C 2.2 Neural signalling

Syllabus statements

C2.2.1 Neurons as cells within the nervous system that carry electrical impulses

C2.2.2 Generation of the resting potential by pumping to establish and maintain concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions

C2.2.3 Nerve impulses as action potentials that are propagated along nerve fibres

C2.2.4 Variation in the speed of nerve impulses

C2.2.5 Synapses as junctions between neurons and between neurons and effector cells

C2.2.6 Release of neurotransmitters from a presynaptic membrane

C2.2.7 Generation of an excitatory postsynaptic potential

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C2.2.8 AHL Depolarization and repolarization during action potentials

C2.2.9 AHL Propagation of an action potential along a nerve fibre/axon as a result of local currents

C2.2.10 AHL Oscilloscope traces showing resting potentials and action potentials

C2.2.11 AHL Saltatory conduction in myelinated fibres to achieve faster impulses

C2.2.12 AHL Effects of exogenous chemicals on synaptic transmission (including cocaine)

C2.2.13 AHL Inhibitory neurotransmitters and generation of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

C2.2.14 AHL Summation of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in a postsynaptic neuron

C2.2.15 AHL Perception of pain by neurons with free nerve endings in the skin

C2.2.16 AHL Consciousness as a property that emerges from the interaction of individual neurons in the brain