Sign-Language Interpreting

Agaronnik, Nicole, Eric G. Campbell, Julie Ressalam, and Lisa I. Iezzoni. 2019. "Communicating with Patients with Disability: Perspectives of Practicing Physicians." Journal of General Internal Medicine 34 (7): 1139-1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04911-0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6614249/pdf/11606_2019_Article_4911.pdf.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Patient-centered care for people with disability requires effective communication and compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). OBJECTIVE: To understand physicians' perspectives on communication experiences with people with disability. DESIGN: Twenty semi-structured individual interviews. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim for analysis. SETTING: Massachusetts, October 2017-January 2018. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty physicians ranging from 8 to 51 years in practice in primary care or 4 other specialties. MeasurementsCommonly expressed themes around communication with people with disability. RESULTS: Concerns coalesced around 4 broad categories: communication experiences with people who are deaf or hard of hearing, communication with people who are blind or have vision impairment, communication with people who have intellectual disability, and recommendations for improving communication. Although participants in this study reported various efforts to communicate effectively with patients with hearing or vision loss or intellectual disability, many gaps appear to remain, as well as instances where physicians' preferences run counter to patients' wishes and the ADA. Examples include physicians' preferences for remote, online sign language interpreters despite patients desiring in-person interpreters and suggesting that patients arrange for their own interpreters. Few educational materials are available in braille, and electronic medical records may not allow documents to be printed in large font for persons with low vision. Communicating with patients with intellectual disability raised particular concerns, with participants often preferring to interact with caregivers and minimal efforts to involve patients. CONCLUSIONS: Effective communication is necessary for ensuring the quality of health care for people with disability, and it is legally required under the ADA. Our results suggest that important gaps may remain in ensuring effective communication, and some practicing physicians could benefit from formal training in effective methods for communicating with patients with disability.

internal-pdf://1292413276/Agaronnik-2019-Communicating with Patients wit.pdf.

Aguiar Dos Santos, Silvana. 2016. "Questões emergentes sobre a interpretação de libras-português na esfera jurídica." Belas Infiéis 5 (1): 117-129.

ABSTRACT: In this article, I propose to present and discuss some recurring difficulties faced by Portuguese - Libras interpreters within the legal area. This work is characterized by a qualitative approach of a descriptive nature. As a survey instrument, we applied an online questionnaire to Libras - Portuguese interpreters from different Brazilian regions, during a period of time from July to August, 2014. The achieved results showed that: (i) Libras - Portuguese interpreters reach the judiciary through different ways, some of them, by means of friendship relations; (ii) there is a lack of understanding of the role of Libras - Portuguese interpreters within the legal area, hindering their work performance and, finally, (iii) there are difficulties regarding the specific terminology of the legal field. Considering such difficulties, I rely on the theoretical contributions of Russell (2002), who points to several relevant elements of interpreter ́s performance in this environment. Based on these results, the working context of Libras - Portuguese interpreters within the legal area is better understood. Moreover, they confirm the urgent need to design specific curricula for the area of Libras - Portuguese, since the professional scope of this field is becoming wider.

internal-pdf://1722059790/Aguiar Dos Sant-2016-Questões emergentes sobre.pdf.

Anderson, Melissa L., Timothy Riker, Kurt Gagne, Stephanie Hakulin, Todd Higgins, Jonah Meehan, Elizabeth Stout, Emma Pici-D'Ottavio, Kelsey Cappetta, and Kelly S. Wolf Craig. 2018. "Deaf Qualitative Health Research: Leveraging Technology to Conduct Linguistically and Sociopolitically Appropriate Methods of Inquiry." Qualitative Health Research 28 (11): 1813-1824. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318779050. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049732318779050.

ABSTRACT: One of the most understudied health disparity populations in the United States is the Deaf communitya sociolinguistic minority group of at least 500,000 individuals who communicate using American Sign Language. Research within this population is lacking, in part, due to researchers' use of methodologies that are inaccessible to Deaf sign language users. Traditional qualitative methods were developed to collect and analyze participants' spoken language. There is, therefore, a paradigm shift that must occur to move from an auditory data schema to one that prioritizes the collection and analysis of visual data. To effectively navigate this shift when working with Deaf sign language users, there are unique linguistic and sociopolitical considerations that should be taken into account. The current article explores these considerations and outlines an emerging method of conducting qualitative analysis that, we argue, has the potential to enhance qualitative researchers' work regardless of the population of focus.

internal-pdf://2542192873/Anderson-2018-Deaf Qualitative Health Research.pdf.

Arias-Badia, Blanca, and Anna Matamala. 2020. "Audio description meets Easy-to-Read and Plain Language: results from a questionnaire and a focus group in Catalonia." [Audio description meets Easy-to-Read and Plain Language: results from a questionnaire and a focus group in Catalonia] Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 33: 251-270.

ABSTRACT: Providing accessible audiovisual content which caters for diverse user needs is one of the challenges of today's digitized society. Easy-to-understand language is currently being explored as a powerful tool to foster accessibility among different user groups, including persons with cognitive disabilities and reading difficulties. Audio description is an access service that provides an aural translation of visuals for those who cannot access the images in audiovisual content. This paper discusses whether audio description could incorporate the principles of easy-to-understand language in order to produce easy-to-understand audio descriptions by focusing on the Catalan working context. Specifically, the paper reports on a survey distributed among experts in Easy-to-Read and Plain Language in Catalonia and a focus group which brought together audio description and Easy-to-Read experts working in Catalonia to discuss the feasibility and potential means of implementation of an easy-to-understand audio description. Both research actions were undertaken in the framework of the EASIT project.

internal-pdf://0005631867/Arias-Badia-2020-Audio description meets Easy-.pdf.

Battistoni, P., M. Di Gregorio, M. Romano, M. Sebillo, and G. Vitiello. 2020. "ProSign plus A Cloud-Based Platform Supporting Inclusiveness in Public Communication." In 2020 Ieee 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference, In IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference. New York: Ieee.

ABSTRACT: Today, the deaf community represents a population of more than 70 million individuals around the globe. Sign language is recognized as one of the most popular means of communication for the deaf The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognizes and promotes the use of sign languages and establishes that their use is critical to ensuring access to information and services, both in everyday life and during emergencies. However, most public information and service providers do not comply with the goal of providing information and services through speech-to-sign language interpreters. In this paper we leverage the results of our previous work and propose ProSign+, a cloud-based speech-to- sign language platform conceived as an intermediary service for any legal entity which is expected to provide inclusive access to information and services also for deaf people (e.g., public transportation companies, municipalities, hospitals, schools and higher education institutions). The idea is to foster a cost-effective transformation of public service providers towards the goal of leaving no one behind, which is central to the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015.

Brunson, Jeremy L. 2008. "Your case will now be heard: Sign language interpreters as problematic accommodations in legal interactions." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 13 (1): 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enm032.

ABSTRACT: This paper uses data from open-ended, videotaped interviews with 12 deaf people to examine their experiences negotiating access during interactions with legal authorities. In every case, these deaf persons preferred an accommodation that involved the use of an American Sign Language interpreter, and in every case, these accommodations were problematic. Three major themes emerged from the informants' narratives: difficulty obtaining the desired accommodation, dealing with a problematic accommodation, and enduring a partial accommodation. These findings suggest that accommodations involving sign language interpreters are not neutral and transparent and that they often have tangible effects on the experiences of and outcomes for deaf persons in the context of dealing with legal matters. Deaf people have very little control over the accommodation they receive and yet are held fully responsible for ensuring its efficacy. These results are discussed in relation to policies and procedures for ensuring that deaf persons have full access in their interactions with American legal institutions.

internal-pdf://0628174507/Brunson-2008-Your case will now be heard_ Sig1.pdf.

Byrd, Serena, Andrew G. Shuman, Sharon Kileny, and Paul R. Kileny. 2011. "The Right Not to Hear: The Ethics of Parental Refusal of Hearing Rehabilitation." Laryngoscope 121 (8): 1800-1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.21886. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/86840/21886_ftp.pdf?sequence=1.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To explore the ethics of parental refusal of auditory-oral hearing rehabilitation. Study Design: Case study with medical ethical discussion and review. Methods: Two young brothers present with severe-to-profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss. The parents, both of whom have normal hearing and work as sign language interpreters, have decided to raise their children with American Sign Language as their only form of communication. They have chosen not to pursue cochlear implantation nor support the use of hearing aids. Discussion: This case raises significant questions concerning whether hearing rehabilitation should be mandated, and if there are circumstances in which parental preferences should be questioned or overridden with regard to this issue. In addition, legal concerns may be raised regarding the possible need to file a report with Child Protective Services. Although similar cases involving the Deaf community have historically favored parental rights to forego hearing rehabilitation with either cochlear implantation or hearing aids, we explore whether conclusions should be different because the parents in this case are not hearing impaired. Conclusions: The ethics of parental rights to refuse hearing rehabilitation are complex and strikingly context-dependent. A comprehensive appreciation of the medical, practical, and legal issues is crucial prior to intervening in such challenging situations.

internal-pdf://2305619612/Byrd-2011-The Right Not to Hear_ The Ethics of.pdf.

Chilton, E. E. 1996. "Ensuring effective communication: The duty of health care providers to supply sign language interpreters for deaf patients." Hastings Law Journal 47 (3): 871-&.

ABSTRACT: When a profoundly deaf patient arrives for treatment at a hospital or doctor's office, how should communication barriers be overcome? Are sign language interpreters always required? Who is responsible for coordinating and paying for interpreting services? Many health care providers are uncertain about the answers to these questions and are unaware of their legal duty to establish effective communication with their deaf patients. Consequently, patients encounter considerable difficulty in getting sign language interpretation in medical settings. Many health care providers lack comprehensive policies for the provision of sign language interpreters. In addition, doctors practicing in their own offices are reluctant to pay for interpreting services out of their own pockets. Disturbingly, empirical evidence reveals that the absence of interpreters in medical settings causes great anguish for individual deaf patients and endangers the overall health of the deaf community. This Note clarifies the extent to which health care providers have a duty to ensure effective communication with their deaf patients pursuant to section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The author discusses the meaning of ''effective communication'' and argues that, particularly in the case of profoundly deaf patients, the use of a qualified sign language interpreter is virtually the only means through which effective communication can occur. The author also explains why lesser attempts at communication-such as written notes, lip reading, and the use of unqualified interpreters-are ineffective and should be discarded. Instead, health care providers have an affirmative duty to establish a policy for the provision of sign language interpreters. To this end, the author proposes specific guidelines that health care providers should use in formulating such policies. The author also offers suggestions to assist health care providers in obtaining and financing the cost of qualified interpreters. Various options for obtaining interpreters are considered, such as utilizing registries and interpreter services, hiring full-time interpreters, and employing dual-status interpreters. Cost-saving measures, such as using interpreter services economically, taking advantage of tax credits, and supporting the creation of professional funds to pay interpreters' fees, are also discussed.

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D'Hayer, Danielle. 2012. "Public Service Interpreting and Translation: Moving Towards a (Virtual) Community of Practice." Meta 57 (1): 235-247. https://doi.org/10.7202/1012751ar.

ABSTRACT: Following many battles, Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT) is gradually evolving towards professionalisation. Wherever it is practiced, common issues have been identified: defining the profession, providing interpreting services for rare or minority languages, educating stakeholders, moving from training to education, and last but not least interpreting and translation quality. The lack of funding for PSIT courses within the current financial context is forcing stakeholders to work differently. The community of practice model can help PSIT stakeholders share resources and knowledge beyond the traditional boundaries set by courses, schools or countries. New technologies such as virtual conference tools and shared repositories are the essential "missing link" towards the progress of PSIT education. PSIT stakeholders need to join forces and pool efforts towards a constructive and innovative dialogue that would enhance the profession. Some forms of PSIT, such as legal interpreting and translation, have already broken barriers and gained professional recognition. However, PSIT should include all forms of PSIT contexts, including the medical or local government. Finally, once fully defined, PSIT and conference interpreting for spoken and sign languages could finally come together under the Interpreting profession umbrella. This is the achievable ultimate aim when working as communities of practice, small or large, language specific or generic, face to face or virtual.

internal-pdf://1045257519/D'Hayer-2012-Public Service Interpreting and T.pdf.

Daily Record, Staff. 2006. "New York State Unified Court System unveils action plan for interpreting services.” 2006.

ABSTRACT: The New York State Unified Court System unveiled an Action Plan on Court Interpreting Services -- a program designed to meet the language needs of litigants. In New York, 30 percent of residents - nearly five million people - primarily speak a language other than English at home. Where 168 distinct languages are spoken and two million New Yorkers do not speak English at all, the court system has the challenge of providing interpreting services for over 100 languages, from Albanian to Yoruba. The action plan aims to improve the recruitment of interpreters, better assess interpreters' qualifications and manage limited interpreter resources. Key initiatives in the plan include: Statewide expansion of e-scheduling - an online program to help court managers quickly find and schedule qualified interpreters in any of over 100 languages around the state. Statewide expansion of remote interpreting, in which interpreters provide services via video conference or telephone from a remote location, making effective interpreting possible when an interpreter cannot come to court - especially for less prevalent languages. Increasing the pay rate for private (per diem) interpreters to $250 a day from $125, a rate that had not been revised since 1994 and is less than half the federal rate. Offering half-day engagements for per diem interpreters with the compensation rate of $140 to expand the pool of available interpreters. Reviewing per diem pay rates annually to avoid wage stagnation. Improving testing and certification procedures to include examinations for additional languages. Establishing training for new court-employed interpreters, as well as expanding training for judges and court personnel. Creating a Senior Court Interpreter position for sign language to improve effective supervision and assignment of sign language interpreters. Establishing a task force to help upstate justice courts, which are financed and administered by their local governments, to improve interpreting services for defendants. In New York, parties to criminal actions have legal rights to interpreting services, but New York's courts have viewed this obligation more expansively, offering language assistance to parties in civil and criminal proceedings. A written copy of the action plan, outlining the history of court interpreting services in New York and detailing the specific initiatives being implemented now or scheduled for the near future, can be obtained from the court system's website at www.nycourts.gov/whatsnew or by calling the Communications Office at (212) 428-2500.

de Souza Kapitaniuk, Rosemeri Bernieri. 2020. "Interpretação jurídica para língua de sinais: repensando as dimensões históricas, sociológica, políticas e de formação profissional." Cadernos de traduçao 40 (2): 252-281.

ABSTRACT: In this article, I propose to discuss the legal interpretation between sign languages and spoken languages under the historical, sociological, political and vocational training aspects. From this perspective, this work is characterized as an exploratory research, by which the state of art of this specialty is established. From legal texts and training projects, which are discussed and interpreted based on the arguments of authors such as Santos (2016); Santos and Francisco (2018); Russell (b); Roberson, Russell and Shaw (2011), it is possible to list the needs and difficulties that must be overcome by appropriate translation policies and language policies. It is then concluded that it is essential: (i) to repair the inconsistencies found in legal documents; (ii) to create translation policies together with the professionals, deaf agents and entities that represent them; (iii) to promote professionalism in order to respond to the needs and difficulties encountered in the practice of interpreters. This work thus reinforces other discourses and efforts that have been made in this area, adding information to the construction of a curricular design that contemplates the specificities of this specialization, so that the professional acquires the confidence and competences to carry out a work capable of promoting social justice and linguistic rights.

internal-pdf://2650942440/de Souza Kapita-2020-Interpretação jurídica pa.pdf.

de Souza, Rosemeri Bernieri. 2020. "Legal Interpretation to Sign Language: Rethinking the Historical, Sociological, Political and Vocational Training Dimensions." Cadernos De Traducao 40 (2): 252-281. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2020v40n2p252. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/article/download/2175-7968.2020v40n2p252/43269.

ABSTRACT: In this article, I propose to discuss the legal interpretation between sign languages and spoken languages under the historical, sociological, political and vocational training aspects. From this perspective, this work is characterized as an exploratory research, by which the state of art of this specialty is established. From legal texts and training projects, which are discussed and interpreted based on the arguments of authors such as Santos (2016); Santos and Francisco (2018); Russell (b); Roberson, Russell and Shaw (2011), it is possible to list the needs and difficulties that must be overcome by appropriate translation policies and language policies. It is then concluded that it is essential: (i) to repair the inconsistencies found in legal documents; (ii) to create translation policies together with the professionals, deaf agents and entities that represent them; (iii) to promote professionalism in order to respond to the needs and difficulties encountered in the practice of interpreters. This work thus reinforces other discourses and efforts that have been made in this area, adding information to the construction of a curricular design that contemplates the specificities of this specialization, so that the professional acquires the confidence and competences to carry out a work capable of promoting social justice and linguistic rights.

internal-pdf://1724916033/de Souza-2020-Legal Interpretation to Sign Lan.pdf.

Diriker, Ebru. 2015. "On the evolution of the interpreting profession in Turkey. From the dragomans to the 21st century." In Tradition, Tension and Translation in Turkey, edited by Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar, Saliha Paker and John Milton, 89-106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This article examines the historical evolution and current status of conference and community interpreting in Turkey, while also highlighting the legal frameworks, fields of practice, professional organizations, training opportunities, and future directions for each area of interpreting. In addition to spoken language interpreting, the article surveys the development of Turkish Sign Language and signed language interpreting as well as its prospects in Turkey.

dos Santos, Silvana Aguiar, and Hanna Beer. 2017. “Interpreting in legal contexts: Consecutive and simultaneous interpretation.”Cadernos de traduçao 37 (2): 288-294.

ABSTRACT: Debra Russel, presidente da World Association of Sign Language Interpreters (WASLI) desde 2011, é uma renomada pesquisadora da área de interpretação de ASL-Inglês (American Sign Language[1][-Inglês) em contextos jurídicos. No ano de 2002, Debra publicou o livro intitulado Interpreting in legal contexts: Consecutive and simultaneous interpretation, o qual contribuiu significativamente para a formação de intérpretes de línguas de sinais que atuam no domínio jurídico. Nesse trabalho, organizado em cinco capítulos, verificam-se diversos temas pertinentes e frequentes no cotidiano dos intérpretes que atuam em diferentes espaços da área jurídica.[1] Língua de Sinais Americana é a tradução de American Sign Language (ASL).

internal-pdf://0286983803/dos Santos-2017-Interpreting in legal contexts.pdf

González-Montesino, Rayco H. 2020. "La interpretación de lengua de signos en el ámbito judicial: ¿una cuestión de accesibilidad o de derechos lingüísticos?" [Sign Language Interpreting in the Judicial Sphere: A Question of Accessibility or Language Rights?] Revista de Llengua i Dret 74: 75-89. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i74.2020.3451. http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rld/article/download/10.2436-rld.i74.2020.3451/n74-gonzalez-es.pdf.

ABSTRACT: The enactment of Law 27/2007 in Spain was a turning point for the recognition of the rights of deaf sign language speakers. Furthermore, the transposition into the Spanish legal system of European Guidelines 2010/64/EU and 2012/13/EU by means of Organic Law 5/2015 guarantees the provision of interpreting services in legal proceedings involving deaf persons. The aim of this article is to analyse the way in which public authorities have provided these services: whether as a communication medium (as demanded by the deaf community) or as a guarantee of accessibility (which indicates a disability-based approach). Through the analysis of national and international legislation on disability and on linguistic rights we have verified that sign language interpreting is an accessibility measure for deaf people, unlike what happens with translation and interpretation in oral languages.

internal-pdf://0719884463/González-Montes-2020-La interpretación de len.pdf.

Gonzalez-Montesino, Rayco H. 2020. "La dotación de interpretación en lengua de señas española para personas sordas en procedimientos judiciales." [The provision of Spanish Sign Language interpreting services for deaf people in legal proceedings] Revista Ces Derecho 11 (2): 50-69. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesder.11.2.4. https://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/derecho/article/download/5545/3268.

ABSTRACT: Sign language interpreting is the measure most frequently implemented by Spanish public services in providing access to deaf people. The enactment of the Spanish Act 27/2007, which recognizes sign languages and the right to use them, was a milestone for the deaf community in the country. The transposition of a number of European Guidelines on translation and interpreting into the Spanish legal system, via the Organic Act 5/2015, has strengthened the right of deaf people to interpreting services in different legal proceedings. Against this framework, this article analyzes how the Administration of Justice provides interpreting services to deaf people. Reviewing and comparing the relevant legislation with other international efforts to provide access to interpreters, the weaknesses of the Spanish system will be identified, and suggestions will be made to improve the provision of such services. Suggested improvements include assessing the skills of sign language interpreters to ensure a fair trial for deaf people.

internal-pdf://2977053540/Gonzalez-Montes-2020-La dotación de interpreta.pdf.

Gonzalez-Montesino, Rayco H. 2020. "Sign Language Interpreting in the Judicial Sphere: A Question of Accessibility or Language Rights?" Revista De Llengua I Dret-Journal of Language and Law (74): 75-89. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i74.2020.3451. http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rld/article/download/10.2436-rld.i74.2020.3451/n74-gonzalez-es.pdf.

ABSTRACT: The enactment of Law 27/2007 in Spain was a turning point for the recognition of the rights of deaf sign language speakers. Furthermore, the transposition into the Spanish legal system of European Guidelines 2010/64/EU and 2012/13/EU by means of Organic Law 5/2015 guarantees the provision of interpreting services in legal proceedings involving deaf persons. The aim of this article is to analyse the way in which public authorities have provided these services: whether as a communication medium (as demanded by the deaf community) or as a guarantee of accessibility (which indicates a disability-based approach). Through the analysis of national and international legislation on disability and on linguistic rights we have verified that sign language interpreting is an accessibility measure for deaf people, unlike what happens with translation and interpretation in oral languages.

internal-pdf://2724478486/Gonzalez-Montes-2020-Sign Language Interpretin.pdf.

Gonzalez-Montesino, Rayco H. 2020. "The provision of Spanish Sign Language interpreting services for deaf people in legal proceedings." Revista Ces Derecho 11 (2): 50-69. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesder.11.2.4. https://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/derecho/article/download/5545/3268.

ABSTRACT: Sign language interpreting is the measure most frequently implemented by Spanish public services in providing access to deaf people. The enactment of the Spanish Act 27/2007, which recognizes sign languages and the right to use them, was a milestone for the deaf community in the country. The transposition of a number of European Guidelines on translation and interpreting into the Spanish legal system, via the Organic Act 5/2015, has strengthened the right of deaf people to interpreting services in different legal proceedings. Against this framework, this article analyzes how the Administration of Justice provides interpreting services to deaf people. Reviewing and comparing the relevant legislation with other international efforts to provide access to interpreters, the weaknesses of the Spanish system will be identified, and suggestions will be made to improve the provision of such services. Suggested improvements include assessing the skills of sign language interpreters to ensure a fair trial for deaf people.

internal-pdf://0507578617/Gonzalez-Montes-2020-The provision of Spanish.pdf.

Hoecker, J. T., S. Letzel, and E. Muenster. 2012. "Are Deaf Patients in Germany Informed about their Legal Rights for a Sign Language Interpreter? Results of a Nation-Wide Cross-Sectional Study with Sign Language Videos." Gesundheitswesen 74 (12): 818-821. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299779. https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0031-1299779.

ABSTRACT: Deaf citizens are confronted with barriers in a health-care system shaped by hearing people. Therefore the German legislature provides a supply with sign language interpreters at the expense of the health insurances. The present study initially examines in how far the deaf are informed about this and use said interpreters. Traditional surveys are based on spoken and written language and therefore are unsuitable for the target audience. Because of this, a cross-sectional online study was performed using sign language videos and visually oriented answers to allow a barrier-free participation. With a multivariate analysis, factors increasing deaf people's risks not to be informed of the supply with interpreters were identified: Of 841 deaf participants, 31.4 % were not informed of their rights. 41.3 % have experience with an interpreter at the doctor's and report a mainly trouble-free reimbursement of costs. Young and modestly educated deaf have a higher risk of not being informed of the interpreter supply. Further information is necessary to provide equality of opportunities to deaf patients utilising medical benefits.

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Lucas, Ceil, ed. 2003. Language and the Law in Deaf Communities. Washington: Gallaudet University Press.

internal-pdf://2044897098/Lucas-2003-Language and the Law in Deaf Commun.pdf

Manes, Paulo Roberto Mathias, Diego Mauricio Barbosa, and Jemina Napier. 2019. "Interpretação jurídica, surdos e serviço de júri." Belas Infiéis 8 (1): 303-317. https://doi.org/10.26512/belasinfieis.v8.n1.2019.22638.

internal-pdf://2400176450/Manes-2019-Interpretação jurídica, surdos e se.pdf.

Marschark, Marc, Jeff B. Pelz, Carol Convertino, Patricia Sapere, Mary Ellen Arndt, and Rosemarie Seewagen. 2005. "Classroom interpreting and visual information processing in mainstream education for deaf students: Live or Memorex (R)?" American Educational Research Journal 42 (4): 727-761. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312042004727. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440927/pdf/nihms8150.pdf.

ABSTRACT: This study examined visual information processing and learning in classrooms including both deaf and,bearing students. Of particular interest were the effects on deaf students' learning of live (three-dimensional) versus video-recorded (two-dimensional) sign language interpreting and the visual attention strategies of more and less experienced deaf signers exposed to simultaneous, multiple sources of visual information. Results from three experiments consistently indicated no dtfferences in learning between three-dimensional and two dimensional presentations among beating or deaf students. Analyses of students' allocation of visual attention and the influence of various demographic and experimental variables suggested considerable flexibility in deaf students' receptive communication skills. Nevertheless, the findings also revealed a robust advantage in learning in favor of beating students.

internal-pdf://1289360734/Marschark-2005-Classroom interpreting and visu.pdf.

Mastrokoukou, S., E. Dolza, C. Carotta, M. Georgiadis, I. Aaltio, and M. T. Eskelinen. 2016. "International Sign: A Practical kit." In Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, In Proceedings of the European Conference on Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 477-484. Nr Reading: Acad Conferences Ltd.

ABSTRACT: Sign languages exist throughout the world's societies with varying degrees of acceptance and recognition. To be more specific, the recognition of sign languages as official languages is one of the major concerns of many Deaf communities all over the world. Luckily, in many countries the fight reached the goal and sign languages got some degree of recognition, promotion and support at different levels of the social and civil life. There is no a standard pathway in which such a recognition can be legally included within national legal frameworks. While in some countries the national sign language is an official state language, in others is a minority language, and somewhere else has a protected status in certain areas, such as education or access to public services. In fact, a wide variety of issues related to deaf people demands attention. While Deaf community organizations in Western countries advocate for bilingual education for deaf children, in many other areas of the world, deaf people do not have access to any school whatsoever. The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) estimates over 80% of deaf children do not have access to education (World Federation of the Deaf, n. d.). These negative facts led our research team to design a multilingual e-book, open to everyone; Deaf and hearing persons, from any country: the "International Sign: A Practical Kit". In this article, we describe the structure of the first digital practical kit of International Sign (IS), as an informal instrument of teaching IS, whose objective is to demolish the misconceptions about Deaf and Deaf culture and to outline the four "basic factors for human rights of deaf people." These are: a) "Recognition and use of sign language(s), including recognition of and respect for Deaf culture and identity b) Bilingual education in sign language(s) and the national language(s) c) Accessibility to all areas of society and life, including legislation to secure equal citizenship for all and prevent discrimination d) Sign Language interpretation." (Haualand and Allen, 2009: 9). To conclude, our final objective is, through the diffusion and the spread of the International Sign: A Practical Kit, to abolish linguistic barriers through the Deaf communities and create new job opportunities for this specific target group, using this e-book as a pilot for the creation of a social enterprise of digital editions concerning Deaf Culture directed by Deaf.

Miller, Katrina R. 2001. "Access to sign language interpreters in the criminal justice system." American Annals of the Deaf 146 (4): 328-330. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2012.0188.

ABSTRACT: Historically, the provision of sign language interpreters to deaf suspects, defendants, and offenders has been a problematic issue in the criminal justice system. Inconsistency in the provision of interpreter services results largely from the ignorance of criminal justice professionals regarding deaf people's communication needs and accommodation options. Through analysis of 22 post-Americans with Disabilities Act cases and a survey of 46 professional sign language interpreters working in criminal justice settings, the present study considered access issues concerning sign language interpreters in law enforcement, courtrooms, and correctional settings. Recommendations to increase the accessibility of interpreting services include providing ongoing awareness training to criminal justice personnel, developing training programs for deaf legal advocates, and continuing access studies.

internal-pdf://1129566270/Miller-2001-Access to sign language interprete.pdf.

Miller, Katrina R, and McCay Vernon. 2002. "Qualifications of Sign Language Interpreters in the Criminal Justice System." Journal of Interpretation: 111-124.

ABSTRACT: Data from a recent survey of practicing legal interpreters in the criminal justice system is provided and discussed. The sample (46) was taken primarily from interpreters with advanced level certification throughout Texas. It identifies and documents that these interpreters have substantial levels of experience, education, and certification. However, there remains a severe shortage of qualified legal interpreters, deaf interpreters, and persons of color in the field of legal interpreting. This is coupled with an equally serious lack of educational opportunities for existing legal interpreters to update and maintain their skills, or to develop the competencies required to become a legal interpreter. The need for comprehensive programs preparing interpreters for work in legal settings exists in Texas and nationwide.

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Napier, Jemina. 2010. "An historical overview of signed language interpreting research: featuring highlights of personal research." Cadernos de Tradução 26, no. Tradução e Interpretação de Línguas de Sinais (2): 63-98.

ABSTRACT: In the last twenty-five years research into signed language interpreting has burgeoned as a sub-discipline of translation and interpreting studies. Grbic's (2007) bibliometric analysis of signed language interpreting (SLI) research provides an interesting picture of the research that has been conducted over the years. In developing a database of SLI literature, Grbic analysed 908 research texts produced from 1970 to 2005. She found that that there was a significant increase in production over that time, which accelerated in the mid to late 1990s. The majority of texts were published as journal articles or in collections, and covered several key themes including discussions of settings and modes, professional issues, quality issues, ethics, role and socio-cultural issues, linguistic issues, cognitive issues and research issues. In her conclusion Grbic states "The data revealed that research into SL interpreting can contribute to the enhancement of knowledge and to the general understanding of interpreting as a topic of scientific research" (p. 45) Thus in order to inform interpreting studies more generally, it is worth canvassing some of the key areas of SLI research. Drawing on two other articles (J. Napier, 2005, forthcoming), this article provides a selective overview of SLI research, then focuses on a key area of SLI research: educational interpreting, with some highlights from personal research studies on SLI in university lectures.

internal-pdf://2744000291/Napier-2010-An historical overview of signed l.pdf.

Napier, Jemina. 2010. "A Case Study of the Use of Storytelling as a Pedagogical Tool for Teaching Interpreting Students." Interpreter and Translator Trainer 4 (1): 1-32.

ABSTRACT: This article details the findings of a systemic functional linguistic case study of university, classroom talk, and in particular an evaluation of the storytelling that occurs in classroom talk and its functioning as a pedagogical tool with interpreting students. The data consists of two hours of naturalistic classroom talk that occurred with sign language interpreting students discussing the topic of interpreting ethics. The 'chunks' of the text comprised of storytelling were identified, and the stories were classified into genres. The study revealed exemplum stories to be the most common story genre, and that story genres were used by both the teacher and students to make meaning within the learning process. The findings of this study are innovative in that they demonstrate that storytelling is a feature of pragmatic teacher-student interaction, and is a pedagogical tool used to engage with sign language interpreting students in order to relate practical experience to theoretical constructs, which could be considered by spoken language interpreter educators if culturally appropriate.

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Napier, Jemina, Robert Skinner, and Graham H. Turner. 2017. ""It's good for them but not so for me": Inside the sign language interpreting call centre." Translation & Interpreting-the International Journal of Translation and Interpreting 9 (2): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.109202.2017.a01. http://www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/article/download/535/297.

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on findings from an international survey of sign language interpreters who have experience of working remotely via video link, either in a video relay service or as a video remote interpreter. The objective of the study was to identify the common issues that confront interpreters when working in these remote environments and ascertain what aspects of interpreting remotely via a video link are working successfully. The international reach of this survey demonstrates how working remotely via video link can be an integral part of bringing about social equality for deaf sign language users; yet according to interpreters who work in these services, ineffective video interpreting policies, poor public awareness and lack of training are identified as areas needing improvement.

internal-pdf://2489630096/Napier-2017-_It's good for them but not so for.pdf.

Napier, Jemina, and David Spencer. 2017. "Jury instructions: comparing hearing and deaf jurors' comprehension via direct or mediated communication." International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 24 (1): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.30878.

ABSTRACT: This project investigated the capacity of deaf people using Australian Sign Language (Auslan) to serve as jurors. Following on from a pilot study with 6 deaf and 6 hearing people acting as 'jurors' (see Napier and Spencer 2007, 2008), this project replicated the method of the earlier study, and compared the level of comprehension of 30 deaf jurors to a control group of 30 non-deaf ('hearing') jurors from three different major cities in Australia in order to assess the ability for deaf jurors to comprehend jury instructions when mediated via a signed language interpreter, as compared to comprehension of hearing jurors receiving the instructions directly in spoken English. The methodology involved combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in the experimental design of a comprehension test with post-test interviews. The results showed that the pilot study findings were replicated, and that deaf and hearing people equally misunderstood content of jury instructions. The findings may have significant impact in pioneering law reform in Australia and internationally, by providing evidence for the fact that deaf people are not disadvantaged at having to access information via sign language interpreters, and therefore receiving mediated, as opposed to direct, access to courtroom discourse.

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Napier, Jemina, David Spencer, Sandra Hale, Mehera San Roque, Gerry Shearim, and Debra Russell. 2018. "Changing the International Justice Landscape: Perspectives on Deaf Citizenship and Jury Service." Sign Language Studies 19 (2): 240-266. https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2018.0034. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/717010.

ABSTRACT: In Australia and other countries with adversarial court systems, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, deaf people have not typically been permitted to serve as jurors because of a prohibition against having a sign language interpreter in the jury room. The United States is one country where there is an exception in that deaf people frequently serve as jurors in several states. We know that deaf people can understand courtroom discourse via sign language interpreters, but there has been no evidence as to how deaf people can participate in the jury deliberation process, or the impact of having a sign language interpreter present as "stranger" in the jury room. This had never been tested until this study, funded by the Australian Research Council Linkage Program scheme, which is the first of its kind internationally to investigate whether deaf people can realistically participate as a juror in a trial and in the jury deliberation process. The project took the form of a simulated mock trial in a district court in Sydney with: a real jury; real police informants; current practicing lawyers; and a recently retired judge of the court. The results of this project will demonstrate whether the prohibition of a stranger (i.e., a sign language interpreter) in the jury room should be overturned. It will also explore the extent to which a deaf person can participate in jury deliberations via sign language interpretation, and how this study will pioneer domestic and international law reform. This article will: briefly track the prior research that led to this study and the current case law affecting the area; share the results of interviews with mock-trial participants and the stakeholder focus groups on their perspectives on the feasibility of deaf people serving as jurors; and present recommendations for the inclusion of deaf people as jurors.

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Naseribooriabadi, Tahereh, Farahnaz Sadoughi, and Abbas Sheikhtaheri. 2017. "Barriers and Facilitators of Health Literacy among D/deaf Individuals: A Review Article." Iranian Journal of Public Health 46 (11): 1465-1474. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5696685/.

ABSTRACT: Background: The implication of health literacy is the ability of individuals to find, understand, and use their required health information from reliable sources. It is an indicator of the individuals' participation in their own medical decision-making. Deaf individuals have limited health literacy and poor health status due to low literacy. Hence, this review was conducted to understand barriers and facilitators influencing health literacy among deaf community. Methods: We searched the ISI Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Medline from 1987 to 2016. Seventy-three papers were analyzed thematically. Results: We found three primary themes, including inadequate health literacy, barriers, and facilitators to accessing health information and health care services among deaf individuals. Facilitators were composed of four sub-theme including legal activities protecting the right of deaf patients to accessing health services, training health professionals about effective communication with deaf patients, providing sign language interpreter services, and developing deaftailored educational health programs and materials. Conclusion: Closing the deaf cultural gap and their limited access to health information are achievable through the removal of the communication barriers, allowing deaf individuals with more access to health learning opportunities, and informing the hearing community about the communicative skills of deaf individuals.

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Pendergrass, Kathy M., Lynne Nemeth, Susan D. Newman, Carolyn M. Jenkins, and Elaine G. Jones. 2017. "Nurse practitioner perceptions of barriers and facilitators in providing health care for deaf American Sign Language users: A qualitative socio-ecological approach." Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 29 (6): 316-323. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12461.

ABSTRACT: Background and purpose: Nurse practitioners (NPs), as well as all healthcare clinicians, have a legal and ethical responsibility to provide health care for deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users equal to that of other patients, including effective communication, autonomy, and confidentiality. However, very little is known about the feasibility to provide equitable health care. The purpose of this study was to examine NP perceptions of barriers and facilitators in providing health care for deaf ASL users. Data sources: Semistructured interviews in a qualitative design using a socio-ecological model (SEM). Conclusions: Barriers were identified at all levels of the SEM. NPs preferred interpreters to facilitate the visit, but were unaware of their role in assuring effective communication is achieved. A professional sign language interpreter was considered a last resort when all other means of communication failed. Gesturing, note-writing, lip-reading, and use of a familial interpreter were all considered facilitators. Implications for practice: Interventions are needed at all levels of the SEM. Resources are needed to provide awareness of deaf communication issues and legal requirements for caring for deaf signers for practicing and student NPs. Protocols need to be developed and present in all healthcare facilities for hiring interpreters as well as quick access to contact information for these interpreters.

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Roberson, Len, Deb Russell, and Risa Shaw. 2011. "American Sign Language/English Interpreting in Legal Settings: Current Practices in North America." The Journal of Interpretation 21 (1).

ABSTRACT: Standard demographic information was collected on certified and non-certified sign language interpreters relative to the provision of interpreting services in legal settings. The study examined which practices interpreters incorporate into their work in legal settings, with particular attention to working in teams consisting of deaf and hearing interpreters, use of consecutive interpreting, preparation for interpreting in legal settings, and maintaining appropriate roles in the courtroom. Findings suggest that the main reason interpreters do not specialize in legal interpreting is a lack of understanding of the nature of the work and appropriate training. A systemic training sequence that addresses many of the deficits in both knowledge and skill currently found in the field is necessary.

internal-pdf://1227825170/Roberson-2011-American Sign Language_English I.pdf.

Roberts, Roda P, ed. 2000. The Critical Link 2: Interpreters in the community. Selected papers from the Second International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health, and Social Service Settings, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 19-23 May 1998, Benjamins translation library. Amsterdam, Filadelfia: John Benjamins.

Rodriguez Tachack, Anyela Maria. 2017. "Initial Proposal for the Translation of the Code of Infancy and Adolescence Colombian to the Language of Signs." Ratio Juris 12 (25): 23-42. https://doi.org/10.24142/raju.v12n25a2.

ABSTRACT: The population with hearing impairment in Colombia is continually forced to find translation and interpretation mechanisms that allow access to legal information in Spanish, to which any citizen is entitled. This means that those texts that are not translated and interpreted are inaccessible to these special protection subjects. At the moment, in this matter the advances are few and in the specific case of childhood, although it is protected by the constitutionality block, when it has the status of deaf, it loses any opportunity to be recognized in the legal landscape that it surrounds it since this one has not been translated for its understanding; being then double jeopardized. Consequently, the following research question arose: How to take the Code of Childhood and Adolescence to sign language in Colombia? Attending to the answer, just this work seeks to develop an initial proposal for the translation of the Code of Childhood and Adolescence to Sign Language.

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Rovira-Esteva, Sara, and Irene Tor-Carroggio. 2019. "Television in Catalan for All: a study on sensory accessibility services in Catalan-language broadcasters." Communication & Society-Spain 32 (4): 29-45. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.4.29-45. https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/communication-and-society/article/download/30729/32589.

ABSTRACT: People with disabilities or functional diversity form a significant part of the population (15%) and access to communication is a right recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CDPD) ratified by Spain in 2007. This study aims, on the one hand, to analyse the state of the art of accessibility services that are currently offered in a sample of seven Catalan-language TV stations; and, on the other hand, to put forward some suggestions for improvement based on user needs and demands in order to increase, both in terms of quality and quantity, the accessibility services available. A sample of seven broadcasters (namely, Televisio de Catalunya, Radiotelevision Espanola, IB3 TV, beteve, 8tv, El Punt Avui TV and Girona TV) was analysed using different methodological approaches, allowing us to triangulate the data and, therefore, offer an overview of the current situation to identify new paths of work. The main conclusion is that, although Spanish television broadcasters are legally obliged to produce accessible content, this is still a pending topic for those included in our sample. It is hoped that this study will serve to denounce legal irregularities. Yet, it is also hoped that this analysis will pave the way for those in charge of granting equal access to the media, since our results offer a point to depart from for future improvements.

internal-pdf://3126071173/Rovira-Esteva-2019-Television in Catalan for A.pdf.

Russell, Debra, and Risa Shaw. 2013. "Interpreting Decisions and Power: legal discourse or legal discord." In European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters, edited by Beppic Van Den Bogaerde, Liivi Hollman and Mariela Salami, 45-58. Viena.

Schwartz, Michael. 2014. "Some life lessons in the work place: Personal narrative/case study." Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation 48 (3): 303-306. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-131793. https://content.iospress.com:443/articles/work/wor01793.

ABSTRACT: Michael Schwartz, a lawyer deaf since birth, describes his journey as a professional for the last 32 years since his graduation from NYU School of Law in 1981. He offers a case study of his experiences with accommodations on the job as required by federal and state law. The study includes specific examples of what worked and what did not work for a deaf lawyer like him working at his craft. Schwartz wraps up with the lessons he learned over the last three decades as we moved from the model of non-compliance to that of compliance, even beyond compliance, with the mandates of law in the employment context.

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Seaborn, Boley, Jean F. Andrews, and Gabriel Martin. 2010. "Deaf Adults and the Comprehension of Miranda." Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 10 (2): 107-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228930903446732. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15228930903446732.

ABSTRACT: The Miranda Warning and Waiver ASL (MWWT-ASL) is a bilingual test constructed and administered to three groups of deaf adults in postsecondary education (n = 34) who differed on bilingual (ASL/English) proficiency, IQ, and number of years using sign language. The deaf adults read the MWW in English print and viewed it on a DVD as the Miranda was translated into ASL by a certified legal interpreter. Participants' retelling tasks were videotaped. The videotapes were then transcribed and back-translated into English, compared to the Miranda rights in English, and scored on a five-point scale (0-4). Age, IQ, reported years of using sign language, and English-reading grade level were found to be strongly and positively correlated to retelling scores on the MWWT-ASL. Further, findings revealed that deaf adults who are reading at the eighth-grade level or below would be linguistically incompetent to understand the Miranda warning and waiver even if it is presented in both ASL and English.

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Senne, Tshegofatso. 2016. "Deaf women's lived experiences of their constitutional rights in South Africa." Agenda-Empowering Women for Gender Equity 30 (1): 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2016.1198613. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10130950.2016.1198613.

ABSTRACT: Although the rights of women and people living with disabilities are constitutionally protected, Deaf women continue to experience discrimination due to their double stigmatisation as women and as Deaf. Their lack of substantive citizenship is evident in their lived experiences, the inaccessibility of services due to both inadequate sign language interpretation and bilingual education. The research draws on a theoretical framework drawn from feminism, Deaf studies and disability studies in order to understand South African Deaf women's experience of human rights and how the situation in relation to human rights violations can be improved. The methodology used in the study is Participatory Action Research, and included weekly group discussions over a period of two months. The underlying issue that emerged as preventing Deaf, Black, unemployed women reliant on state health care from accessing their rights and participating as substantive citizens in an inclusive South African society is their lack of linguistic rights. Skilled South African Sign Language (SASL) interpreters are needed in order to access both the justice system and the health care sector in terms of their particular needs as women, in relation to domestic abuse and obstetric health care.

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Snyder, Isabel, and Campbell McDermid. 2019. "Comparison of Novice Signers and Novice ASL-English Interpreters." Sign Language Studies 19 (4): 519-564. https://doi.org/10.1353/sls.2019.0012. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/731072.

ABSTRACT: Currently, there is little research on the ability of interpreting students to translate texts from English into American Sign Language (ASL), nor is there much research on how their skills change as they progress from being a signer of ASL to an interpreter. At the same time, a gap has been identified between the requirements of the workplace and the abilities of many sign language interpreters (Godfrey 2011; Resnick 1990; Sadler 2009; Schick, Williams, and Kupermintz 2005). For example, the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) reported only a 25 percent pass rate for the national interpreter performance exam in 2017. To begin to address this gap, we did a pilot study to look at the rehearsed sight interpretation abilities of students of interpretation as compared to students of ASL. The theoretical framework for this study drew on McDermid's (2012) pragmatic model of interpretation, where interpreters can work at the literal, enriched, or implicature level. Ten students translated an English text into ASL. Students who had taken some coursework in interpretation evidenced more text restructuring (p* < 0.01), included more potential implicatures (p* < 0.05), and enriched their target ASL texts (p* < 0.05) more so than the ASL students who had not studied interpretation. It is hoped these findings may help frame further studies concerning benchmarks for students of interpretation and ASL to perhaps address the gap that exists between interpreters' abilities and the expectations of the field.

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Stephan, K. S., and S. Pinilla. 2014. "Deaf patients in emergency medicine." Notfall & Rettungsmedizin 17 (5): 449-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-014-1903-2. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10049-014-1903-2.pdf.

ABSTRACT: Health care professionals need to have special communication skills when working with deaf patients in an emergency setting. German Sign Language (Deutsche Gebardensprache, DGS) is legally recognized as an official language and is the preferred means of communication for deaf patients in Germany. In order to provide fast and effective care in emergency situations, health care professionals must quickly assess deafness and consider adequate use of sign language interpreters. Physicians and nurses need to be made aware of the specific communication form of the sociocultural minority of deaf patients in order to provide inclusive health care. With regards to adequate emergency aid, appropriate sociolinguistic competences are essential.

internal-pdf://4206390868/Stephan-2014-Deaf patients in emergency medici.pdf.

Stone, Christopher. 2010. "Access all areas—sign language interpreting, is it that special?" The Journal of Specialised Translation 14: 41-54.

ABSTRACT: This article addresses some of the uniqueness and many of the similarities between working as a sign language interpreter and working as a public service interpreter in the UK. It gives a brief introduction to the history of the British Deaf community and the genesis of modern day British Sign Language (BSL). It then introduces the ever expanding areas where interpreters work and gives some examples of the care needed when working in the medical domain. It gives examples of the types of intercultural sensitivity needed by sign language interpreters and the pragmatic relevance needed in their renderings into English and BSL. Finally, it demonstrates that working with the British Deaf community is much like working with any minority language/ group in the UK.

internal-pdf://3922047340/Stone-2010-Access all areas—sign language inte.pdf.

Taira, Eiji, and Shizuka Itagaki. 2019. "How Hearing People Understand the Deaf and Some Legal Implications of Their Misinterpretation of Visual Expressions." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (4): 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-019-09644-1.

ABSTRACT: While the complexities of interpreting in constrained legal contexts such as trials may gradually be getting better understood by legal professionals, the particular difficulties of interpreting for the Deaf remain largely overlooked, and the recent involvement of citizen judges in Japan's justice system makes it even more important to raise awareness about this aspect of language disadvantage. This paper focuses on a key feature of Japanese Sign Language: the non-manual markers produced by facial and body movements that accompany hand and finger signs. Research shows such markers to be poorly understood by non-Deaf observers and indeed even sign language interpreters sometimes conflate them with gestures used by hearing people.

internal-pdf://1065311564/Taira-2019-How Hearing People Understand the D.pdf.

Vernon, M., L. J. Raifman, and S. F. Greenberg. 1996. "The Miranda Warnings and the deaf suspect." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 14 (1): 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199624)14:1<121::AID-BSL200>3.3.CO;2-I. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-0798%28199624%2914%3A1%3C121%3A%3AAID-BSL200%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R?download=true.

ABSTRACT: Administration of the Miranda Warnings to deaf suspects poses many legal issues. If police officers, judges, attorneys and psychologists are unaware of these, evidence obtained as a consequence of deaf suspects waiving their Miranda Rights may be inadmissible in court. These issues include the importance of videotaping the police interview, the use of sign language interpreters, the determination of the deaf defendant's reading level and communication capacity, the limitations of lipreading, and other psycholinguistic factors. Recommendations are offered to aid in determining whether a deaf suspect is capable of understanding the Miranda Warnings and how these warnings should be administered.

internal-pdf://1928189163/Vernon-1996-The Miranda Warnings and the deaf.pdf.

Wehrmeyer, Ella. 2015. "An annotation system for signed language interpreting corpora." Hermeneus: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación de Soria (17): 279-318.

ABSTRACT: Because of the complexity in transcribing and annotating a visual language, there exists a paucity of corpus-based/driven sign language interpreting research. In this paper, a transcription and annotation system for signed language corpora is outlined. The system was designed to analyse a corpus of interpretations into South African Sign Language, specifically to analyse corpora of signed interpretations using text-based concordance software, such as Wordsmith Tools or Antconc. Transcription of the manual signs is undertaken using lemmatized ID glosses, allowing for semantic comparison between the source message and its interpretation. The annotation system is designed to analyze five main groups of factors, namely linguistic features of the interpreter's sign language produced, characteristics pertaining to the quality of production of a face-to-face message, characteristics of the type of language used by the interpreter (i.e. parole) and features of the interpreting process, both in terms of describing differences between the source and target messages and in terms of identifying phonological, syntactic and discourse errors made by the interpreter.

internal-pdf://2306956700/Wehrmeyer-2015-An annotation system for signed.pdf.

Wehrmeyer, Ella. 2019. "A corpus for signed language interpreting research." Interpreting 21 (1): 62-90. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00020.weh.

ABSTRACT: Because of the visual nature of signed language, the compilation of a signed language interpreting corpus along the lines of spoken-language interpreting corpora has been viewed as extremely challenging, if not impossible. This study offers a unique contribution in the construction of a lemmatized, annotated text-based corpus of signed language media interpretations, which allows analysis of interesting features using readily-available concordance software. In this article, characteristics of original (not interpreted) signed language corpora are explored in terms of metadata conventions, transcription and annotation, in order to provide a framework for an interpreting corpus. Within this framework, the decisions and steps taken in the construction of the interpreting corpus are discussed and explained.

internal-pdf://0269441499/Wehrmeyer-2019-A corpus for signed language in.pdf.

Wehrmeyer, Ella. 2020. "Shifts in signed media interpreting A corpus study." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 25 (3): 270-296. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18059.weh.

ABSTRACT: This study offers a unique contribution through the construction of an annotated text-based sign language interpreting corpus and its application in analyzing shifts (defined as deviations from source semantic content), which in turn enables researchers to identify and categorize interpreter strategies and norms. The corpus comprises ten half-hour news broadcasts in English and their simultaneously signed interpretations into South African Sign Language. The analysis of shifts shows that interpreters mainly strive to produce a fluent output, combatting cognitive overload through condensation, use of synonyms and omission. However, they also cater for target language norms through attention to discourse features and syntactic reformulation and by addressing perceived target audience knowledge gaps through explanations. Time constraints limit full deverbalization and repair strategies, and Deaf communicative norms occasionally conflict with interpreting norms. Although most shifts could be related to interpreter strategies and norms, the interpreters occasionally made syntactic errors, hindering comprehension.

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Wheatley, M., A. Pabsch, N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, J. Odijk, S. Piperidis, M. Rosner, and D. Tapias. 2010. "Sign Languages of Europe - Legal Status and Human Rights." In Lrec 2010 - Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, A251-A254. Paris: European Language Resources Assoc-Elra.

ABSTRACT: Sign languages across the globe are fully-fledged languages that differ between Deaf communities throughout Europe and the world. A recent survey by the European Union of the Deaf gathered that there are about 650,000 sign language users in the EU for whom using a sign language is the only way to communicate and have equal access. It is therefore crucial to legally recognise national sign languages. Being treated equally without prejudice also with regards to language is a basic Human Right as postulated in the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Other rights, such as the right to education and a fair trial can only be guaranteed if sign languages are recognised as distinct languages in order to provide sign language interpreters and education in sign language. At EU level, a number of documents and Resolutions have been adopted but so far only three European countries have recognised sign language at constitutional level: Austria, Finland and Portugal. Other countries, such as Hungary and Spain have taken other legal measures to protect their sign languages. Although Europe's sign languages enjoy some recognition, sign language users across Europe are still lacking legal protection at the same level as other minorities.

Zulu, Tryphine. 2014. "The socio-economic status, Sign language interpreter utilisation and the cost of providing South African Sign Language Interpreter services in the Cape Metropole District health services." MPh, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town.

ABSTRACT: Deafness affects about 15-26% of the world’s population with an estimated prevalence of 3.7% in South Africa. Although sign language Interpreters (SLIs) improve the communication challenges in health care they are unaffordable for many Deaf people. On the other hand, there are no legal provisions in place to ensure the provision of SLIs in the health sector in most countries including South Africa. However, to advocate for funding of such initiatives, reliable cost estimates are essential and such data is scarce. To bridge this gap, this study estimated the costs of providing such a service at the District health services level based on estimates obtained from a pilot-project that initiated the first South African Sign Language Interpreter (SASLI) service in health-care. The ingredients method was used to calculate the unit cost per visit at the SASLI Project level from a provider perspective. The average SASLI utilisation rate was calculated from the projects records for 2008-2013. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to determine the effect of changing the discount rate and personnel costs. The unit costs per SASLI-assisted visit were used in estimating the costs of scaling up this service to the District Health Services. Average utilisation rates increased from 1.66 to 3.58 per person per year from 2008-2013 with unmet need falling from 38.8% in 2008 to 10.8% by 2013. The cost per visit was R2074.80 in 2013 whilst the estimated costs of scaling up this service ranged from R143.6million to R775million in the Cape Metropole District. These cost estimates represent 2.4%-12.8% of the budget for the Western Cape District Health Services. The results show that in the presence of SLIs, Deaf SL users utilise health care service to a similar extent as the average population, however this service would requires significant capital investment by government to enable access to healthcare for the Deaf.

internal-pdf://3090208292/Zulu-2014-The socio-economic status, Sign lang.pdf.

Zulu, Tryphine, Marion Heap, and Edina Sinanovic. 2017. "The cost and utilisation patterns of a pilot sign language interpreter service for primary health care services in South Africa." Plos One 12 (12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189983. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189983.

ABSTRACT: Background The World Health Organisation estimates disabling hearing loss to be around 5.3%, while a study of hearing impairment and auditory pathology in Limpopo, South Africa found a prevalence of nearly 9%. Although Sign Language Interpreters (SLIs) improve the communication challenges in health care, they are unaffordable for many signing Deaf people and people with disabling hearing loss. On the other hand, there are no legal provisions in place to ensure the provision of SLIs in the health sector in most countries including South Africa. To advocate for funding of such initiatives, reliable cost estimates are essential and such data is scarce. To bridge this gap, this study estimated the costs of providing such a service within a South African District health service based on estimates obtained from a pilot-project that initiated the first South African Sign Language Interpreter (SASLI) service in healthcare. Methods The ingredients method was used to calculate the unit cost per SASLI-assisted visit from a provider perspective. The unit costs per SASLI-assisted visit were then used in estimating the costs of scaling up this service to the District Health Services. The average annual SASLI utilisation rate per person was calculated on Stata v. 12 using the projects' registry from 2008 +/- 2013. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to determine the effect of changing the discount rate and personnel costs. Results Average Sign Language Interpreter services' utilisation rates increased from 1.66 to 3.58 per person per year, with a median of 2 visits, from 2008 +/- 2013. The cost per visit was US $189.38 in 2013 whilst the estimated costs of scaling up this service ranged from US $14.2million to US$76.5million in the Cape Metropole District. These cost estimates represented 2.3%-12.2% of the budget for the Western Cape District Health Services for 2013. Conclusions In the presence of Sign Language Interpreters, Deaf Sign language users utilise health care service to a similar extent as the hearing population. However, this service requires significant capital investment by government to enable access to healthcare for the Deaf.

internal-pdf://1119398869/Zulu-2017-The cost and utilisation patterns of.pdf.