A compiled list on classification of drugs
A compiled list on classification of drugs
Objective:
This page enlists the classification of drugs and provide the the reader an idea on different classes of drugs in several diseases.
Key words:
Classification of drugs, antibiotics
Antibiotics
A. According to the type of mechanism of action, antibiotics are classified as follows:
1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis: Penicillin, Cephalosporin’s etc
2. Interfere of Inhibit with intermediary cell metabolism: Sulphonamides, Trimethoprim etc
3. Interactions with the plasma membrane: Polymixin, Tyrothricin etc.
4. Inhibit or disrupt protein synthesis: Erythromycin, Tetracyclines etc.
5. Inhibition of nucleic acid transcription and replication: Nalidixic acid and profalvin etc
6. Interfere with DNA synthesis: Zodovudine, Idoxuridine etc.
7. Interfere with DNA function: Refampicin, Norfloxacin etc.
8. Cause misreading of m-RNA: Aminoglycosides, Neomycin etc.
Mechanism of action of antibiotics (Protein synthesis inhibitors) mnemonic
B. According to the chemical structure:
1.β-lactum antibiotics: penicillin, Cephalosporin etc.
2. Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Gentamycin, Streptomycin etc.
3. Macrolid antibiotics: Erythromycin, Azithromycin etc.
4. 4-Quinolones: Ciprofloxacin, perfloxacin etc.
5. Polymyxin antibiotics: Polymyxin A, Polymyxin B etc.
Antibiotics
A. According to the type of mechanism of action, antibiotics are classified as follows:
1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis: Penicillin, Cephalosporin’s etc
2. Interfere of Inhibit with intermediary cell metabolism: Sulphonamides, Trimethoprim etc
3. Interactions with the plasma membrane: Polymixin, Tyrothricin etc.
4. Inhibit or disrupt protein synthesis: Erythromycin, Tetracyclines etc.
5. Inhibition of nucleic acid transcription and replication: Nalidixic acid and profalvin etc
6. Interfere with DNA synthesis: Zodovudine, Idoxuridine etc.
7. Interfere with DNA function: Refampicin, Norfloxacin etc.
8. Cause misreading of m-RNA: Aminoglycosides, Neomycin etc.
B. According to the chemical structure:
1.β-lactum antibiotics: penicillin, Cephalosporin etc.
2. Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Gentamycin, Streptomycin etc.
3. Macrolid antibiotics: Erythromycin, Azithromycin etc.
4. 4-Quinolones: Ciprofloxacin, perfloxacin etc.
5. Polymyxin antibiotics: Polymyxin A, Polymyxin B etc.
General Classification of Analgesics:
Narcotic Analgesics can be classified into the following group:
1. Natural (Opium Alkaloids): Morphine, Codeine
2. Semi-synthetic opiates: Oxymorphine, Hydrocodone.
3. Synthetic analgesics:
a) Mepredine and related phenyl-piperidine: Pethidine, Piminodine.
b) Methadone and related drugs: Methadone, propoxyphene.
c) Benzomorphanes: Phenazocine, Pentazocine.
d) Morphinan derivatives: Levorphanol, Butorphanol.
e) Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine, Naloxone.
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID’s) are the dominating member of these class of drugs:
Classification of NSAID’s:
· Classification based on their chemical structure:
Ø Carboxilic Acid Groups:
ü Salicylates: Aspirin, Salicylamide etc.
ü Arylalkanoic Acids/Aryl acetic acid derivatives: Diclofenac.
ü 2-Arylpropionic acids (profens) or Propionic acids: Carprofen, Ketoprofen.
ü N-Arylanthranilic acids(fenamic acids): Mefenamic acid
ü Aminonicotinic acids: Flunixin.
ü Indole Analogs: Indomethacin, Ketorolac etc.
Ø Enolic Acids:
ü Pyrazolidine derivatives: Phenylbutazone
ü Oxicams: Piroxicam, Meloxicam
Ø Selective COX-2 inhibitors: Rofecoxib, Valdecoxib etc.
Ø Aniline and P-aminophenol derivatives: Acetanilide, Acetaminophen.
Ø Sulphonarilides: Nimesulide.
Ø Gold Salts: Auranofin, Gold sodium thiomalate etc.
Classification based on their COX selectivity
Ø COX non selective Inhibitors: Diclofenac , Ibuprofen etc.
Ø COX1 selective Inhibitors: Aspirin in low dose.
Ø COX2 selective inhibitors: Celecoxib, Etorocoxib etc.
Ø COX3 selective inhibitors: Some paracetamol isomers are under investigation under this class.
Anti-Pyretic Drugs
Classification of anti-pyretic drugs
Ø Central anti-pyretics:
ü Acetaminophen.
ü Phenacetin.
ü Aspirin.
ü Phenyl butazone.
Ø Specific anti-pyretics:
ü Ampicillin
ü Amoxacillin.
ü Cotrimoxazole.
ü Chloramphenicol.
Ø Diaphoretics:
ü Pilocarpine.
ü Nitrites
Ø Miscellaneous:
ü Morphine.
ü Apomorphine.
ü Chlorpromazine.
Anti-Viral Drugs
Classification based on Sites of action of anti-viral drugs.
Ø Inhibitors of penetration of host cell by virus
ü Gamma globulin.
Ø Blocker of Viral uncoating stage
ü Amantadine.
Ø Inhibitors of Viral genome Transcription
ü Acyclovir
ü Ganciclovir
ü Zidovudine( inhibits reverse transcriptase of AIDs virus)
Ø Inhibitors of Translation of viral proteins
ü Regulatory proteins/early proteins ( fomivirsen)
ü Structural proteins/late proteins(Methisazone)
Ø of posttranslational modifications
ü Protease inhibitors (Ritonnavir, sequinaver)
Ø Inhibitors of assembly of virion components
ü Rifampin
Ø Inhibitors of Viral release
ü Neuroaminidase inhibitors
Classification based on Chemical Structure.
Ø Nucleoside analogs
ü Acyclovir
ü Famciclovir
ü Valacyclovir
Ø Non-nucleoside analogs
ü Delavirivine
ü Foscarnet
ü Neviratine
Ø Others(Protease inhibitors)
ü Ritonnaver
ü Sequinavir
Anti-Cancer Drugs
Classification of Anti-cancer Drugs is given below:
Ø Anti-Metabolites
ü Folate antagonist (Methotrexate, Amethopterin)
ü Purin antagonist (6-Mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine)
ü Pyrimidine antagonist (5-Fluorouracil, 5- Fluorodeoxyuridine)
ü Sugar modified analogs
ü Ribo-nulceotide reductase inhibitor
Ø Co-valent DNA-binding drugs
ü Nitrogen Mustards (Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide)
ü Azeri dines
ü Aklane Sulfonates
ü Nitrosourea ( Carmustine, Lomustine)
ü Platinum Compounds
ü Mono alkylating agents
Ø Non-covalent DNA binding drugs
ü Antracyclins
ü Mitoxantrone
ü Dactinomycin
ü Bleomycin
Ø Inhibitors of chromatin function
ü Topo isomerase (topo I ,topo II)
ü Microtubule inhibitor( Vinblastin, Vincristine)
Ø Drug affecting endocrine function
ü Estrogen
ü Glucocorticoid
Anti-cancer drugs can also be classified by the following way
1.Alkylating Agents
2.Anti-Metabolites
3.Mitotic Inhibitors
4.Antibiotics
5.Others
Busulfan
Fluorouracil,
Floxuridine
Etoposide
Bleomycin
L-asparaginase
Carmustine
Arabinoside,
Cytosine
Teniposide
Dactinomycin
Hydroxyurea
Chlorambucil
Mercaptopurine
Vinblastine
Daunorubicin,
Doxorubicin
Procarbazine
Cisplatin
Methotrexate
Vincristine,
Vindesine
Mitomycin-C,
Mitoxantrone
Cyclophosphamide
Ifosfamide
Taxoids
Plicamycin
Classification of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs:
Mechanism-based classification:
Diuretics:
Thiazide diuretics (they end in "-thiazide" or are "thiazide-like")-Hydrochlorothiazide, methyclothiazide, chlorothiazide.
Thiazide-like diuretics: Chlorthalidone, indapamide, metolazone
Loop diuretics/high-ceiling diuretics- Furosemide, bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, and torasemide. These potent drugs act on the loop of Henle in the kidneys, leading to a substantial loss of sodium and water, which results in increased urine output
Potassium-sparing diuretics– amiloride, spironolactone.
Sympathoplegic agents:
Adrenergic synthesis/ release blockers- reserpine, granethidine.
Central α-adrenergic agonists-α-methodepa, clonidine.
α- blockers – prazosin, tetrazosin,
β- blockers- propranolol, Timolol. [mnemonic]
Ganglion blocker- Trimethaphan.
Direct Vasodilators:
Hydralazine, minoxidil
Calcium channel blockers:
Amlodipine, Verapamil
Angiotensin-II and ACE inhibitors:
ACE inhibitors (often end with the suffix "-pril"))- Captopril, Enalapril, Fosinopril, Perinodopril, Ramipril, Lisonopril, Trandolapril, Quinapril etc.
Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists/Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs-often end with the suffix "-sartan")- losartan (considered protective of the kidneys ), valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, olmesartan, eprosartan, and azilsartan medoxomil
The primary mnemonic for Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) is to remember their suffix, "sartan", found in drug names like losartan, candesartan, and valsartan, signifying their class and function in blocking angiotensin II receptors to treat conditions such as hypertension and heart failure. Other useful mnemonics focus on their clinical uses (hypertension, CHF, diabetic nephropathy), mechanism (block AT1 receptors, increase renin), and key side effects (hyperkalemia, no cough unlike ACE inhibitors, teratogenic).
What are the best thiazide diuretics?
Experts recommend chlorthalidone as the preferred diuretic for high blood pressure. But in practice, HCTZ is prescribed much more frequently. Chlorthalidone lasts longer in the body, but it may have a higher risk of kidney and electrolyte problems.
For Drug Names
-sartan ending: This is the most direct mnemonic for ARBs. When you see or hear a drug name ending in "sartan," such as losartan, valsartan, or candesartan, you know it's an ARB.
For Clinical Use
"Spartan"
(from Picmonic): This helps associate ARBs with their benefits, like treating hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.
-sartan (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers):
Linking the suffix to the drug class and understanding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) helps remember their use in blocking angiotensin II's effects, leading to vasodilation and reduced aldosterone.
For Mechanism and Side Effects
Hiker-banana (Hyperkalemia)
: This mnemonic helps remember the side effect of hyperkalemia, which results from reduced aldosterone, leading to decreased potassium excretion.
No Cough:
Unlike ACE inhibitors, which cause a dry cough due to increased bradykinin, ARBs block angiotensin II at the receptor, not the enzyme, and do not increase bradykinin levels.
How to Use the Mnemonics
Identify the Drug Class: Recognize the "-sartan" suffix to identify an ARB.
Understand the Mechanism: Recall that ARBs block the angiotensin II receptor, leading to vasodilation and reduced aldosterone, which treats hypertension and heart failure.
Remember Key Side Effects: Note the key difference from ACE inhibitors (no cough) and the potential for hyperkalemia.
Beta blocker (Google AI Overview)
To remember beta blockers, use the "-olol" or "-lol" suffix mnemonic, shared by most beta-blocking medications, making it a useful identifier.
For selective β1-blockers, use the A-M rule (Atenolol, Metoprolol), linking the "one" heart to β1 receptors.
For nonselective β1 and β2-blockers, use the N-Z rule (Propranolol, Nadolol), linking "two" lungs to β2 receptors. Common beta blockers include ** atenolol**, metoprolol, carvedilol, and propranolol.
Selective Beta-1 Blockers (Cardioselective) [Mnemonic: A-M for 1 heart]
Explanation: These blockers primarily target beta-1 (β1) receptors, which are found mainly in the heart. The mnemonic helps remember that the drugs starting with letters from A to M target β1 receptors.
Examples: Atenolol, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol
Nonselective Beta Blockers (Nonselective) [Mnemonic: N-Z for 2 lungs]
Explanation: These blockers affect both β1 (heart) and β2 receptors (lungs, peripheral vessels). The mnemonic links the two lungs to the β2 receptors and helps recall that drugs starting with letters from N to Z are nonselective.
Examples: Propranolol, Nadolol, Sotalol
Other Notable Beta Blockers
Carvedilol: and Labetalol: These are notable nonselective beta-blockers that do not follow the A-M/N-Z rule.
Common Side Effects of Beta Blockers
Mnemonic: BETA
B: radycardia
E: rectile dysfunction
T: iredness/fatigue
A: sthma worsening (bronchospasm)
Key Points
Beta blockers block the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine).
They slow the heart rate and decrease the force of contraction, lowering blood pressure.
They are used for hypertension, angina, heart failure, and after a heart attack
Classification of diuretics
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are a class of drugs that block the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which plays a key role in regulating pH and fluid production in the body. They are used to treat conditions like glaucoma by reducing fluid in the eye, altitude sickness by decreasing fluid in the brain and lungs, and certain forms of epilepsy. Common examples include topical eye drops like dorzolamide (Azopt) and brinzolamide, and oral medications like acetazolamide, methazolamide, dorzolamide, brinzolamide, diclofenamide, ethoxzolamide, and zonisamide
How They Work
Enzyme Inhibition:
CAIs work by inhibiting the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and protons.
Glaucoma Treatment:
By inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the eye, CAIs reduce the production of aqueous humor (eye fluid), thereby lowering intraocular pressure.
Diuretic Effect:
In the kidneys, inhibiting carbonic anhydrase leads to increased excretion of sodium and bicarbonate, which promotes diuresis (fluid loss) and can alkalize the urine.
Conditions Treated
Glaucoma: Reducing fluid production to lower pressure in the eye.
Altitude Sickness: Reducing pulmonary and cerebral edema (fluid in the lungs and brain) associated with high altitude.
Epilepsy: Certain CAIs are used as antiepileptic agents.
Congestive Heart Failure: As part of their diuretic action.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A condition of high pressure within the skull.
Common Examples
Dorzolamide (e.g., Azopt): A topical eye drop used for glaucoma.
Brinzolamide (e.g., Trusopt): Another topical eye drop for glaucoma.
Acetazolamide: An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as a diuretic and for altitude sickness.
Methazolamide: Another oral CAI used for glaucoma.
Potential Side Effects
Paresthesia: Tingling in the fingers and toes.
Metallic Taste: A common side effect of these medications.
Increased Urination: A result of the diuretic effect.
Metabolic Acidosis: Can occur with systemic CAIs due to bicarbonate loss.
Classification of Sedative and Hypnotics:
A. Barbiturates
i. Long Acting Barbiturates (8-12 hours).
Ø Barbitone.
Ø Phenobarbitone.
Ø Mephobarbitone.
ii. Intermediate acting barbiturate.
Ø Amilo-barbitone.
Ø Allo-barbitone.
Ø Buto-barbitone.
iii. Short acting barbiturate.
Ø Pento-barbitone
Ø Quinal-barbitone.
iv. Ultra-short acting.
Ø Thiopental Na+
Ø Hexobarbitone Na+
B. Non-Barbiturates
i. Organic group:
Ø Benzodiazepines ( best hypnotic)
ü Nitrazepam ( most potent)
ü Diazepam
Ø Aldehyde derivatives
ü Paraldehyde
Ø Alcohol
ü Ethyl alcohol
ü Chloral Hydrate.
Ø Carbamet derivatives
ü Ethinmate
ü Urethane
Ø Piperdine derivatives
ü Gluthemide
ü Thalidomide
Ø Miscellaneous
ü Antihistamine
ü Scopolamine
ii. In-organic group:
ü Na+ bromide.
ü K+ bromide
Immunosuppressive drugs:
Classification based on specific molecular mode of action:
A. Drugs Inhibit T-cell activation:
i. Cyclosporins
B. Drugs inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA:
i. Azathioprines
C. Drugs inhibit the binding of interleukin-2:
i. Basiliximab
ii. Daclizumab.
D. Drugs suppress the inflammation associated with transplant rejection:
i. Prednisolone.
Classification according to the specific organ that is transplanted:
1. Drugs used in Kidney Transplantation:
a. Basiliximab.
2. Drugs used in Kidney, liver and heart Transplantation:
a. Muromonab.
3. Drugs used in liver, kidney, bone marrow, heart , pancreas Transplantation:
a. Tacrolimus.
Cholinergic Drugs:
Classification:
A. Chlonie esters: Carbachol, Bethanechol.
B. Natural Cholinomimetic agents: Arecholine.
C. Anti-Cholinesterase agents:
i. Natural: Physostigmine.
ii. Synthetic: Neostigmine, Edrophonium.
a. Organophosphorus compound; Hexaethyl tetra phosphate (HETP)
iii. Agro-chemicals: Diazenone, Parathion.
iv. Nerve gas: Sarin, Tabun.
Anti-cholinergic Drugs:
Classification:
A. Antimuscarinic agents
i. Natural alkaloids: atropine, scopolamine.
ii. Semi synthetic derivatives: Ipratropium Bromide.
iii. Synthetic compounds:
Ø Mydriatics: Cyclopentolate.
Ø Antispasmodic:
ü Tertiary amine derivatives- Telenzepine.
ü Quaternary amine derivatives- Propenthaline.
Ø Antiperkinsonism drug: Benzotropine.
B. Antinicotinic agents:
i. Neuromuscular blocking agents:
Ø Competitive blockers: d-tubocurarine.
Ø Non-competitive blockers: Decamethonium.
Ø Mixed acting compounds: Denzoquinonium.
ii. Ganglionic blocking agents:
Ø Competitive blockers: Pentolinium, Hexamethonium.
Ø Non-competitive blockers: Lobeline.
Adrenergic Drugs:
Classification:
A. According to Mechanism of Action:
I. Direct sympathomimetic: Isoprenaline.
II. Indirect sympathomimetic: Tyramine, Amphetamine.
III. Mixed acting: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
B. According to Therapeutic Uses:
I. Vasoconstrictors: Adrenaline.
II. Vasodilators: Isoprenaline.
III. Bronchodilators: Sulbutamol.
IV. CNS stimulator: Amphitamine.
C. According to Receptor stimulation:
I. α-agonist: Noradrenaline, Phenylephrine.
II. Β- agonist: Isoprenaline, Isoproterenol.
III. Both: Ephedrine, Adrenaline.
D. According to Chemical Nature:
I. Catecholamines: Dopamine.
II. Non-catecholamines: Tyramine.
Classification of Anti-epileptic drugs:
A. According to the therapeutic utility
1. Major seizures (grand mal epilepsy)
1st choice: Phenytoin
2nd choice: Carbamazepine
Pheonbarbitone
Primidone
Na+ valporate
Clonazepam
2.Minor seizores (petit mal epilepsy):
1st choice : Na+ valporate
Ethosuximide
2nd choice : clonazepam
Troxidone
3. Others : Methsuximide
Carbamazepine
Clonazepam
Phenytoin
B. According to chemical nature
1. Barbiturate and related drugs :
Phenobarbitone
Mephobarbitone
2. Hydatoins:
Phenytoin
Mephenytoin
Ethotoin
3. Oxazolidenediones :
Trimethadione
Paramethadione
4. Succimides:
Phen-suximide
Meth-suximide
Etho-suximide
5. Benzodiazepines :
Diazepam
Nitrazepam
Clobazam
6. Acetyl urea derivatives
Acetazolamide
7. Newer drugs :
Carbamazepine
Na+ valporate
Classification of Anti-Parkinsonism drugs:
A. Anti-cholinergic :
Atropine
Scopolamine
Proclyclidine
B. Anti-histamines
Orphenadrine
Diphenylhydramine
C. Adrenergic or Dopaminergic drugs:
Levodopa
Levodopa+CARBIDOPA
L-DOPA+Benserzide
Amantidine
Bromocriptine
D. Drugs with both anti-cholinergic and anti-histaminic properties : Benzotropine
E. Phenothiazine with anti-cholinergic and anti-histaminic action : Promazine
F. Mood elevators : Dextroamphetamine ,imiprine
Types of anesthetic:
Local anesthetic (L.A)
General anesthetic (G.A)
Classification of local anesthetics
a. According to the duration of action
1. Short acting (30-60 minutes)
Procaine (30 min)
Amethocaine(1 hour)
2. Intermediate acting(60-120 minutes)
Lidocaine
Articane
PIlocaine
2. Long acting
Bupivacaine
Tetracaine
Etidocaine
b. According to the chemical structure
1. Ester group
Procaine
Coacaine
Tetracaine
2. Amide group
Lidocaine
Prilocaine
Etidocaine
Bupivacaine
c. According to the clinical use
1. Surface anesthesia:
Lignocaine
Cocaine
Ethylcloride
2. Infiltration anesthesia:
Lignocaine
Cocaine
Procaine
3. Nerve block anesthesia
Lignocaine
Procaine
tetracaine
4. Spinal anesthesia
Lignocaine
Procaine
Tetracaine
5. Epidural anesthesia
Lignocaine
Bupivacaine
Tetracaime
Classification of general anesthetics:
A. Volatile or inhalation anesthetics:
1. Gasseus:
Nitrous oxide
Cyclopropane
2. Volatile liquids
Halothen,chloroform
Ethylcloride
B. Non-volatile or I/v anesthetics;
1. Steroidal
Na=hydroxyl succinate
Althesin
Etomide
2. Non-steroidal:
a. Ultra short acting barbiturate
Thiopental Na+
Hezithal-Na=
b. Non-barbiturate
Diazepam
Ketamine
Classification of haematinics(according to disease):
A. Drugs used in the iron deficiency anemia
i. Iron preparation
a. Oral preparation
Ferrous sulphate
Ferrous gluconate
Ferrous fumarate
Ferrous succinate
Ferrous chline acetate
Ferrous carbonate
Ferric amonioum citrate
b. Parentral preparation
Irondextran
Iron sorbital
Dextraferron
ii. Copper,cobalt,pyridoximine,riboflavin
B. Drugs used in the megaloblastic anemia
Vitamine B12
Folic acid
Vitamine C
Classification of anti-coagulant
A. Anticoagulant acting in vitro:
First group:
Na and K salts of oxalate,citrate and floride
EDTA
Second group:
Heparin
Dextram sulphate
B. Anticoagulant acting in vivo:
Coumarin derivative
Dicumarol
Warfrin
Cyclocoumerol
Indandione derivative
Phenindione
Diphenindione
Anisidione
C. Anticoagulant acting both in vivo and vitro :
Heparin
Dextram sulphate
Ancord
D. According to mechanism of action
Directly acting:
Heparin
Dextram sulphate
Indirectly acting:
Coumarin derivative
Indandione derivative
E. According to the mechanism of administration:
Inject able anti-coagulants:
Heparin
Ancord
Oral anti-coagulant:
Warfarin
Dicoumarol
Classification of hypoglycemic agent:
A. Parental hypoglycemic agent:
Insulin preparation:
1. First acting (5-12 hours)
Crystaline insulin widely used
Zinc insulin crystals
Promt insulin zinc suspension
2. Intermediate acting(12-24 hours)
Isophen insulin suspension
Insuline zinc suspension
Globin zinc insulin
3. Long acting(24-36 hours)
Protamine zinc insulin suspension
Extended zinc insulin suspension
C. Oral hypoglycemic
1. Sulphonyl urea derivative
First generation:
Tolbutamide
Clorpropamide
Acetohexa mide
Carbutamide
Tolazamide
Second generation:
Glibinclamide
Gliclazide
Gilpizide
2. Biguanide derivatives
Phenformin
Metformin
Buformin
"Better Mother Care During Hypertensive Pregnancy" to remember the SAFE drugs for hypertension in pregnancy! 🧠📚
✅ B - Beta blockers (Labetalol)
✅ M - Methyldopa
✅ C - Clonidine
✅ D - Dihydropyridines
✅ H - Hydralazine
✅ P - Prazosin (Alpha Blocker)
Courtesy: Nursing Booster
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI ) drug and indication mnemonic (Time of Care)
Effective For Sadness, Panic, & Compulsions:
E: ffective – Escitalopram
F: or – Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine
S: adness – Sertraline (depression)
P: anic – Paroxetine (panic disorder, anxiety)
C: ompulsions – Citalopram (OCD)
Side effects and other clinical uses
FINISH
for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
F: lu-like symptoms (fatigue, headache)
I: nsomnia (with vivid dreams)
N: ausea (sometimes with vomiting)
I: mbalance (dizziness, vertigo)
S: ensory disturbances (“burning” sensation)
H: yperactivity (agitation, restlessness)
A: ltered mental status (agitation, confusion)
A: utonomic hyperactivity (fever, sweating, rapid heartbeat)
N: euromuscular abnormalities (tremors, muscle rigidity, hyperreflexia)
7 S’s:
Stomach upset (GI upset)
Sexual dysfunction
Serotonin syndrome – with other serotonergic agents (i.e. MAOs) – hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, flushing, diarrhea
Sleep difficulties (insomnia)
Suicidal thoughts ( esp. in patients age 24 and under)
Stress (agitation, anxiety)
Size increase / Weight gain
Vexed & Depressed
Vexed – Venlafaxine
Depressed – Duloxetine & Desvenlafaxine (active metabolite of venlafaxine) — Duloxetine
Indications of SNRIs: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Vexed) and Major Depressive Disorder (Depressed)
Adverse effects:
SHAT:
Same adverse effects as SSRI’s, plus
Hypertension
Adrenergic effects (awake [insomnia], anxious, agitated)
Tachycardia
References
1. Antwi, C. A., Amisigo, C. M., Adjimani, J. P., & Gwira, T. M. (2019). In vitro activity and mode of action of phenolic compounds on Leishmania donovani. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 13(2), e0007206.
2. Yang, D., Huang, Z., Xing, B., Jin, W., Yan, X., Guo, Z., & Liang, Z. (2016). Regulation of folic acid on phenolic acids production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 127, 175-185.
3. Mykhailenko, O., Kovalyov, V., Kovalyov, S., & Krechun, A. (2017). Isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris hungarica and antibacterial activity of the dry rhizomes extract. Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet), 58(1), 39-45.