differences between the two nations, both
France and Germany play a major role in shaping European politics
and culture.
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