What are the roles of nerves and hormones in integration of body systems?
What are the roles of feedback mechanisms in regulation of body systems?
What are examples of branching (dendritic) and net-like (reticulate) patterns of organization?
What are the consequences of positive feedback in biological systems?
C3.1.1 System integration
C3.1.2 Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism
C3.1.3 Integration of organs in animal bodies by hormonal and nervous signalling and by transport of materials and energy
C3.1.4 The brain as a central information integration organ
C3.1.5 The spinal cord as an integrating centre for unconscious processes
C3.1.6 Input to the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres through sensory neurons
C3.1.7 Output from the cerebral hemispheres to muscles through motor neurons
C3.1.8 Nerves as bundles of nerve fibres of both sensory and motor neurons
C3.1.9 Pain reflex arcs as an example of involuntary responses with skeletal muscle as the effector
C3.1.10 Role of the cerebellum in coordinating skeletal muscle contraction and balance
C3.1.11 Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms
C3.1.12 Epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity
C3.1.13 Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
C3.1.14 Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
C3.1.15 Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors
C3.1.16 Control of peristalsis in the digestive system by the central nervous system and enteric nervous system
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C3.1.17 AHL Observations of tropic responses in seedlings
C3.1.18 AHL Positive phototropism as a directional growth response to lateral light in plant shoots
C3.1.19 AHL Phytohormones as signalling chemicals controlling growth, development and response to stimuli in plants
C3.1.20 AHL Auxin efflux carriers as an example of maintaining concentration gradients of phytohormones
C3.1.21 AHL Promotion of cell growth by auxin
C3.1.22 AHL Interactions between auxin and cytokinin as a means of regulating root and shoot growth
C3.1.23 AHL Positive feedback in fruit ripening and ethylene production
The power point presentation and the accompanying student notes are used as resources in class - together with activites, discussion, simulations and experiments.