Quynh-Ly

Introduction: Words Create Worlds

Hi everyone! My name is Quynh-Ly Francoeur and I'm a language student. You might wonder what my name means since it sounds so foreign, so I'll tell you. I've inherited of both my grandmother's name, Quỳnh, and my mother's name, Ly. Not only that, hoa Quỳnh in Vietnamese translates as epiphyllum. It is a flower that blooms only for one night before withering. As such, it earned the title of "Queen of the Night". Suits me quite well, am I right?

On a more serious note, the first time my mother explained to me the meaning of my name, I was disappointed. I'm not a pretty flimsy flower! I'm a strong dragon, just like my Chinese zodiac sign suggests! When my cousins would tease me because of my name, I would start hitting them. To me, this name didn't suit me at all.

As the years went by, I made peace with my name and also began to analyze languages and the meaning of words. I think my name has encouraged me through the ages to find the right words to convey my thoughts and feelings. However, I soon noticed that everyone uses different words depending on their social status and cultural baggage, making it so that there are an infinite amount of word combinations to describe a single thought and those words themselves will reflect one's world views. In fact, the expression 'daydreaming', if taken word for word, has a different meaning from its french counterpart 'être dans la lune'. When compared, these expressions might create different ideas about what it is like to be lost in thoughts. On one hand, the word daydreaming makes me believe that I'm in a haze of thoughts that, if prolonged, might sound real. It is similar to how dreaming at night is to certain people, as some are temporarily convinced that their dream is reality. On the other hand, quand je suis dans la lune, I imagine myself lost in dark nothingness, just like how space looks like if we were standing on the moon. Even though those two expressions mean the same thing, they seem to be two different experiences.

That's why I'm considering lexicology as a possible topic for this project. Another topic that interests me is the influence of a certain jargon in the creation of Chinese fantasy genres. If you have ever read a xianxia novel, you'd see how it differs from the concept of fantasy in works like J. R. R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" or George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire". I am convinced that this phenomenon can be explained through word choices.

Wuxia? Xianxia? What are those?

A basic guide to chinese fantasy novels

Etymology of the Word Wuxia

Ever watched a movie with monks flying from one pole to the other while using deathly martial arts techniques to defeat their opponent? With impressive actors like Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan, martial arts movies have grown popular worldwide. However, it is important to understand that wuxia novels and films are more -if not different- than just martial arts or kung fu movies. In fact, the etymology of the word itself suggests something bigger than just people throwing fists.

It is impossible to translate the term wuxia in English as it derives from two words with different meanings. The first word, wu, "denot[es] militaristic or martial qualities", whereas xia is translated as the "qualities of knighthood and heroism" (2). In other words, wuxia suggests tales of grand knights who use fighting or warring methods to accomplish their noble deeds. Even explained like so, it is easy to understand why people mix up kung fu and wuxia, since both have a protagonist fighting for his goals. In his book Chinese Martial Arts Cinema : The Wuxia Tradition, Stephen Teo makes a distinction in which wuxia involves knights and, as a result, a "cult of swords" (4). The people in wuxia novels or movies tend to fight with swords, weapon, or other fantastic means, whereas kung fu movies involves mostly fist fighting. Also, heroes in both genre use different fighting techniques that come from different schools of thought: Wudang and Shaolin. Wudang, which is affiliated with wuxia, is concerned with the development of the inner self and the qigong, translated as spiritual energy. That's where wuxian films and movies stray from down to earth kung fu movies and start delving into fantasy. In wuxia, spiritual energy is used to lighten the soul and make incredible leaps or even fly.

In conclusion, through its etymology, wuxia describes a type of fantasy that involves cultivating the inner soul.

This E-book gives the history of Wuxia genre in Cinema. Its information about the etymology of the word is the most relevant to my research for now, but the full history might also serve to explain the origins of different expressions or words that appear in this genre.

Teo, Stephen. Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: The Wuxia Tradition. E-book, Edinburg UP, 2016.

Image taken by T Chu on November 1, 2015. CC BY 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/spyderball/70525848.

Specific Jargon in Chinese Fantasy

If you're new to Chinese Fantasy and feel lost, worry not! Here are four essential words you will definitely encounter in the media you consume.

Qi or qigong: The spiritual energy that drives all living entities. If 'cultivated', the qi can be used as a supernatural power to fly or repel evil spirits.

Immortal: one of the six paths of reincarnation, immortality can be attained through proper cultivation of the qi.

Karma: cosmic merit or demerit based on how one lives their previous life. This will influence your path of reincarnation and, in some books or movies, it can even bound someone to people they knew in their past lives.

Hungry/resentful ghost: If someone dies with a bad karma due to unresolved issues and frustrations, they become ghosts that hunt the Earth. They can harm living beings,

These sources are from common blogs. One blog is popular for its translation of Chinese web-novels, adding a bit of credibility to it. The information contained supports one and another, confirming that it is not just gibberish. These blogs are unlikely to be my main source of information, but they give a base to start my research.

https://www.wuxiaworld.com/page/general-glossary-of-terms

https://immortalmountain.wordpress.com/glossary/wuxia-xianxia-xuanhuan-terms/

Zhuangzi: the Foundation of Daoism

Two main works establish the foundation of Daoism: Dao de Jing and Zhuangzi.

Livia Kohn is a professor specialized in religions at Boston University. Since her area of expertise is religions, she is credible source of information when it comes to Daoism. In her book Zhuangzi: Text and Context, she contextualizes this old foundation text in China's history. She also explains the chapters in Zhuangzi and how it relates to other philosophy or school of thoughts such as Confucianism. Similarly to the other sources I consulted, the expression for energy, qi, is used in her work, but she ties it to other origins. Mainly, she explains how a Confucianism thinker first thought of the concept of qi. As such, I should also look through Confucianism to find the root of Chinese fantasy genres.

Kohn, Livia. Zhuangzi: Text and Context. Three Pines P, 2014.

The Principles of Daoism

Different techniques are used in Daoism in order to 'cultivate' one's inner energy, the qigong.

A way to cultivate is to practice meditation or tai chi, since it helps with proper breathing and allows the qi to flow freely in the body.

This book gives me valuable information on the terminology used in Daoism, which is also used in Chinese fantasy genres. Deng Ming-Dao, the author, is a Daoist philosopher who studied this religion for a long time and published multiple books on the matter. In conclusion, Deng's extensive knowledge on the subject makes his book a credible source of information.

Deng, Ming-Dao. Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to The Tao in Everyday Life. HarperCollins, 1990.

Daoism: Influences on China

Daoism has had a huge influence in Chinese fantasy novels. Its vocabulary has been transposed in that genre in order to explain the supernatural.

Dao (character above), commonly translated as the way, is a Daoist idea that it is the basic principle that regulates the world. It is followed thoroughly to achieve peace and vitality. In the Fantasy genre, this idea is taken further to express the way to immortality, as it is believed that following the dao increases life expectancy.

This scholarly article is written by Juzefovič, Agnieška, a professor in the department of Philosophy and Political Theory at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Due to her credentials, she is able to provide reliable information on Daoism. In her article, she mentions the two main texts that establish the foundation of Daoism: Dao de Jing and Zhuangzi. Then, she explains how it took root so deeply in Chinese culture. This information is relevant as it illustrates why Daoism still holds an important place in Chinese media even when the current political system rejects any form of religion.

Juzefovič, Agnieška. "The Phenomenon of Daoism in Chinese Civilization." Limes, vol. 2, no. 2, 2009, pp. 172-182, Academic Search Complete, doi:10.3846/2029-0187.2009.2.172-182. Accessed 3 February 2020.

Three Types of Chinese Fantasy Novels

The Youtuber Deathblade offers a quick introduction to the basic types of Fantasy novels.

He first explains that those genres are mostly found online in the form of webnovel.

The first genre is wuxia. This genre has a long history and can be found in all markets such as the film industry and the publishing industry. In other words, it is not restricted to online publications. To boil it down to a few words, wuxia is martial art fantasy. Wuxia tend to be situated in Ancient China, in an underground, secret world divided by different martial arts faction.

The second one is xianxia. The Youtuber points out that the xian character means immortal. However, this term is not used to refer to a being that cannot die, but rather mythical beings such as gods or divine creatures. The world is divided in different realms such as Heaven, where the immortals live, and the Mortal realm. To access Heaven, you need to cultivate your qi through meditation and practice. The term xianxia is new, but the genre has been around for a while.

The third one is xuanhan. The Youtuber explains it as a mash up of elements in Western Fantasy and elements in Chinese Fantasy.

This source is a great start to plunge into the world of Chinese Fantasy, but it is not reliable as the person has no relevant credentials. Also, he does not provide a lot of details for xuanhan novels, so I'll have to research that term more in depth.

Xiuzhen: Cultivating the soul to attain immortality

Xiuzhen is a sub-genre of Chinese fantasy that depicts the political state of Modern-day China.

In fact, it often is a reflection of the aftermath of socialist, anti-religious movement after the rise of the Communist Party in China. Some authors will either reject or accept the failures of communist and China's turn to a capitalist-driven country by integrating Chinese culture and folklore in their fantasy world. By doing so, they preserve China's integrity even through the changing tides of modernity and globalization.

The author mentions how Chinese fantasy genres borrow elements from Daoism, as other sources I've consulted did. This information comes from a scholarly article published in 2020. It is very recent, adding to the relevance it has on the topic. All in all, it is credible and relevant to my research.

Ni, Zhange. "Xiuzhen (Immortality Cultivation) Fantasy: Science, Religion, and the Novels of Magic/Superstition in Contemporary China." Religions, vol. 11, no. 1, 2020, MDPI, doi:10.3390/rel11010025. Accessed 3 February 2020.

Conclusion

My blog became an outlet for me to present to my classmates and readers an introduction to the Chinese Fantasy jargon. As such, my main goal with the blog was to present different words or expressions that are present in Chinese Fantasy, but that the general audience would have no knowledge about. I think I have achieved so, because I believe that I have condensed easy to digest information for people who have no clue where to start. As such, I would define my strength as being able to collect information and offer it in a way that’s presentable to my audience. However, I had a hard time updating daily, which can reflect how there might not be as much details on my blog than on my classmates’ blogs. If I had to redo, I think I would try to be more consistent in updating my blog by giving myself daily tasks. For example, I think I would have divided my time more efficiently if I had written an article about one source weekly.

Through this experience, I have learnt that an excellent and full research takes time and dedication. I think I have often misjudged the workload or amount of effort I should put in my work, and, seeing how others tackled their project, I think my grasp on the topic I have studied for the entirety of this semester is limited.

Finally, I would suggest students coming to this profile to organise a daily game plan. It’s a good thing to see further ahead and acknowledge that there is an essay due in months from now, but it is important to set personal deadlines to get this essay done when it is due. The Language profile may not look as demanding as the Health or Pure and Applied program, but I believe all fields of study are demanding in their own ways. I think that humanities, social sciences, or creative streams require autonomy, whereas science and math fields require discipline as there are daily homework that are planned ahead. Nobody is going to tell you when to write your essay, teachers just trust you to hand it in on the due date. A lot of students believe they can get away with assignments at the last minute, but this is how you accumulate stress (and a pile of essays to write all due on the same day) and become burn-out. Also, the results of procrastination will not miraculously get you a 100%. Surprise, you are in CEGEP now! You might get away with a barely passing grade if you continue to believe in magic fixes. That is why: organise yourself.

I am graduating this year and going to Concordia in Creative Writing next year. Believe it or not, I enrolled in Language at Dawson just because I was fascinated with the way language shapes thoughts and beliefs. I did not know what I was going to do with this diploma, but the two years at Dawson was an eye opener for me. Not because of my concentration classes, no. One English class I randomly took because it fitted my schedule made me fall in love with free verse poems and Gertrude Stein, and a Cinema class made me rekindle with my old passion for movies. I first came in the Language profile resigned to become a translator (I quickly learnt through extracurricular activities that I hate translating for the life of me), and now I have zero plans to pursue a career in that field. All this to say: if you have no dreams, worry not! Your experience in any program will teach you a lot about yourself and guide you on your designated path.