Bieler, R. (1992). Gastropod phylogeny and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 311-388. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2097291?casa_token=Vr6i58jJdT8AAAAA%3Aum-i_nfoziXsbLvnYX1zAQVG-gJjGkKCsc-WXEuutTVriOASYZ_Khnk7fKSbjYhbIGJhE9GPRgmBUBOmWdjpCGc3flWP1v0U6LAMnzGUqsz485Iqcps&seq=3
California Academy of Sciences. (n.d.) Class Polychaeta (pile worms and relatives). https://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/SFBay2K/Polychaeta.htm. Accessed 2026, March 1.
Castro, P. & Huber, M. (2024). Marine Biology- Twelfth Edition. Mcgraw Hill. (pages 117-137)
Giopapius's Journal. (2025, August 23). The moon jellies. iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/116233-the-moon-jellies
Gurska, D. & Garm, A. (2014, July 9). Cell proliteration in cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Alatina moseri. ReasearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264122792_Cell_Proliferation_in_Cubozoan_Jellyfish_Tripedalia_cystophora_and_Alatina_moseri
Iglesias, T.L. et al. (2019, January 8). Cyclic nature of REM sleep-like state in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Journal of Experimental Biology. https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/1/jeb174862/275/Cyclic-nature-of-the-REM-sleep-like-state-in-the
Jessop, L. (2021, August 1). Giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta). ANGARI foundation. https://angari.org/giant-barrel-sponge-deep-dive/#:~:text=Although%20they%20never%20move%2C%20giant,shrimp%20and%20other%20reef%20invertebrates.
Jessop, L. (2024, June 1). Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis). ANGARI foundationI. https://angari.org/portuguese-man-o-war-deep-dive/
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. (n.d.) Harp sponge (Chondrocladia Iyra). MBARI. https://www.mbari.org/animal/harp-sponge/. Accessed 2026, March 1.
National Ocean Service. (n.d.). Box jellyfish. NOAA. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/box-jellyfish.html. Accessed 2026, March 1.
O'Connor, R. (2024, August 10). The world of worms - part 2 the nemerteans. UF/IFAS Extension- University of Florida. https://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu/nat/2024/08/10/the-world-of-worms-part-2-the-nemerteans/ (nemertean photo)
Ramel, G. (2020, March 9). Nemertea: the phylum of the ribbon worm. Earth Life. https://earthlife.net/phylum-nemertea-ribbon-worms/]
Ramel, G. (2024). Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum). Animalia.bio. https://animalia.bio/venus-flower-basket?property=207
University of California Museum Paleontology. (n.d.) Cephalopoda. UCMP. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php. Accessed 2026, March 1.
University of California Museum Paleontology. (n.d.) Introduction to annelida. UCMP. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/annelida.html. Accessed 2026, March 1.
University of California Museum Paleontology. (n.d.) The scaphopoda. UCMP. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/scaphopoda.php. Accessed 2026, March 1.
University of California Museum Paleontology. (n.d.) The monoplacophora. UCMP. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/monoplacophora.php. Accessed 2026, March 1.
University of California Museum Paleontology. (n.d.) The polyplacophora. UCMP. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/polyplacophora.php. Accessed 2026, March 1.
Vaughn, C. & Hakenkamp, C. (2008, July 7). The functional role of burrowing bivalves in freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Biology. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00771.x?casa_token=whf-N3o2N-0AAAAA%3AAuHL2RLWczBYbxeRWxUXg5Twb680qqBNG6qB1AwO5uF_7szraeP3wRG1v53Hf4CcA-16zcBhRgivgJs
Vedantu. (n.d.). Phylum Porifera: Structure, functions, and examples. Vendantu. https://www.vedantu.com/biology/phylum-porifera Accessed 2026, March 1.
Waikīkī Aquarium. (n.d.). Bubble-tip anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor). University of Hawaii. https://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/animal-guide/invertebrates/anemones/bubble-tip-anemone/#:~:text=These%20anemones%20clone%20prolifically%20in,tip%20anemones%20have%20separate%20sexes. Accessed 2026, March 1.
Weebly. (n.d.) Ctenophora- life cycle. Weebly. https://ctenophora.weebly.com/life-cycle.html. Accessed 2026, March 1.
Wright, J. (2024, November 24). Ctenophora. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ctenophora/