Responses to exercise

Short Term REsponses (immediate effects)

Muscular system - short-term effects of exercise

Increase muscle temperature
Increase demand for o2
Increase production of co2
Increase lactic acid production
Muscle fatigue

Cardiovascular system - short-term effects of exercise

Increased heart rate (beats per minute)
Increased blood pressure (systolic & diastolic)
Increased stroke volume (amount of blood leaving heart per beat)
Increased blood temperature

Respiratory system - short-term effects of exercise

Increased frequency of tidal volume
Increased depth of breathing

Long Term adaptations

Skeletal system - Long-term adaptations

Increased bone density
Reduced chance of osteoporosis
Better posture
Reduced chance of fractures
Stronger ligaments and tendons

Bone density can be improved through a balanced diet containing calcium & vitamin D and through weight-bearing activities such as running, walking and aerobics.

Muscular system - Long-term adaptations

Increased strength of muscles
Increased muscle hypertrophy (increased size of muscles)
Increased myoglobin stores
Tendons and ligaments also get stronger

Cardiovascular system - Long-term adaptations

Decreased resting heart rate
Increased cardiac output (amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute)
Faster recovery rate
Reduced blood pressure
Hypertrophy of the myocardium (increased size and strength of heart)
Healthy veins and arteries
More Capillaries (capillarisation)

Respiratory system - Long-term adaptations

Elasticity of lungs
Capillary density around alveoli
Hypertrophy of the respiratory muscles and improved fatigue resistance – the intercostals, diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and rectus abdominus can all adapt to the training.

Task:

Have a go at this exam question (originally 6 marks)
Then check the mark scheme at the bottom of this page.

Mark scheme from the exam question above

Now try the end of unit Quiz

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