Practice questions and answers

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848. Tweens (polysorbate): Detergent, Solubilizing agent, O/W Emulsions.

849. Diphenoxylate structure related to: Meperidine (Pethidine).

850. Vitamin K structure related to: Quinolones (Polycyclic aromatic Ketone).

851. Vitamin D structure related to: Steroids.

852. Sumatriptan structure related to: Serotonin.

853. Amphetamine derived from: Phenyl ethylamine.

854. Sulindac structure related to: Indomethacin.

855. Sulindac (prodrug): indene acetic-acid derivative contains methyl sulfoxide group (CH3-S=O) reduced

to sulfide group (S-CH3) which is the functional group.

856. Xanthine: Purine base (Pyrimidine + Imidazole)

857. Theophylline: 1,3 dimethylxanthine.

858. Caffeine: 1,3,7 trimethyl xanthine

859. Theophylline to caffeine: Methylation

860. Pteridine ring: Pyrimidine + Pyrazine

861. Pteridine ring found in: Methotrexate and folic acid structures.

862. Opioids classification

Phenanthrenes: Morphine, Hydro morphine, Codeine, Heroin, Oxycodone

Phenylheptylamine: Methadone, Propoxyphene

Phenylpiperidines: Fentanyl, Merperidine (pethidine), Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

863. The weakest acid: Boric acid.

864. Boric acid emulsion type: O/W emulsion.

865. Normal GFR: > 90

866. Highly potent topical corticosteroid: Clobetasol propionate 0.05%.

867. Most potent ophthalmic steroid: Prednisolone acetate 1%.

868. Acetyl choline (Ach): Quasi-ring structure, and example of conformational isomerism.

869. Atropine: Condensed Pyrrolidine and Piperidine (Tropane structure).

870. Nicotine structure: Pyridine ring and Methyl pyrrolidine.

871. Clonidine: Imidazoline derivative.

872. Antihistamines (Histamine H1 Antagonists) classification

Alkylamine: Chlorpheniramine, Triprolidine

Ethanolamine: Diphenhydramine Dimenhydrinate Doxylamine Clemastine

Ethylene-diamine: Antazoline

Phenothiazine: Trimeprazine Promethazine, Mequitazine

Piperazine: Cyclizine, Cetirizine, Hydroxyzine

Piperidine: Azatadine, Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Astimezole, Cyproheptadine

873. Chlorpheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine: Alkylamine derivatives

874. Tranylcypromine: Rigid Cyclopropane ring.

875. Phenelzine: Hydrazine group, primary amine.

876. Moclobemide structure contains: Morpholine ring.

877. Dapsone: Diphenyl sulfone.

878. Conversion of primidone to phenobarbital by 2C9,2C19: Oxidation.

879. 4-aminosalicylic acid used for: Tuberculosis

880. 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine-masalazine): IBD, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis.

881. Trimethoprim: Amino-pyrimidine Antibiotic.

882. Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticlopidine: Thienopyridine derivatives.

883. Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone: Thiazolidinediones.

884. Ethenyl group (Vinyl group): CH2=CH-

885. Ethinyl group (Ethynyl group): -C =CH

886. Metronidazole: doesn't contain sulfur atom.

887. The only ACEI that contains Sulfur atom: Captopril

888. All ACEIs are pro-drugs except: Captopril (short acting), Lisinopril (long acting).

889. Chloroacetic acid: 100 times more acidity than acetic acid.

890. To prepare buffer PH 4 use: Lactic acid.

891. To prepare buffer PH 9 use: Boric acid.

892. Colloidal Silver: Silver particles in a liquid, used as Antibacterial.

893. Ion Exchange Chromatography: Technique used to separate molecules according to their charge. Can be used to purify charged molecules as proteins and nucleotides.

894. Amount of Glomerular filtrate reabsorbed: 85-99%

895. Proximal tubular secretion of creatinine: 10-20%, so creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFRate by 10-20%.

896. Alkaloids PKa: > 7 Alkaloids are basic

897. When PKa increased: lonization and acidity decreased, Partition Coefficient increased.

898. When PKa decreased: lonization and acidity increased, Partition Coefficient decreased.

899. Buffer has Maximum capacity when: PH = PKa (50% ionized and 50% unionized) (Ratio between acid or base and its salt equals 1).

900. Dronabinol: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

901. Elevated serum creatinine indicates: Kidney dysfunction

902. Creatinine measure: differ from Lab to Lab, Age to Age, Man to Woman.

903. The bond between Alcohol and water is: Hydrogen bond.

904. Clindamycin class: Lincosamides.

905. Linezolid class: Oxazolidinones.

906. Density of Sulfuric acid: 1.84 g/ml.

907. Clindamycin phosphate topical solution 1% used for: ACNE.

908. Lugol's solution: solution of KI with lodine in water, used for treatment of lodine deficiency, and in

Thyrotoxicosis until surgery can be carried out.

909. Metoclopramide is: highly soluble in water.

910. Digoxin: very low aqueous solubility.

911. Phenytoin is: Insoluble in water.

912. Phenytoin: should not be mixed with any other solution.

913. Diazepam: don't mix or dilute with other solutions of drugs in syringe or in infusion flask.

914. Spectrophotometry: measures how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring light intensity as a beam of light passes through sample solution.

915. Absorption of light depends mainly on: Molar concentration of solution and the light path length.

916. Erythromycin structure: 14-Membered lactone ring.

917. Erythromycin is resistant to B-lactamases due to presence of: Large-lactone ring and sugar moiety.

918. Amino acid structure: zwitter ion +NH COO- (Amphoteric).

919. Azo compounds metabolized by: Reduction.

920. AZO compounds metabolism Hydrazo→ 1ry amine.

921. Sodium ricinolate: irritant to skin and mucus membranes, causes hypersensitivity, NOT used as surfactant.

922. An acid NOT used for extraction: Alginic acid.

923. Histamine: Imidazole-ethylamine.

924. Cimetidine is: Guanidine analogue of Histamine.

925. The bond between two hydrogen atoms in H2O: Covalent bond.

The bond angle between two hydrogen atoms in H2O is 109

927. Bond in complexes: Covalent bond.

928. Giant living organism in salt water solution: Shrink.

929. Greatest drug absorption from: small intestine.

930. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): Sugar-acid contains unsaturated Lactone ring (Furan). Acidity due to Enolic-OH group.

931. Decarboxylation of 4-aminosalicylic acid (para-ASA) in aqueous solution gives: Meta Amino-phenol.

932. IM, SC injection absorption rate increased with: increased lipid solubility.

933. Conversion of codeine to morphine: O-dealkylation.

934. Conversion of phenacetin to paracetamol: O-dealkylation.

935. Drug Metabolic processes phase 1: Oxidation, Reduction, and Hydrolysis.

936. Most common metabolic process: Oxidation.

937. Drug Degradation processes: Hydrolysis, Oxidation, and Photolysis.

938. Most common drug degradation process in GIT: Hydrolysis.

939. Hydrolysis degradation process for: Esters, Amides, Lactams.

940. Drug undergoes Photolysis degradation: Na. Nitroprusside in water.

941. Phenylbutazone: Pyrazolidine derivative.

942. Isotonic solution more appropriate for: Nasal spray.

943. Isotonic NaCL 0.9% contains: 150 mmol/L Na+.

944. Phosphate buffer saline for: Nasal preparations.

945. Preparation by a pharmacist because an appropriate drug is not readily available: Extemporaneous preparation.

946. Parenteral emulsifier: Egg Lecithin (Egg yolk).

947. Heroin: Diacetyl morphine (3 times more potent than morphine).

948. Powders, oils, fats are sterilized by: dry-heat sterilization (Hot oven 160 for 2 hours).

949. Mask bitter taste by: Sugar coating, Film coating.

950. Linear pharmacokinetics: Concentration-dependent. (follow 1st order kinetics)

951. Non-linear pharmacokinetics: Concentration-independent. (Combination of zero order and 1st order)

952. Highest percentage in blood: Erythrocytes (RBCs).

953. NADPH: important role for cytochrome, it supplies cytochrome by electrons by NADPH-cytochrome reductase.

954. Most abundant cytochrome is: Cytochrome 3A4 (50% of lipophilic drugs metabolism).

955. Citrate in Oral Rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of: Acidosis.

956. Ibuprofen (phenyl propionic acid derivative): weak acid has very low solubility in H2O or at acidic pH.

957. Ibuprofen + NaHCO3: Salt formation (Higher solubility).

958. Sodium salicylate: Higher water solubility.

959. Polysorbate (Tween) in Cortisone formulations acts as: Stabilizer.

960. Cisplatin: Diamine-dichloro-platinum.

961. Immunoassay: procedure for detecting specific substance (Analyte) as proteins, antibodies or antigens. (Not for electrolytes).

962. Isoenzymes assay indicators of: Tissue Necrosis.

963. Examples of substances with amphoteric properties: Amino-acids, Tetracyclines, Quinolones, Amphotericin B, Methotrexate, Enalapril, Pioglitazone.

964. For maximum activity of antihistaminic (H1 blocker):

Terminal tertiary nitrogen.

More than one aryl or hetero-aryl group.

965. CCBs are: Optically active.

966. Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Dihydropyridines (DHPs) CCBs

967. Verapamil: Phenylalkylamine.

968. Diltiazem: Benzothiazepine.

969. More Oxygen atoms and less Hydrogen: High water solubility.

970. Diuretics safe in sulfa allergy (don't contain sulfonamide group): Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Amiloride, Triamterene, Ethacrynic acid.

971. Ethacrynic acid: non-sulfonamide loop diuretic (Phenoxy acetic acid derivative).

972. Temperature affecting: Chemical reaction.

973. Atom size, bond length, electrophilicity affecting: chemical bond.

974. Calcium Edetate: Chelating agent used for lead poisoning but not used in children.

975. Lubricant laxatives as: Mineral oil, Mg Stearate.

976. Saline osmotic Laxative as: Mg sulfate, Mg citrate.

977. Methyl stearate: fatty acid methyl ester used as non-ionic surfactant.

978. Oral Isotretinoin: 13-Cis Retinoic acid.

979. Vitamin A: Trans-Retinol.

980. Excluded in raw materials extraction: Crushing (Not method of extraction).

981. Main mechanisms of coprecipitation: inclusion, occlusion, adsorption. (NOT exclusion).

982. CrCL < 50 ml/min: Mild renal impairment.

983. CrCl 25 ml/min: Moderate renal impairment

984. CrCL < 10 ml/min: Severe renal impairment.

985. Captopril, erythromycin, azithromycin, levothyroxine, Methotrexate: on empty stomach for maximum bioavailability.

986. Clarithromycin OR Paroxetine taken with food: to avoid GIT upset.

987. Sertraline (SSRI): Taken anytime, best taken with food to avoid Nausea.

988. Misoprostol best taken with food: To avoid loose stools and diarrhea.

989. Protein's primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids starts with amino and ends with carboxyl (Geometric arrangement).

990. Hypromellose (HPMC)

Binder in modified release formulations, increasing duration of action.

Lubricant in eye drops (artificial tears), increases viscosity and prolongs contact time with cornea, protecting the cornea from dryness and damage.

991. Iron to be absorbed from intestine must be in the: Ferrous state (Fe+2)

992. Lactulose, sodium benzoate, sodium phenyl acetate: decrease ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy.

993. Sodium benzoate: Preservative, most commonly used in Acidic foods.

994. Sodium polystyrene sulphonate: Cationic-exchange resin, for treatment of Hyperkalemia.

995. Cholestyramine: Anion exchange resin, for Hyperlipidemia (bile acid sequestrant).

996. Sodium cellulose phosphate: lon-exchange resin, for Hypercalcemia and Hypercalciuria.

997. Cis and trans isomers are: Diastereomers.

998. The more stable isomer: Trans.

999. The more reactive isomer: Cis.

1000. Low Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is due to: Iron-deficiency.

1001. ΝΕ, ΕΡ, 5HT substrates for: MAO A and COMT

1002. Dopamine substrate for: MAO B and COMT

1003. Ephedrine and Amphetamine: Not substrates for COMT.amdi

1004. Sugar spoonful or carbohydrate food with Amoxicillin will: Increase Amoxicillin absorption and bioavailability.

1005. Phenobarbitone, methadone, camphor, caffeine, prednisolone all have: Ketone in structure.

1006. HIV binds to CD4 on the surface of: T-helper cells (Helper T lymphocytes).

1007. Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Ceftazidime, Cefazolin: Only Parenterally.

1008. Sodium phosphate load (phosphate enema) contraindicated in: renal impairment patients.

1009. Emulsion stability depends on: Agitation speed and viscosity.

1010. Cocaine local anesthetic: Topical and Lozenges.

1011. Lidocaine, Procaine: Topical and IV.

1012. Antifungal agents:

Topical

Clotrimazole

Gentian violet

Tolnaftate

Systemic

Griseofulvin

Fluconazole

Systemic and topical

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

Ketoconazole

Terbinafine

1013. Phosphate enema + lisinopril: Kidney damage (Nephrotoxicity).

1014. Test for Endocrine therapy patients: Estrogen-receptor assay.

1015. Determination of Calcium ca+2 in water is done by Titration using: EDETA (Edeta + calcium ions form a more stable strong complex).

1016. Urine alkalinization to increase excretion of weak acids drugs is called: lon-Trapping.

1017. Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine: Pyrimidines.

1018. Uracil Methylation gives: Thymine.

1019. Uracil Amination gives: Cytosine.

1020. Purine: Pyrimidine + Imidazole.

1021. Purine Amination gives: Adenine.

1022. Adenine, Guanine, Xanthine, Allopurinol, Thioguanine, Uric acid are: Purines

1023. Iron + Tetracycline: decreased absorption and decreased tetracycline bioavailability.

1024. The antibacterial activity of penicillin lies within: B-lactam ring.

1023. Iron + Tetracycline: decreased absorption and decreased tetracycline bioavailability.

1024. The antibacterial activity of penicillin lies within: B-lactam ring.

1025. Long-acting insulin (glargine, detemir): can't be mixed.

1026. KCL IV: Slow infusion.

KAPS Master Dr/Hamdi

1027. KCL extended release for hypokalemia contraindicated in: Peptic ulcer.

1028. Increased PH on salicylic acid: increased ionization and decreased Partition Coefficient.

1029. Colligative properties:

Vapor pressure depression (Raoult's law).

Freezing point depression.

Boiling point elevation.

Osmotic pressure (Van't Hoff equation).

1030. The total density of mast cells in COPD patients: Reduced.

1031. Plasma volume expander: High Molecular weight Dextran.

1032. Dextran is used to treat: Hypovolemia (decreased volume of circulating blood plasma).

1033. Changes in colligative properties depend only on: Total number of solute particles (Not on the identity of solute particles).

1034. To render the solution isotonic: Decrease the freezing point. (Freezing depression method).

1035. Shear thickening (dilatancy): increase force will increase viscosity and decrease flow. For suspensions of small flocculated particles with high solid content.

1036. Shear thinning (Pseudoplastic): increase force will increase flow. For polymer solutions.

1037. Thixotropy: decreasing the viscosity (Gel to solution transformation), time-dependent pseudoplastic behavior as Ketchup, Pseudo-plastic fluid.

1038. Anti-thixotropy/ Negative thixotropy (Rheopecty): increasing viscosity (solution to gel transformation), time-dependent viscosity as printer ink or gypsum paste.

1039. Syneresis: gel contraction and spreading out of fluids as Yoghurt.

1040. Rate-limiting step for uncoated, immediate release tablets: Dissolution.

1041. Rate-limiting step for Enteric coated controlled release: Disintegration.

1042. To prevent peroxide formation for many peroxide-forming solvents as Diethyl ether, we add: Mineral oil or Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT).

1043. Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT): Antioxidant.

1044. Addition of mineral oil to diethyl ether will: prevent peroxide formation.

1045. Calcium salts in blood sample: Increase Clotting.

1046. Calcium ions: Clotting factor IV.

1047. Citrate in blood sample: decrease Clotting (chelates ionized calcium).

1048. Vitamin D supplement is useful for treatment of: Hyperparathyroidism and Hypothyroidism.

1046. Calcium ions: Clotting factor IV.

1047. Citrate in blood sample: decrease Clotting (chelates ionized calcium).

1048. Vitamin D supplement is useful for treatment of: Hyperparathyroidism and Hypothyroidism.

1049. Initial plasma concentration after IV bolus depends on: Dose and Vd.

1050. Concentration of chronic treatment taken every day depends on: Half-life t½

1051. Loading dose depends on: Steady state plasma concentration (Cpss) and Volume of distribution (Vd).

1052. NaCl Equivalents used to: Estimate the amount of NaCl needed to make the solution isotonic.

1053. NaCl Equivalent (Equivalent value) means: the amount of NaCl that equivalent to 1 g of specified substance.

1054. The solution reaches Equilibrium when: the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system (solution).

1055. Cholesterol esters present in: All plasma lipoproteins.

1056. Sodium chloride 0.9% is: a good wound cleansing agent with NO antiseptic properties.

1057. Zinc deficiency causes: delayed wound healing.

1058. Average nitrogen content (amino-nitrogen) in proteins: 16%.

1059. All insecticides carbamates are: N-methyl carbamates.

1060. Dextrose in blood bag to: generate ATP to prevent RBCs hemolysis.

1061. Emulsion cracking: Irreversible destruction (Also called emulsion coalescence).

1062. Emulsion creaming: reversible process (return by shaking).

1063. Hydrogel: for dry wound healing

Cross-linked hydrophilic polymer.

Allows transporting bioactive molecules.

Absorbs and retains wound excludes.

Promotes fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte migration.

1064. Precursor of NAD: Vitamin B3 (Niacin).

1065. Precursor of FAD: Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin).

1066. Ammonia (NH3) converted to Carbamate (NH2COOH) by:

Replacing one H by COOH.

1067. Carbamate is: Amino-carboxylic acid.

1068. Moist heat and dry heat sterilization methods:

Moist heat

Lower temperature, shorter time

Hot water < 100 pasteurization

Boiling water 100

Autoclave > 100 (121 for 15 minutes)

Coagulating and Denaturation of microbial enzymes and proteins.

Killing of resistant spores requires exposure to moist heat at 121°C for 10-30 minutes.

Applications as: Surgical dressings.

Dry heat

Higher temperature, longer time

Hot air

oven 160, IR conveyer, IR vacuum oven.

Oxidation of microbial proteins.

Killing of resistant spores requires a temperature of about 160°C for 60 minutes.

Applications as: powders, oils, fats, metals, paraffin gauze dressing, glassware.

1069. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat because: Its ability to kill wide range of microorganisms.

by coagulation and denaturation of their proteins.

1070. Boiling at 100 for 30 minutes: kills spores, however some can withstand.

1071. At 121 for 15 minutes: spores destroyed.

1072. Oxidation of Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to Oxalic acid is: Irreversible process.

1073. In Asthma: Decreased CAMP.

1074. Hematocrit value: percentage of RBCs to blood volume, for a healthy adult (Normal 45%-50%).

1075. Blood is made up of about: 55% Blood Plasma and 45% blood Cells.

1076. Blood centrifugation is done for: Hematocrit and ESR.

1077. Chitosan:

Cationic surfactant, hydrophilic colloid suspending agent.

Wound healing dressing

Antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic

Used for Obesity.

1078. Methylcellulose (MC): Neutral (non-ionic) hydrophilic colloid.

1079. Acacia, Tragacanth: Anionic hydrophilic colloid.

1080. Bentonite, Veegum: Anionic silicates (Clays).

1081. Switching from warfarin to Apixaban: Stop warfarin and start Apixaban when INR < 2.

1082. Liquorice:

Demulcent

Laxative

Antidiabetic effect.

Treatment of adrenal insufficiency.

1083. Epinephrine parenteral concentration: 1:1000 (1mg/ml).

1084. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Auto Injector:

It is designed for easy use by the lay person and has to be considered as first aid.

Delivers a single dose 0.3 ml injection equal to 0.3 mg adrenaline when activated. Usual adrenaline adult dose for allergic emergencies is 0.3 mg.

For pediatric use, the appropriate dosage may be 0.15 mg or 0.30 mg depending upon the body weight of the patient (0.01 mg/kg body weight).

Inject into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, through clothing if necessary.

1085. HgCl2 (Mercuric chloride): soluble in water, highly toxic to humans.

1086. Hg2Cl2 (Mercury chloride, Calomel): insoluble in water.

1087. Drugs follow Zero-order (Concentration-Independent) Kinetics as: Phenytoin, Warfarin, Heparin, Theophylline, Tolbutamide, Ethanol, and Aspirin.

1088. Counseling for using Metered dose inhalers (MDI): Deep slow inhalation.

1089. Counseling for using Dry-powder inhaler (DPI): Quickly and deeply.

1090. Pyruvate is reduced by lactate dehydrogenase during anaerobic respiration into: Lactate.

1091. Lactic acid of commerce is usually: Racemic mixture (Optically inactive).

1092. Vidarabine (synthetic purine-nucleoside analogue): Antiviral used for HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV

1093. Laminar flow

Vertical laminar flow

Protective for people

(Safe handling of chemotherapeutics).

No good for products

Horizontal laminar flow

Less protective for people

The preferred for products

1094. Promethazine structure differs in: Only 2 (two) carbons separating the amino moiety providing

strong anticholinergic activity.

1095. Carbohydrate catabolism: Glycolysis.

1096. Glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrates: Gluconeogenesis.

1097. Isoelectric point: the pH at which the molecule carries NO charge.

1098. Proteins solubility depends on: Isoelectric point.

1099. At isoelectric point, proteins have: its lowest solubility (net zero charge).

1100. PH > isoelectric point: enhanced proteins solubility (net negative charge).

1101. Paracetamol catabolism: Glucuronidation by 1A2, the OH group replaced by O-Glucuronide forming ether group.

1102. Miscibility: (Polar and polar liquids) or (non-polar and non-polar liquids).

1103. Gentamycin when injected intravenously (IV Push): should be injected directly into vein over no les than three minutes.

1104. Theophylline dose depends on: Age, body weight and smoking.

1105. Endospores: Highly resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions.

1106. Nicotinic acid undergoes: Oxidation.

1107. Vanishing cream and Hydrophilic ointment: O/W emulsion bases.

1108. Cold cream and Hydrous lanolin: W/O emulsions bases.

1109. Methenamine, Nitrofurantoin, Tetracyclines more effective in: Acidic urine.

1110. Removal of para-OH group of catecholamine structure gives: Only a1 activity (Phenylephrine).

1111. Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2): from food.

1112. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3): made by skin when exposed to sunlight (Cod liver oil).

1113. Calcidiol (25 hydroxycholecalciferol): synthesized in liver, available as oral medication.

1114. Calcitriol (1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol): Active Vitamin D, synthesized in kidney.

1115. Intravenous intermittent infusion (piggyback medication): Infusion of a volume of fluid over a set period of time at prescribed intervals and then stopped until the next dose is required. Advantages:

Avoid anticipated stability problems.

Decreases thrombophlebitis potential.

Better diffusion of drugs into tissues.

1116. Active metabolite of Atracurium: Laudanosine.

1116. Active metabolite of Atracurium: Laudanosine.

1117. Fick's law: Passive diffusion

1118. Stock's law: Sedimentation rate.

1119. Rault's law: Vapor pressure. TCAPS

1120. Van't Hoff equation: Osmotic pressure.

1121. ELISA assay: Diagnostic test for AIDS patients.

1122. Van den Bergh test: Specific test for conjugated Bilirubin.

1123. 1,4 dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker CCB: Nifedipine.

1124. Terminal part of small intestine: ileum.

1125. Daily urine output: 1500 ml.

1126. Erythropoietin effective therapy determined by: elevated Reticulocytes count (immature RBCs).

1127. The three main Omega 3 fatty acids:

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) "Essential"

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

1128. Drugs contain a Sulphur atom as: Meloxicam, Gliclazide, Indapamide, captopril and Furosemide.

1129. Instability of atropine occurs due to: Ester hydrolysis.

1130. Organ plays a major role in immune system development (T-cell maturation): Thymus.

1131. Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are: Monosaccharaides.

1132. Maltose, sucrose and lactose are: Disaccharides.

1133. Filgrastim is: a colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates Granulocytes.

1134. Use of protamine sulfate for heparin toxicity is: Chemical antagonism.

1135. Prevention of absorption of a toxicant by ipecac or charcoal is: Dispositional antagonism.

1136. Two drugs at the same organ or tissue through independent receptors resulting in opposite effects: Physiologic or functional antagonism.

1137. Features of simple competitive (reversible) antagonism curve:

[Image]

a) Agonist curves have the same form (same slope).

b) Maximal response of an agonist is not reduced.

c) Increasing antagonist concentrations shift the agonist log concentration-effect to the right.

1138. The efficacy of a drug (effectiveness) is related to: its maximal agonist effect.

1139. The potency of a drug (power) related to: its concentration-response.

1140. The smaller the gauge number: the larger needle diameter.

1141. Partial or complete separation of the top or bottom crown from the main body of tablet: Capping.

1142. Separation of a tablet into two or more distinct layers: Lamination

1143. Removal of the surface material of a tablet by a punch: Picking

1144. Adhesion of tablet material to a die wall: Sticking

1145. Unequal color distribution in tablet: Mottling

1146. Greatest absorption of amoxicillin due to: Para hydroxyl group.

1147. Phenylalanine → Tyrosine dopa dopamine → NE→ ΕΡ.

1148. Least weigh gain antidepressants:

Fluoxetine acute therapy: decreased appetite and weight loss.

Bupropion: decreased appetite and weight loss.

1149. Least constipation antidepressant: Paroxetine "diarrhea"

1150. Least withdrawal symptoms antidepressants: Fluoxetine.

1151. Shortest MAOI wash-out period: Moclobemide (wears off completely after 24 hours).

1152. Highest Extra Pyramidal Symptoms antipsychotics: Haloperidol, Fluphenazine.

1153. Least EPS antipsychotics: Clozapine, Olanzapine (Highest anticholinergic activity).

1154. Highest Gynecomastia (Galactorrhea): Risperidone, Haloperidol, Fluphenazine.

1155. Least Gynecomastia (Galactorrhea): Clozapine, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone, Aripiprazole.

1156. Least weight gain Antipsychotics: Ziprasidone, Aripiprazole.

1157. Least ATP-producing pathway: Pentose phosphate pathway.

1158. Highest ATP-producing pathway: Electron transport chain (Oxidativephosphorylation).

1159. Higher GIT risk NSAIDs: Ketorolac, Piroxicam, Indomethacin.

1160. Least GIT risk NSAIDs: Ibuprofen, Diclofenac.

1161. Higher cardiotoxicity risk NSAIDs: Cox 2 inhibitors (Celecoxib), Diclofenac.

1162. Least cardiotoxicity risk NSAIDs: Naproxen.

1163. Least cardiotoxicity risk Antiepileptics: Valproic acid.

1164. Least cardiotoxicity risk opioids: Fentanyl

1165. Least depression risk antihypertensives: Enalapril, Ramipril, Verapamil, Amlodipine.

1166. Highest nausea, vomiting risk chemotherapeutics: Cisplatin.

1167. Least BMD risk chemotherapeutics: Vinca alkaloids (Vincristine).

1168. Na nitroprusside onset: 2-3 minutes.

1169. Chlorpropamide onset: 1 hour, t½: 35 hours, action duration: 60-70 hours.

1170. Dexamphetamine onset: 20-60 minutes, duration 3-7 hours.

1171. Fluoxetine t½: 2-4 days.

1172. Aspirin t½: 20-30 minutes.

1173. Amiodarone t½: 60 days

1174. PTU t½: 1.5 hours, Methimazole and Carbimazole t½: 6 hours.

1175. Amlodipine t½: 30-50 hours.

1176. Dapsone t½: 30 hours.

1177. NSAIDs t½ < 6 hours (short-acting): Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac, Indomethacin.

1178. NSAIDS T½ >6 hours (long-acting): Piroxicam 50, Meloxicam 20, Naproxen 15, Celecoxib 12.

1179. Tropicamide: 4-6 hours mydriasis

1180. Cyclopentolate: 1 day mydriasis.

1181. Cyclosporine solution: Can be mixed with milk or orange juice.

1182. Apixaban: Can be crushed or mixed with water or orange juice.

1183. Cyproheptadine: Can be crushed.

1184. Omeprazole and Alendronate: Can't be crushed.

1185. Diazoxide: Artery vasodilator and Oral hyperglycemic medication (inhibits insulin secretion).

1186. 5HT-3 receptor type: Ligand ion channel receptor.

1187. Antacid optimum effect: when taken 1-3 hours after meal.

1188. Meropenem can be used for: Bacterial meningitis.

1189. Hydroxyurea enhances secretion of: Vasopressin (ADH).

1190. Drug can be used for ankylosing spondylitis: Certolizumab.

1191. Drug can be used for plaque psoriasis: Etanercept.

1192. Hippuric acid (methenamine) is better used with: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

1193. Vancomycin poorly absorbed orally, only for: pseudomembranous colitis.

1194. Vancomycin parenterally for: MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus).

1195. The greatest negative inotropic effect of CCBs is: verapamil.

1196. Initial drug for DM type 2 is: metformin.

1197. Symptoms

Serotonin syndrome

hyperthermia, sweating Muscle rigidity "stiffness", convulsions Headache, confusion Diarrhea, tachycardia.

Treated by Benzodiazepines and Cyproheptadine.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

High fever, sweating Muscle rigidity "stiffness", convulsions Stupor, confusion Tachycardia.

STOP drug and give Bromocriptine, Dantrolene.

Extrapyramidal symptoms

Motor restlessness Dystonia "sustained contraction" Tardive dyskinesia Parkinson's-like symptoms

Anticholinergic minimizes EPS Profenamine, Tetrabenazine

1198. a- dornase used as a mucolytic for treatment of: cystic fibrosis.

1199. Main thyroid hormones that regulate body metabolic rate are: T3 and T4.

1200. Drug used to treat child colic is: Simethicone drops.

1200. Drug used to treat child colic is: Simethicone drops.

1201. Drug suitable for hypertensive patient with chesty cough is: Guaifenesin.

1202. Aminoglycosides and vancomycin cause: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

1203. Colchicine: used for prophylaxis and treatment of acute gout.

1204. Addison's disease related to: adrenal insufficiency (hypocortisolism).

1205. Artery carries Deoxygenated blood is: pulmonary artery.

1206. The heart natural pacemaker is: the Sinoatrial node (SA node).

1207. Antihistamines in cold medicines: H1 blocker (histamine antagonist).

1208. Penicillin mechanism: inhibits trans-peptidase enzyme, inhibits cell wall synthesis.

1209. Doxorubicin causes: Cardiotoxicity.

1210. Bottles of Flucloxacillin liquid should be stored in: a refrigerator (2 to 8°C).

1211. Antioxidants: interact with the free radicals and inhibit LDL oxidation.

1212. Hypertension counseling: Getting blood pressure checked regularly is important because high blood pressure often asymptomatic.

1213. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity because: they are stored in adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscles.

1214. Calcium salt that can't be used as antacid: Ca metabisulfite.

1215. Another name for Isopropyl alcohol (CH3CHOHCH3): 2-propanol.

1216. Phenobarbitone (Phenobarbital) is metabolized in liver by: the microsomal mixed function oxidases.

1217. Volatile oils contain: Terpenes (volatile unsaturated hydrocarbons).

1218. Barbiturates are Acidic.

1219. Possible side effect of levodopa: Dyskinesia.

1220. Using St. john wort with Tacrolimus causing: decrease in tacrolimus level because St. john wort is P. glycoprotein inducer.

1221. Enables drug to be detected by UV analysis: Aromatic ring

1222. Majority of hypertension: unknown causes.

1223. Oxytocin and vasopressin are secreted from: Posterior pituitary gland.

1224. Type 1 allergic reaction is an indication of: hypersensitivity to a given protein.

1225. Signs of left-sided heart failure: shortness of breath and Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

1226. Estradiol (natural form of estrogen) is secreted by: Ovarian follicle.

1227. Distal convoluted tubule cells are sensitive to: Aldosterone.

1228. The main role of collecting tubule (duct): Water reabsorption by ADH.

1229. The composition of sweat is altered in patients with: Cystic fibrosis.

1230. Muscle fatigue is thought to be: consequence of Lactic acid accumulation.

1231. Prevent backflow of blood to heart valves: Aortic and pulmonary valves.

1232. Single daily doses of simvastatin are best taken at: Bedtime.

1233. Anticonvulsants NOT used in pregnancy as: Phenytoin (category D), Valproic (category X).

1233. Anticonvulsants NOT used in pregnancy as: Phenytoin (category D), Valproic (category X).

1234. Side effect of hydrochlorothiazide: Rash.

1235. The RNA which binds to amino acids: tRNA.

1236. T½ in zero-kinetic is: Concentration dependent (Note the reaction rate in zero order is concentration independent).

1237. Zero-order kinetics:

A constant amount of drug is lost per unit time (concentration-independent)

The half-life is not constant, but depends on the concentration. The higher the concentration, the longer the t½.

1238. After chronic oral dose, plateau is depending on: t½ (half-life).

1239.5 t½ will decrease dose to: 1/32.

1240. Bromhexine is Mucolytic: Not used as antitussive.

1241. Severe asymptomatic hypertension: Treatment is recommended.

1242. Highest negative inotropic effect CCBs: Verapamil.

1243. Alendronate: improves fasting plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity.

1244. Vitamins which are more likely to be toxic: Fat-soluble vitamins.

1245. Acarbose maximum daily dose: 600 mg.

1246. Common side effect of antineoplastic drugs: BMD.

1247. Pyrantel pamoate is: Anthelmintic (can be used for treatment of threadworm).

Pyrantel is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic worm infections. This includes ascariasis, hookworm infections, enterobiasis (pinworm infection), trichostrongyliasis, and trichinellosis. It is taken by mouth.

1248. Molarity definition: The moles of a solute per liters of a solution.

1249. Alendronate similar to: Pyrophosphate.

1250. First choice in barbiturates toxicity: oxygen support (support respiration).

1251. Insulin release in response to: high blood glucose level.

1252. Dipyridamole is: Antiplatelets.

1253. Perindopril is: ACEI (NOT antianginal).

1254. Reduction in renal perfusion may be due to: increase afferent tone (afferent vasoconstriction).

1255. NSAIDs: increase reabsorption of lithium (decrease excretion).

1256. Celecoxib: substituted pyrazole moiety.

1257. NSAIDs affect: Renal clearance.

1258. Most drug absorption in: Upper small intestine.

1259. NOT biotransformation method: Esterification.

1260. Impetigo pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

1261. Morphine: NO loading dose.

1262. Fastest blood flow (higher velocity): Arteries.

1263. Severe side effect of Docusate: chronic flatulence.

Docusate is a medication utilized for managing and treating constipation. Belonging to the stool softener class of drugs, it reduces the surface tension of the oil and water interface within the stool, facilitating the passage of water and lipids into the stool mass.

1264. When low sodium intake is required, sodium chloride is replaced by: KCL

1265. Left AV valve closed in: atrial filling and ventricular ejection.

1266. Left AV valve opened in: ventricle filling.

1267. Resorcinol is: NOT a surfactant

1268. In asthma: increase airways passages resistance.

1269. Paracetamol dose in 20 kg child: 300 mg.

1270. Ferrous gluconate elemental iron: approximately 12%.

1271. Ferrous sulfate elemental iron: approximately 20%.

1272. Ferrous fumarate elemental iron: approximately 33%.

1273. Dexamethasone in chemotherapy for: Nausea and vomiting.

1274. Handling chemotherapy: NO Crushing of tablets.

1275. Methotrexate inhibits: dihydrofolate reductase.

1276. Levothyroxine and liothyronine are similar in: increase dose during pregnancy.

1277. Digoxin half-life is approximately: 36 hours.

1278. Antidepressant that can be used to treat chronic neuropathic pain: Amitriptyline.

1279. Medications should be used with caution in treating hypertension associated with renal artery

stenosis: ACEIS, ARBs.

1280. Oxymetazoline mechanism: direct-acting alpha (a)-adrenergic agonist sympathomimetic (nasal decongestant).

1281. Long acting tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Minocycline.

1282. Precursor of tyrosine: phenyl-alanine.

1283. Precursor of thyroxine: tyrosine.

1284. Most preventer medication for asthma is: inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) commonly called preventers.

1285. Sucralfate is: protective barrier.

1286. Retroviruses mechanism: use reverse transcriptase to transform their single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA.

1287. Basal long-acting insulin best taken: at bedtime.

1288. Insulin multiple injections: short acting or rapid acting at each meal with intermediate or long acting at bedtime.

1289. Initial dose of insulin: 0.3 to 0.4 units/kg once to twice daily (if needed).

1290. Procainamide metabolism: Hydrolysis and Acetylation.

1291. Cholinergic crisis associated with overmedication in patient with: Myasthenia gravis.

1292. Nitroglycerin IV administration:

Not for direct intravenous injection (for intravenous infusion only).

Concentrated potent drug which must be diluted prior to its infusion.

Should not be mixed with other drugs.

Discard the unused portion.

1293. Best practice for antiepileptic therapy:

Monotherapy is the ideal in epilepsy treatment because of reduced side effects, absence of drug interactions, better compliance, lower cost and, in many cases, improved seizure control compared to poly-therapy.

Using higher loading dose followed by lower maintenance doses.

1294. 4 chiral carbon give: 16 stereoisomers, 14 diastereomers.

1295. Clopidogrel is: Prodrug.

1296. Shelf-life of eye drops after opening: 28 days.

1297. Antiviral can be used in pregnancy: Acyclovir.

1298. The chief nitrogenous end product resulting from the metabolic breakdown of proteins: Urea.

1299. Dichloromethane is: Homotopic.

1300. Mechanism of action of local anesthetics: inhibit nerve transmission by binding voltage-gated sodium channels.

1301. NOT used in aspirin toxicity: calcium edetate.

1302. Diabetic ketoacidosis: Without enough insulin, your body can't use sugar properly for energy. This prompts the release of hormones that break down fat as fuel, which produces acids known as ketones. Excess ketones build up in the blood and eventually "spill over" into the urine.

DKA is most common among people with type 1 diabetes.

1303. Leukocytosis is: increased levels of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood.

1304. Advantages of Moclobemide over Phenelzine:

Moclobemide is regarded as a generally safe antidepressant and due to its favorable side effect profile, it can be considered a first-line therapeutic antidepressant.

Reversible selective MAO-A inhibitor.

Fewer drug and food interactions.

1305. Pilocarpine causes: Miosis.

1306. The primary structure of a peptide or a protein is: The linear sequence of its amino acids.

1307. Treatment of fluoride overdose: calcium salts.

1308. Dopamine decrease and Ach increase may lead to: Hyperreflexia as in Parkinsonism.

1309. Advantage of T4 over T3: longer duration.

1310. Soft tissue nodules are seen in: Rheumatoid arthritis.

1311. More drug absorption from small intestine than stomach due to: large surface area.

1312. Cisplatin structure: Chloride ions are adjacent to each other.

1313. Codeine: NOT used in breastfeeding.

1312. Cisplatin structure: Chloride ions are adjacent to each other.

1313. Codeine: NOT used in breastfeeding.

1314. Tramadol: may be used in breastfeeding (The excretion of tramadol into milk is low and even lower amounts of the active metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol, are excreted. With usual maternal dosage, the amount excreted into breastmilk is much less than the dose that has been given to newborn infants for analgesia).

1315. Dose limiting factor for chemotherapy: Myelosuppression.

1316. Enoxaparin requires dose adjustment in: Renal impairment.

1317. Magnesium hydroxide as an antacid: Chemical action (neutralization).

1318. Magnesium hydroxide as a laxative: Physical action (osmosis).

1319. The first-line therapy of penicillinase-producing staphylococci: Penicillinase-resistant penicillin as oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin or flucloxacillin.

1320. Drugs NOT used in glaucoma: Antimuscarinic drugs as Atropine and Tropicamide.

1321. Dronabinol is: an isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

1322. Annual vaccine recommended for 65 years old patient: Flu-vaccine.

1323. The initial course of PPI treatment should be for: 4 to 8 weeks, following by a review.

1324. Enantiomers: NOT a subtype of diastereomers.

1325. Co-administration of Colchicine with Statins: Increase myotoxic effect, causing myopathy and varying degrees of rhabdomyolysis.

1326. A good combination for parkinsonism: Levodopa + Apomorphine.

1327. Drug needs gastric absorption for activity: Methionine.

1328. A protein inside skin cells, makes up the skin cells and, along with other proteins, sticks together to form this layer: Keratin.

1329. Most protective layer of skin: Epidermis.

1330. Ion exchange chromatography (IEX): Separates molecules by their surface charge.

1331. Maximum dose of imipramine: 300 mg/day.

1332. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) forms the potassium salt of: Ibuprofen.

1333. 10mg Sc Morphine = 100mcg Sc Fentanyl.

1334. Drugs can be used for treatment of Community acquired pneumonia (CAP): Amoxicillin, Doxycycline Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin.

1335. Drug requires Loading dose: Amiodarone.

1336. Trimethoprim: inhibits the subsequent conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolic acid reductase (inhibits folic acid synthesis).

1337. Increase risk of tendonitis: Quinolones.

1338. Should be avoided with colchicine: Grapefruit (Grapefruit and grapefruit juice may increase the effects of colchicine by increasing the amount of this medicine in your body).

1339. Doxorubicin has an accumulative effect on: Heart.

1340. 4-Aminosalicylic acid (ASA) metabolism in acidic media: Decarboxylation.

1341. Time to reach steady state concentration depend on: t½.

1341. Time to reach steady state concentration depend on: t %.

1342. Accumulates in tissues that are actively exercised: Lactate.

1343. NOT a side effect of TCA: Diarrhea.

1344. Aminoglycosides main side effect: Nephrotoxicity

1345. Peptide vaccines are: an attractive alternative strategy that relies on usage of short peptide fragments to engineer the induction of highly targeted immune responses, consequently avoiding allergenic and/or reactogenic sequences.

Peptide-based synthetic vaccines, also called epitope vaccines can be utilized as therapeutical cancer vaccines.

1346. An effective Acne treatment, used in combination with spironolactone: Birth control pills.

1347. Signs of Hypoglycemia: Looking pale Shakiness Sweating Headache Hunger or nausea. An irregular or fast heartbeat. Fatigue. Irritability or anxiety, palpitations.

1348. Morphine excreted via: Kidneys (renally cleared).

1349. Drug used for treatment of vertigo associated with migraine: Prochlorperazine.

1350. Deficiency of lodine in adults: Myxoedema.

1351. Oxidation of double bonds in fatty acids: Rancidity.

1352. Bacterial byproduct causes febrile reaction: Pyrogen.

1353. Order of impulse: SA node (pacemaker) → AV node → Bundle of HIS→ Purkinje fibers.

1354. Tocolytics as: Nifedipine.

1355. Side effect of isotretinoin: Hyperlipidemia.

1356. Amylase level used for diagnosis of: Acute pancreatitis.

1357. Drugs metabolized via acetylation as: Sulfonamides.

1358. Metformin dose reduction in: Renal impairment.

1359. Vancomycin dose reduction in: Renal impairment.

1360. Vaccine should generally not be given to people who are immunocompromised: yellow fever.

1361. Drug for treatment of hyperlipidemia in patient who can't tolerate statins: Ezetimibe.

1362. Not a side effect of nitrates: Breathlessness.

1363. Paraldehyde is oxidized to: Acetic acid.

1364. Antibiotics for Cellulitis: Flucloxacillin (first choice), Cephalexin or Clindamycin.

1365. Antibiotics for Mastitis: Flucloxacillin (first choice), Cephalexin or Clindamycin.

1366. Antibiotics for Paronychia: Flucloxacillin (first choice), Cephalexin or Clindamycin.

1367. Peripheral neuropathy occurs at a higher rate in: Poor (low) Acetylators.

1368. Patient on hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol, which medication least to take: Verapamil.

1369. Brinzolamide: reduces the production of aqueous humor.

1370. The most common bacterial infection of the throat: Strep throat.

1371. A potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid given to patients during surgery: Remifentanil.

1372. Proteins normally high in: Blood (NOT urine).

1373. Drug used for bacterial vaginosis: Clindamycin.

1374. No cell wall in: Mycoplasma.

1375. Pregnant woman used ranitidine for gastric acidity but not effective, may recommend: Omeprazole.

1375. Pregnant woman used ranitidine for gastric acidity but not effective, may recommend: Omeprazole.

1376. Isotretinoin: (13-Cis retinoic acid) Oral treatment for Acne, increases cell turnover rate and reduce sebum production, vitamin A derivative, and causes teratogenicity so contraindicated in pregnancy and increased risk of Hyperlipidemia.

Isotretinoin important points:

For women, ensure effective contraception during treatment, and for 1 month after stopping.

Contraindicated in women planning to conceive or who are using inadequate contraception. It is recommended that two effective methods of contraception be used (eg a COC and a barrier method).

Contraindicated in hypervitaminosis A and hyperlipidemia.

Avoid taking vitamin A supplements.

Avoid combination with tetracyclines "may increase risk of benign intracranial hypertension".

Contraindicated in severe hepatic impairment.

Contraindicated in pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Absorbed best if taken with food.

often causes dry lips, mouth and eyes. Use white soft paraffin, eg Vaseline", to treat dry lips;

use lubricating eye drops to treat eye irritation.

Protect skin from sunlight with protective clothing or a broad-spectrum sunscreen.

Avoid using topical anti-acne preparations as local irritation may increase.

Using together with benzoyl peroxide topical may increase skin irritation.

Most common side effects: dryness of skin, lips and mucous membranes.