C 3.1 Integration of body systems

Syllabus statements

C3.1.1 System integration

C3.1.2 Cells, tissues, organs and body systems as a hierarchy of subsystems that are integrated in a multicellular living organism

C3.1.3 Integration of organs in animal bodies by hormonal and nervous signalling and by transport of materials and energy

C3.1.4 The brain as a central information integration organ

C3.1.5 The spinal cord as an integrating centre for unconscious processes

C3.1.6 Input to the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres through sensory neurons

C3.1.7 Output from the cerebral hemispheres to muscles through motor neurons

C3.1.8 Nerves as bundles of nerve fibres of both sensory and motor neurons

C3.1.9 Pain reflex arcs as an example of involuntary responses with skeletal muscle as the effector

C3.1.10 Role of the cerebellum in coordinating skeletal muscle contraction and balance

C3.1.11 Modulation of sleep patterns by melatonin secretion as a part of circadian rhythms

C3.1.12 Epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity

C3.1.13 Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

C3.1.14 Feedback control of heart rate following sensory input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

C3.1.15 Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input from chemoreceptors

C3.1.16 Control of peristalsis in the digestive system by the central nervous system and enteric nervous system

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C3.1.17 AHL Observations of tropic responses in seedlings

C3.1.18 AHL Positive phototropism as a directional growth response to lateral light in plant shoots

C3.1.19 AHL Phytohormones as signalling chemicals controlling growth, development and response to stimuli in plants

C3.1.20 AHL Auxin efflux carriers as an example of maintaining concentration gradients of phytohormones

C3.1.21 AHL Promotion of cell growth by auxin

C3.1.22 AHL Interactions between auxin and cytokinin as a means of regulating root and shoot growth

C3.1.23 AHL Positive feedback in fruit ripening and ethylene production