Covacs, Alexandre. 1979. "Bilinguisme officiel et double version des lois." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.7202/002957ar.

Dandonneau, Antoni. 1979. "La raison sociale en droit québécois." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 166-176. https://doi.org/10.7202/002454ar.

Danis, Pierre. 1979. "Dans les coulisses." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 124-129. https://doi.org/10.7202/002455ar.

Darbelnet, Jean. 1979. "Réflexions sur le discours juridique." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 26-34. https://doi.org/10.7202/002480ar.

de Plaen, Jacqueline. 1979. "La terminologie criminologique : un instrument et un symptôme." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 141-145. https://doi.org/10.7202/003841ar.

Dubuc, Robert. 1979. "Incidence de la langue juridique sur la langue de la gestion." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 159-165. https://doi.org/10.7202/002597ar.

Gémar, Jean-Claude. 1979. "La traduction juridique et son enseignement : aspects théoriques et pratiques." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 35-53. https://doi.org/10.7202/002870ar.

Gémar, Jean-Claude. 1979. "Avant-propos." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1). https://doi.org/10.7202/002861ar.

Lajoie, Marie. 1979. "L’interprétation judiciaire des textes législatifs bilingues." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 115-124. https://doi.org/10.7202/003376ar.

Lauzière, Lucie. 1979. "Un vocabulaire juridique bilingue canadien." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 109-114. https://doi.org/10.7202/003422ar.

Legault, Georges A. 1979. "Fonctions et structure du langage juridique." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 18-25. https://doi.org/10.7202/003456ar.

Lesage, Germain. 1979. "La traduction en droit canonique." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 146-158. https://doi.org/10.7202/003478ar.

Meredith, R. Clive. 1979. "Some Notes on English Legal Translation." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 54-67. https://doi.org/10.7202/003635ar.

Abstract: The importance of legal translation cannot be overestimated. Legal texts abound - some impose rules of conduct upon human persons, others govern legal relationships between persons, and still others sanction agreements drawn up between parties, which, at least with regard to those parties, have force of law. Considering the value of these texts, their translation into English has in the past left much to be desired. All too often the translation of legal texts from French to English, while not necessarily inaccurate, is cumbersome, and cluttered with all manner of inappropriate construction and archaic expression. If properly done, however, a translation of this kind can read as elegantly as any other. There is an urgent need for reform in this field of translation, perhaps more than in any other, and from this point of view a real challenge awaits the right person.

Mounin, Georges. 1979. "La linguistique comme science auxiliaire dans les disciplines juridiques." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1). https://doi.org/10.7202/003676ar.

Reed, David G. 1979. "Problèmes de la traduction juridique au Québec." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 95-102. https://doi.org/10.7202/003933ar.

Ribé, Enriqueta, and Miguel Olivera. 1979. "Les présuppositions du discours : un dilemme pour le traducteur." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 130-140. https://doi.org/10.7202/003948ar.

Russell, Robert. 1979. "The Statutes of Quebec: Linguistic Interference." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 213-217. https://doi.org/10.7202/004011ar.

Schwab, Wallace. 1979. "Les entreprises commerciales." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 177-212. https://doi.org/10.7202/004064ar.

Sparer, Michel. 1979. "Pour une dimension culturelle de la traduction juridique." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 24 (1): 68-94. https://doi.org/10.7202/004204ar.

Bogoch, Bryna, and Brenda Danet. 1084. "Challenge and control in lawyer-client interaction: A case study in an Israeli Legal Aid office." Text 4 (1-3): 249-275.

Abstract: In contrast to the traditional depiction of lawyers as providing loyal dis­ interested service to clients, analysis of one lawyer-client interaction in a legal aid office revealed that the lawyer used language to control the client's presentation of the case, and to define it in terms of convenience to the organization rather than the expressed wishes of the client. Three types of linguistic strategies relating to the control of talk were examined: (1) manage­ ment of structural features; (2) choice of instrumentality;and (3) management of interactional features. Structural strategies of interruptions and topic con­ trol served to display the lawyer's expertise, while preventing the client from enhancing his status. The form of the directives controlled the client's re­ sponses, farcing him to react to the lawyer's assertions rather than serving as the primary source of information, while the use of performatives and other elements of the formal register served to highlight the lawyer's control. Fre­ quent challenges to the client's adherence to the maxim of quality by the use of repetitions, requests for outside confirmation, reformulations, repeat ques­ tions without waiting for a reply, and unfounded presuppositions combined with the other features to establish a dialogue that is very much like cross­ examination.

internal-pdf://1947346605/Bogoch-1084-Challenge and control in lawyer-cl.pdf

Caesar-Wolf, Beatrice. 1984. "The construction of "adjudicable" evidence in a West German civil hearing." Text 4: 193-223.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the questioning of witnesses in a West German civil hear­ ing in order to explicate how 'legal' reality is socially constructed through the communicative choices of the judge, and their influence on the witness's answer. The testimony of two persons who were witnesses to an automobile accident is analyzed, in order to elucidate the objectified, latent meaning structures constructed through interaction. The author formulates six general­ izations, which may be taken both as conclusions about the particular case studied and as hypotheses about communication in inquisitorial courtrooms generally.

internal-pdf://3780591751/Caesar-Wolf-1984-The construction of _adjudica.pdf

Danet, Brenda. 1984. "Introduction." Text 4: 1-7.

Abstract: The publication of this special triple issue of Text, devoted entirely to studies of legal discourse, establishes this topic as one of international interest. Four languages are represented - Swedish, English, German and Hebrew - and the papers have been written by researchers from five countries, Sweden, Finland, West Germany, the United States, and Israel. The study of legal dis­ course has emerged as a topic of interdisciplinary research by linguists and social scientists in the last decade. In the past, members of the legal profession had frequently debated among themselves about legal language, but their approach was primarily philosophical and normative, and often, when they wrote about 'the language of the law' (cf. Mellinkoff, 1963), they had in mind only the language of legislation. While many of the papers included in this issue also deal with aspects of legislative language, many other kinds of legal language are being analyzed here. A more important development is the emergence of an approach which is essentially empirical: in a variety of ways, researchers are asking, what are the features of various genres of legal language - both written and spoken - and what functions do these features serve, for individuals and for society? Are there also significant ways in which the fea­ tures of legal language are dysfunctional, for the individual, and, ultimately, for social justice?

internal-pdf://2646261489/Danet-1984-Special issue_ Studies of legal dis.pdf

Danet, Brenda. 1984. “Studies of Legal Discourse.” Special issue of Text 4 (1-3).

Danet, Brenda. 1984. "The magic flute: A prosodic analysis of binomial expressions in legal Hebrew." Text 4 (1-3): 143-172.

Abstract: The thesis of this paper is that there is non-random poetization in legal lan­ guage, particularly in 'frozen', written genres of it. Elsewhere, I have proposed that legal English is 'contaminated' by poetization. This paper offers preliminary evidence that poetization is also present in modern legal Hebrew. The first part of the paper analyzes the prosodic features of binomial ex­ pressions in a Hebrew personal accident insurance policy. The second part develops what I have called the 'magic flute' hypothesis, namely, that poetiza­ tion is an intuitive mobilization of the resources of language, to 'thicken' it, in order to create the illusion of control over the social and natural world. The rhetorical devices of assonance, alliteration, rhyme, rhythm, phonetic contrast, and end-weight are all fonns of retrospective closure. Other types of devices provide prospective closure. Both types of closure provide a psycho­ logically gratifying sense of completion and coherence. Ordered sound (or signs) provides a temporary ordering ofexperience, with lasting consequences for the ordering of behavior and the perception oforder in experience. Thus, the ordering of what can be controlled is substituted for the ordering of what cannot.

internal-pdf://1572276951/Danet-1984-The magic flute_ A prosodic analysi.pdf

Gustafsson, Marita. 1984. "The Syntactic Features of Binomial Expressions in Legal English." Text 4: 123-142.

Abstract: This article presents a theory of functional comprehensibility of legislative texts and the results ofan experiment designed to test the theory. Factors of importance for comprehensibility are assumed to be mainly related to the

[u.nctional perspective of the text, whether a citizen perspective or a court perspective. A model of law-text analysis has been elaborated which system­atically analyses the content base of the law from the point of view of the citizen's use of the text. Based on this systematic analysis, an alternative text was written for a Swedish Act of Parliament. The comprehensibility of this alternative text, focusing on the citizen perspective, and that of the original one, mainly focusing on the court perspective, were each tested. The results showed the comprehensibility of the altered version to be greater. Compre­ hensibility was substantially improved by the change of perspective, bu t the alternative text was still not easy. The experiment; however, points to a way ofimproving law-texts.

internal-pdf://1631518136/Gustafsson-1984-The Syntactic Features of Bino.pdf

Hiltunen, Risto. 1984. "The type and structure of clausal embedding in legal English." Text 4 (1-3): 107-121.

Abstract: In the study of legal English, syntax has so far received relatively little atten­ tion. This article reports on some preliminary results ofa project aimed at an analysis of the salient syntactic features of the register. Embedding is one such feature, often listed among the properties complicating the language of the law. There are various ways in which embedded clauses may be patterned in a sentence. The major types of embedding (i.e. 'nested: 'left-' and 'right­ branching' structures) are here examined in a corpus of 373 se'}tences from the British Road Traffic Act 1972. The results confirm the preponderance of the right-tending structure even in legal usage, but an analysis ofthe internal structure of the three above types shows, at the same time, how the text may be complicated by their manifold combinations.

internal-pdf://0168002233/Hiltunen-1984-The type and structure of clausa.pdf

Kurzon, Dennis. 1984. "Themes, hyperthemes and the discourse structure of British Legal Texts." Text 4: 31-55.

Abstract: Although to a lay person legal texts are notoriously difficult to read, some semblance oforder may be found, especially in the thematic structure ofsuch texts. Thematic structure here coincides with what has been called in the literature 'thematic progression' or 'theme dynamics: and refers to the co­ hesive link set up by the themes - the initial element or elements - of the component sentences of a text. The predominant type of thematic progres­ sion in legal texts involves the hypertheme of the particular text, which is derived from two sources: the set of expectations produced by the specific genre of text, and the title of the text, if there is one. This model is applied to five British legal texts, each of which represen ts one particular genre: a will, a deed, a contract, a court order, and a statute. Since the texts do have a co­ hesive structure, as shown by the analysis, it is suggested that other factors lead to difficulties in reading, such as technical vocabulary and the length of clause and phrase elements.

internal-pdf://2807744391/Kurzon-1984-Themes, hyperthemes and the discou.pdf

Liebes-Blesner, Tamar. 1984. "Rhetoric in the service of justice: The sociolinguistic construction of stereotypes in an Israeli rape trial." Text 4: 173-192.

Abstract: The rhetoric of attorneys plays a crucial part in the adversary system of criminal justice, particularly in trials where there is little supportive evidence. The danger of rhetorical manipulation which is designed to create a semi­ conscious 'ideological effect' is an important reason for studying its mecha­ nisms. This paper analyzes sociolinguistic techniques used in the construction of a stereotype in a rape trial in which it was the aim of the defense attorney to discredit the plaintiff's testimony by creating an image of her which would fit the stereotype of villain rather than victim. The dramatic presentation of the woman in the attorney's version of the criminal plot is studied here (a) in the cross-examination and (b) in the a ttorney's closing statements. As rhetoric has to be analyzed within its sociolinguistic context, the best units ofanalysis are short senquences of questions and answers at the questioning stage, and paragraphs in the closing statements. Among the techniques discussed are miti­ gation, contrast, rhythm and repetition, all of which 'contaminate' supposed­ ly neutral fact-finding questions. Analysis of the closing statements of the prosecution versus the defence categorizes the contrasts of character construc­ tion which are appropriate to the two opposing stereotypes of 'good' versus 'bad' to fit the needs of the opposing sides. These simplified na"atives are perceived as fulfilling a social purpose parallel to that of myths and folktales, confirming the notion that trials are moral lessons rather than an efficient way of solving disputes.

internal-pdf://2740693075/Liebes-Blesner-1984-Rhetoric in the service of.pdf

Urmston Philips, Susan. 1984. "The social organization of questions and answers in courtroom discourse: A study of changes of plea in an Arizona court." Text 4: 225-248.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain some features of responses to questions to and from judges, lawyers and defendants in an Arizona crimi­ nal procedure called the Change of Plea. The greater the status and authority of the respondent in relation to the questioner, the less the response to the question is constrained by the syntactic and semantic form of the question, for both Yes-No questions and Wh-questions {who, what, where, etc.). Rela­ tive constraint is measured by whether or not the form of the question is copied {deleted or not) in the answer, and whether or not the answer goes beyond a single utterance. There is less copy and more elaboration as one moves from the responses of defendants to those of lawyers to those ofjudges. These differences in response forms are explained in part by respondents' recognition of response to different social uses of the same question forms in the different courtroom role. relations - uses which are themselves status­ differentiated. But even wherefunction is held constant, those in lesser status roles display more question copy and less elaboration, suggesting that theform of response marks or conveys the respondent's view of his status relative to the questioner, regardless of question function. Thus, persons of relatively lower status exert less influence over the negotiation of social reality through the ways in which one speaker builds on another's tum at talk, and social order is manifest in utterance interdependence.

internal-pdf://0269441486/Philips-1984-The social organization of questi.pdf

Vargas, Donna Mayo. 1984. "Two types of legal discourse: Transitivity in American appellate opinions and casebooks." Text 4: 9-30.

Abstract: The thesis of this article is that there are two types of legal discourse in the United States. One type contains both foregrounding and backgrounding, and is thus more like everyday discourse than the other type, which contains the predominant use of backgrounding. To substantiate this thesis, legal discourse in tort appellate opinions, tort casebooks, and takings law is analyzed for the components of Transitivity. For it is Transitivity that signals foregrounding and backgrounding. If legal professionals are more concerned with the social structure in which categories of participants are related, they must use more backgrounding when expressing these concepts. If they are concerned with specific episodes between two individuals, they must use foregrounding and backgrounding interspersed.

internal-pdf://1984209994/Vargas-1984-Two types of legal discourse_ Tran.pdf

Westman, Margareta. 1984. "On strategy in Swedish legal texts." Text 4: 57-70.

Abstract: The study of legal language and its different uses presupposes some idea of texts and text types. Text types differ in communicative function, but not in the manner of textualization. Every text type has developed to fill a specific pragmatic purpose, and there is a particular relation between this pragmatic purpose and the semantic content. The strategy of a text is the way in which the communicative purpose and the semantic content are made to interact. Two types of legal texts are analyzed in this paper: statute law and an admin­ istrative message to citizens. The conclusion is that language planning in the field of legal language use must take heed not only of the text surface, but also of the underlying communicative conditions and the complex functions of legal texts.

internal-pdf://1264095043/Westman-1984-On strategy in Swedish legal text.pdf

Adamopoulos, Spiridon. 1989. "La spécialisation en interprétation juridique." Parallèles 11: 67-70.

Amodeo-Perillo, Daniela. 1989. "La "Mediazione giuridica" dell’interprete alla Corte di Giustizia delle Comunità Europee." Parallèles 11 (1): 63-66.

Berrada, Samia. 1989. "Traduction arabe professionnelle et technologie (Tanger, juin 1989)." Parallèles 11 (1): 129-130.

Bolhuis-Zerner, Danielle. 1989. "L'interprétation à la Cour internationale de Justice." Parallèles 11: 71-74.

Déjean-Le Féal, Karla. 1989. "Kleine Probleme in Vorfeld eines grossen Prozesses." Parallèles 11 (1): 45-56.

Driesen, Christiane, and Gérard Ilg. 1989. "Références d’étude." Parallèles 11 (1): 99-104.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1989. "Réformer l'interprétation judiciaire." Parallèles 11: 93-98.

Gile, Daniel. 1989. "Bibliographie de l'interprétation auprès des tribunaux." Parallèles 11: 105-112.

Hamaï, Mohand. 1989. "L’interprète dans une institution judiciaire multilingue: la Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes." Parallèles 11 (1): 57-62.

Ilg, Gérard. 1989. "Introduction." Parallèles 11: 1-5.

Ilg, Gérard. 1989. "Comptes-rendus de lecture." Parallèles 11 (1): 131-.

Levy-Berlowitz, Ruth. 1989. "The linguistic logistics of the Demjanjuk trial." Parallèles 11: 37-44.

Morris, Ruth. 1989. "Eichmann v. Demjanjuk: a study of interpreted proceedings", pp.9-28." Parallèles 11 (1).

Ribas, Alberto. 1989. "Primer coloquio Internacional de Traductología (Valencia, mayo 1989)." Parallèles 11 (1): 123-128.

Schuker, Theodore. 1989. "The Amoco Cadiz Case." Parallèles 11: 75-91.

Shlesinger, Miriam. 1989. "Monitoring the Courtroom Interpreter." Parallèles 11: 29-36.

Skuncke, Marie-France. 1989. "Tout a commencé à Nuremberg..." Parallèles 11: 5-8.

Teichmann, Hans T. 1989. "General Aspects of Translatability." Parallèles 11 (1): 113-122.

Brennan, Mark. 1995. "The discourse of denial: Cross-examining child victim witnesses." Journal of Pragmatics 23.

Abstract: Child victim witnesses, when being cross-examined in adult criminal court, are subjected to a range of punitive linguistic strategies. The meaning and essence of their own experiences are systematically denied. Credibility is reduced and all problems are made, as in soap operas, personal rather than systemic or social. This process is created by and viewable through lin- guistic activity. Language as a social human activity has itself to become the focus of our attention and critique. Interview, observation, and transcript data have been analysed and cross-referenced to define and describe the 'strange language' to which child victim witnesses are subjected dur- ing their court appearance. Further, the process of cross-examination is shown to be grounded in a specifiable discourse ... the 'discourse of denial'. This punitive linguistic style has every- thing to do with the battle for credibility and little to do with the administration of justice. The specific tactics and strategies are identified.

internal-pdf://1308202905/Brennan-1995-The discourse of denial_ Cross-ex.pdf

Kurzon, Dennis. 1995. "The right of silence: A socio-pragmatic model of interpretation." Journal of Pragmatics 23: 55-69.

Abstract: Firstly, a sociopragmatic model of the interpretation of the silent answer is set up, with focus on the suspect in custody who is being asked questions by the police or by a lawyer in court. It is claimed that there are two types of silence - unintentional and intentional. Unin- tentional silence is psychological in nature, usually occurring because of personal inhibitions on the part of the addressee. Intentional silence, on the other hand, is a deliberate attempt by the addressee not to be cooperative with the addresser. A schema is then put forward that shows the process by which the questioner (the police or the court) interprets the silence of the suspect. In normal conversation, such silence is inter- preted to the detriment of the silent person. However, because of the so-called right of silence, the suspect's refusal to speak may not usually be brought to the attention of the court adjudicating in the case.

internal-pdf://1773595096/Kurzon-1995-The right of silence_ A socio-prag.pdf

Lundquist, Lita. 1995. "Indefinite noun phrases in legal texts: Use, function and construction of mental spaces." Journal of Pragmatics 23: 7-29.

Abstract: As a counterpart to the many studies on definite noun phrases, the present article sets out to study the functions of indefinite noun phrases in texts, represented by four types of legal texts in French (textbooks, judgments, laws and legal articles). The study brings out charac- teristic features of the different text types, indefinite noun phrases being used mainly in a nonreferential, predicative function in laws and textbooks, and in a referential, specific func- tion in judgments. In legal articles, indefinite noun phrases fill a more evenly distributed set of functions. Though the study is mainly empirical, theoretical questions are also raised as to how to describe the textual function of indefinite noun phrases, and an answer is given in terms of the theory of mental spaces.

internal-pdf://0816976783/Lundquist-1995-Indefinite noun phrases in lega.pdf

Maley, Yon. 1995. "From adjudication to mediation: Third party discourse in conflict resolution." Journal of Pragmatics 23: 93-110.

Abstract: In Western societies, a range of institutional third party roles are employed in conflict or dispute resolution. This paper examines two of these: the traditional legal role of adjudicator and the newer, 'alternative' role of mediator. It is argued that they can best be described and explained in terms of institutional activity types, constituted by their linguistic and discoursal practices, and distinguished in terms of their relative degree of control over the process, sub- stance and outcome of the dispute. Texts taken from Australian courts and divorce mediation sessions show how the third party's interventionand control is affected by the contextual pur- pose of the interaction, the job being done. Judges do more than adjudicate, and mediators do more than facilitate. Their jobs constitute a range of functional or rhetorical modes. Typically, their interventions can also be distinguished by the degree of authoritative intervention, and the kinds of directness and indirectness expressed.

internal-pdf://3150947280/Maley-1995-From adjudication to mediation_ Thi.pdf

Trosborg, Anna. 1995. "Statutes and contracts: An analysis of legal speech acts in the English language of the law." Journal of Pragmatics 23.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the language used in legal speech acts in legislative texts and contracts in the field of English Contract Law. The central objects of study are regulative functions with a particular view to establishing realization patterns of the rhetorical functions of directive and commissive acts. The findings show that the language of the law characteris- tically selects patterns of regulatives distinct from, for example, the patterns typically selected in everyday conversational English. The characteristics of the language of the law can be interpreted within the adherence to legal institutions, as well as in terms of the face redress required by the socio-pragmatic situation.

internal-pdf://3600532145/Trosborg-1995-Statutes and contracts_ An analy.pdf

Trosborg, Anna. 1995. "Introduction." Journal of Pragmatics 23: 1-5.

Abstract: This volume is concerned with the language used in spoken as well as written legal discourse. Language, central to human affairs, assumes a particularly critical role in law. In fact, in a very basic sense, law would not exist without language. The same counts for judgment and adjudication; the social professional activity of upholding law and resolving disputes is constituted by discourse. Research into the legal register has centred on syntactic and lexical features, reporting a 'frozen' style where formulaic structures abound, and old (archaic) structures defy the principles of modem writing (for example, many contracts are not written afresh but make use of old formulas). The register is characterized by long complex sentences, an imper- sonal style with many formulaic expressions, and typical legal vocabulary. Typical syntactic features are the prominent use of nominalizations, a high frequency of pas- sive constructions, the use of complex conditionals, a high incidence of prepositional phrases, double negatives, binomial expressions and 'whiz deletion'. The lexicon of the legal register has been of noticeable concern to researchers because of its dis- tinctive features fundamental to the expression of concepts of law, for example tech- nical terms, common terms with uncommon meanings, archaic expressions, dou- blets, formal items, unusual prepositional phrases, a high frequency of any (see Dannet, 1985: 278-287) for an overview of linguistic descriptions of the legal register).

internal-pdf://2609334661/Trosborg-1995-Introduction.pdf

Bergeron, Gilles. 2002. "L’interprétation en milieu judiciaire." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 225-232. https://doi.org/10.7202/008011ar.

Abstract: The right to the services of an interpreter within the framework of court procedures is enshrined in both the Canadian and the Quebec Charter of Rights, and therefore, constitutes an important element in the administration of justice in Canada. The courts have interpreted the provisions of these Charters and have developed standards of interpretation with which we are faced and of which application is not without problems. Certainly, this constitutional right does not affect all regions in the same way. For example, the Montréal region has a multiethnic character all its own, as 90% of all immigrants who settle in Quebec live here. This cultural diversity, which characterizes the region, will necessarily affect the judicial services offered. The combined evolution of these rights, norms, and sociocultural realities therefore represent, for a court such as Montreal's, a constant challenge within the framework of a sound administration of justice.

internal-pdf://1559857245/Bergeron-2002-L’interprétation en milieu judic.pdf

Gémar, Jean-Claude. 2002. "Le plus et le moins-disant culturel du texte juridique. Langue, culture et équivalence." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 163-176. https://doi.org/10.7202/008006ar.

Abstract: Legal texts abound in culturally loaded terms expressing a society's complex institutions and vocabulary generated by cultures stretching back thousands of years. The common law and civil law systems bear numerous common features that are more or less equivalent and based upon a number of universals common to all legal systems. They also differ in many aspects as they present great cultural gaps that render translation of certain terms hazardous or even impossible since they may convey notions unknown tot the target system and culture. The way the translator addresses this problem, will vary according to the cultural load borne, in any given system, by the phrases and terms, from the highest (charter, constitution, statute) to the lowest (contract, regulation). The translator's response to this challenge will be governed by the legal functions of the text and its target readers.

internal-pdf://0466393453/Gémar-2002-Le plus et le moins-disant culturel.pdf

Harvey, Malcolm. 2002. "What's so Special about Legal Translation?" Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 177-185. https://doi.org/10.7202/008007ar.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the main difficulties of legal translation and discuss whether they justify claims that it is a category in its own right. It proposes a wide-ranging definition of legal translation, which calls into question some received notions about its inherent difficulties.

internal-pdf://1454350057/Harvey-2002-What's so Special about Legal Tra1.pdf

Jourdain, Guy. 2002. "La législation bilingue au Manitoba : le rêve d’une version française faite sur mesure pour son auditoire." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 244-264. https://doi.org/10.7202/008013ar.

Abstract: The author first discusses the social and historical background forming the substance of

the constitutional norm of legislative bilingualism in Manitoba, on the one hand, and the need to redirect its application, on the other. He then examines the scope of the constitutional norm in question and the conventional means that may used to implement them. Lastly, he proposes remedial action to counter the effects of 90 years of English legislative unilingualism and ensure that, in its mode of expression, the French version of bilingual legislation is optimally adapted to its target audience. To this end, he proposes three measures, i.e. the codification of laws, the simplification of legislation, and the clarification of the law in French. He concludes by expressing the opinion that, failing in-depth

reform, the constitutional ideal of legislative bilingualism may be jeopardized.

internal-pdf://3080038148/Jourdain-2002-La législation bilingue au Manit.pdf

Krieger, Maria da Graça. 2002. "Terminographie juridique et spécificités textuelles." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 233-143. https://doi.org/10.7202/008012ar.

Abstract: This article describes some theoretical and methodological propositions adopted in the elaboration of a Multilingual Glossary of Environmental Law. The results show that the identification of the terminology in focus and the guidelines to solve terminological problems can be determined by the textual, discursive and pragmatic specificities of each field of knowledge. This study suggests that progress in the field of terminology is linked to the description of how language is used in different areas.

internal-pdf://0126266059/Krieger-2002-Terminographie juridique et spéci.pdf

Lavoie, Judith. 2002. "Le discours sur la traduction juridique au Canada." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 198-210. https://doi.org/10.7202/008009ar.

Abstract: This paper examines the jurists' perception of legislative translation through an analysis of the literature published over the last thirty years. The analysis shows that translation has long been seen as a process that, resulting in a negative perception of the final product (the translated text), distorts the translator's profession. At first stigmatized because of the numerous calques which appeared in the federal statutes translated into French, translation was criticized for other reasons: it was considered to be a secondary or derivate. Still, today, there are jurists for whom translating is a simple process which requires no creativity.

internal-pdf://0598846920/Lavoie-2002-Le discours sur la traduction juri.pdf

Lerat, Pierre. 2002. "Vocabulaire juridique et schémas d’arguments juridiques." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 155-162. https://doi.org/10.7202/008005ar.

Abstract: The main difficulties in legal translation are names, constructions and semantic compatibilities. A methodology inspired by Zellig Harris offers an appropriate framework:'schemata of arguments' (predicative expressions and classes of objects), with applications to constructions ('frozen phrases') and to derivation ('condensation of schemata'). The French Legal Dictionary (Laboratoire de linguistique informatique, Paris 13, dir. G. Gross), with equivalents in English, uses this approach.

internal-pdf://3324358337/Lerat-2002-Vocabulaire juridique et schémas d’.pdf

Poon Wai-Yee, Emily. 2002. "The Right of Abode Issue: Its Implication on Translation." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 211-224. https://doi.org/10.7202/008010ar.

Abstract: This paper explores the limitations on legal translation strategy by looking at the right of abode issue in Hong Kong- the very first case in which the role of interpretation was argued since the return of sovereignity to China in 1997. The different approaches to interpreting the mini-constitution, the Basic Law, by the Court of Final Appeal, the Hong Kong and the Central Authorities as well as public opinion on the issue will leave translators with no choice but to translate a text that carries terms with open interpretation as literally as possible so as not to affect the substance of the original text. This paper also discusses the strategy of translating a judgement made by a legal body. Legal bilingualism should enable the general public to understand the law to a greater extent than they previously did.

internal-pdf://3444751370/Poon Wai-Yee-2002-The Right of Abode Issue_ It.pdf

Schwab, Wallace. 2002. "A Quebec-Canada constitutional law lexicon (French to English)." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 279-280. https://doi.org/10.7202/008015ar.

Abstract: This article contains a compendium of constitutionally relevant terms French and English. This lexicon is Canadian and Québec oriented.

internal-pdf://3800613769/Schwab-2002-A Quebec-Canada Constitutional Law.pdf

Schwab, Wallace. 2002. "Art and juri-linguistics. Strange bedfellows or inseparable companions." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 154. https://doi.org/10.7202/008004ar.

Abstract: The Language of the Law, if such a thing exists as some might maintain, is often a topic central to wordsmiths who must struggle with the multifarious manifestations and demands of expressing legal thinking, sometimes in only one language and at others in fifteen or dozens of languages. A truism of yesterday, today and tomorrow, the current contribution to this ongoing dialogue—as you will read—defines, explains, illustrates, teaches, categorizes, and dissects the workings of language when harnessed to express formal relations between human beings across language barri- ers. A fathomless subject!

internal-pdf://0493994967/Schwab-2002-Art and Juri-Linguistics. Strange.pdf

Schwab, Wallace. 2002. “Traduction et terminologie juridiques.” Special issue of Meta. Journal des traducteurs 47 (2).

Snow, Gérard. 2002. "Le use de la common law : étude terminologique." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 186-197. https://doi.org/10.7202/008008ar.

Abstract: Twenty years ago, work began on the standardization of a French-language terminology for the common law in Canada under the auspices of the National Program for the Integration of Both Official Languages in the Administration of Justice (POLAJ). Using his research on the term “use,” the author provides an overview of the pre-standardization research and analysis process involved and the problems faced by terminologists in transposing legal concepts from one language to the other.

internal-pdf://3214069002/Snow-2002-Le use de la common law _ étude term.pdf

Sparer, Michel. 2002. "Peut-on faire de la traduction juridique ? Comment doit-on l’enseigner ?" Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 266-278. https://doi.org/10.7202/008014ar.

Abstract: This article provides the opportunity to formulate a few considerations regarding the comprehension of what is, or should be, legal translation and how translators are trained to cope with such translation. It is an attempt to address certain issues or biases found in questions such as: Can legal texts be translated? Should one be a trained legal specialist to do such translation? Are undergraduate university courses sufficient for preparing translators in this field? Canadian law is expressed here in two languages. But Canada and Québec are home to two traditions of law, hence a context with two legal vocabularies: a bilingual common law vocabulary, in all four specialized vocabularies. Like all things, languages evolve. Finding a perfect and stable equivalence linking two terms in French and English is a daunting task that in the absolute smacks of the impossible.

internal-pdf://2638727453/Sparer-2002-Peut-on faire de la traduction jur.pdf

Viens, Christine, Georges L. Bastin, Solange Duhamel, and Roselyne Moreau. 2002. "L’accréditation des interprètes judiciaires au Palais de justice de Montréal." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 289-293. https://doi.org/10.7202/008016ar.

Abstract: The complexity of the profession of an interpreter is obvious in the legal milieu, where the lack of providing quality service could have a major impact on the rights and liberties of people. This article first draws an outline of legal interpreting services, followed by the issue that led to adopt a qualification process for legal interpreters called to work for the Ministery of Justice of Québec. Finally, the principal elements of this process are described.

internal-pdf://3006257217/Viens-2002-L’accréditation des interprètes jud.pdf

Archibald, James. 2006. "Le Discours Juridique Au Féminin." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 19 (1): 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-005-9012-7.

Abstract: Cet article examine les diffe ́ rences qui existent entre le discours fe ́ m- inin et masculin dans le contexte juridique. Graˆ ce a` des exemples choisis, il met en relief les diffe ́ rences de style, de ton et d’intentionnalite ́ du discours juridique fe ́ minin et les difficulte ́ s que celui-ci posent pour le traducteur juridique. L’article pre ́ tend que la vision morale du scripteur de ́ finit les enjeux socie ́ taux en raison d’un style et d’un ton sexue ́ s.

internal-pdf://3516616222/Archibald-2006-Le Discours Juridique Au Fémini.pdf

Bressan, Dino. 2006. "The Role of Women in Italian Legislation." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 19 (1): 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-005-9009-2.

Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to highlight the unsatisfactory state of affairs obtaining in present-day Italy in relation to the use of gender-inclusive lan- guage in legislative texts. After recalling some of the main issues brought to the fore by Alma Sabatini et al.’s Report of 1987, which showed conclusively, through an analysis of the print media, that women were marginalized both in terms of gender usage and image, the paper focuses on the language of the four main Codes and of other, shorter legislative texts, showing how the masculine gender is invariably privileged, with the feminine being sidelined and/or ignored. Subliminally, this type of style relegates women to second-class citizens status.

internal-pdf://0628174526/Bressan-2006-The Role of Women in Italian Legi.pdf

Lenoble-Pinson, Michèle. 2006. "Dire et se dire au féminin." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 19 (1): 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-005-9008-3.

Abstract: The decree of 21st of June 1993 sets out how to express the female gender in profession names and function titles in official and administrative publi- cations of the Communaute ́ franc ̧ aise de Belgique. It has helped to change mindsets. The guide Mettre au fe ́minin (‘‘Express the female gender’’) allows civil servants to fulfil the requirements of the decree and helps promote the usage of the female gender in the French language. First published in 1994, it has been reviewed and re- edited in 2005. Even if the visibility of women in language usage is on the increase, it faces not so much linguistic but ideological obstacles. Le de ́ cret du 21 juin 1993 installe la fe ́ minisation des noms de me ́ tier et des titres de fonction dans les textes officiels et administratifs de la Communaute ́ franc ̧ aise de Belgique. Il aide les men- talite ́ s a` progresser. Le guide Mettre au fe ́minin permet aux fonctionnaires de res- pecter le de ́ cret et sert a` promouvoir l’emploi du fe ́ minin dans l’usage de la langue franc ̧ aise. Paru en 1994, il est mis a` jour en 2005. Meˆ me si la visibilite ́ des femmes dans l’emploi de la langue augmente, elle rencontre des obstacles non pas linguis- tiques mais ide ́ ologiques.

internal-pdf://1734574750/Lenoble-Pinson-2006-Dire Et Se Dire Au FÉminin.pdf

Lenoble-Pinson, Michèle, and Anne Wagner. 2006. "Introduction." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 19 (1): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-005-9006-5.

Abstract: The current period is characterised by the influence of women in the workplace. Their competence as well as their ambition is not limited to the family sphere. It is evident that they are increasingly numerous in professions or jobs traditionally reserved for men, but this established fact of society does not always appear in contem- porary language use. The pre-eminence of the masculine over the feminine persists, in spite of having been denounced by grammar- ians such as Brunot, Damourette and Pichon for more than a century.

internal-pdf://3006967606/Lenoble-Pinson-2006-Introduction.pdf

Mooney, Annabelle. 2006. "When a Woman Needs to Be Seen, Heard and Written as a Woman: Rape, Law and an Argument against Gender Neutral Language*." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 19 (1): 39-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-005-9010-9.

Abstract: While moves towards gender neutral language may seem to be desirable for reducing sexism and discrimination, this paper argues that at least in the case of rape such gender neutrality is not appropriate. A recent Australian appeal is examined to show that despite significant Ôverbal hygiene’, [D. Cameron, Verbal Hygiene (London: Routledge, 1995)] traces of discrimination against women are still linguistically discernable. This suggests that simply changing language will not change attitudes. Rather, for women to be treated well in rape cases, their voices and experiences need to be represented appropriately.

internal-pdf://2332287153/Mooney-2006-When a Woman Needs to Be Seen, Hea.pdf

Tieszen, Bozena, and Heather Pantoga. 2006. "Gender-Based Miscommunication in Legal Discourse and Its Impact on the Clarity of Legal Language." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 19 (1): 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-005-9011-8.

Abstract: Language of the law, due to historical, sociological and cultural factors, is often characterized as linguistically obscure and difficult to understand. This is often at odds with the concept that clarity of a message conveyed during court proceedings is crucial to the understanding of the mechanics of the legal processes, as well as their outcome. The present analysis examines structural and lexical features used by men and women litigators in court. This investigation concentrates in particular on those linguistic features used by lawyers that lead to gender-based miscommunication that may adversely influence the outcome of the proceedings. The linguistic features that were examined included the use of syn- tactically complex utterances and obsolete vocabulary. The data included tran- scripts of court proceedings and were collected at Milwaukee County Courthouse, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. The analysis revealed that men lawyers use struc- turally complex language more frequently than women lawyers. The present investigation provides evidence that recognizing different gender specific discourse strategies may significantly improve the clarity of legal language.

internal-pdf://1101513389/Tieszen-2006-Gender-Based Miscommunication in.pdf

Byrne, Jody. 2007. "Caveat translator: Understanding the legal consequences of errors in professional translation." The Journal of Specialised Translation 7: 2-24.

Abstract: At the very heart of translation studies is the issue of translation quality. Yet, while there are numerous methods for assessing the quality of translations, little is known about what happens when a translator produces a bad translation. This paper will show that translation error, as a whole, can have significant consequences for both translator and client and by examining a number of case studies gathered from official reports and communications, court records, newspaper articles and books it will illustrate the diversity of situations which can arise as a result of translation errors. The paper will then examine the issues of liability and negligence to illustrate the legal means by which translators can be held accountable for the quality of their work. By understanding how liability for faulty translations arises, it will be possible to see the implications of laws and directives governing technical translations which are subsequently examined. This paper examines specific legal requirements relating to technical translation and discusses the consequences of translation errors using specific case studies relating to technical translation.

internal-pdf://2426206393/Byrne-2007-Caveat translator_ Understanding th.pdf

Chan, Clara Ho-yan. 2007. "Translated Chinese as a legal language in Hong Kong legislation." The Journal of Specialised Translation: 25-41.

Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to establish the properties of translated Hong Kong Chinese as a language of law, and suggest ways to improve the lengthened and complicated sentence structures that result from the influence of the Western legal genre, in order to create a more user-friendly form of technical Chinese and strengthen its effective use for legal purposes. It is widely and traditionally recognised that the translator of legal statutes is inclined to use a literal and faithful approach to translation, in order to minimize the loss of original meaning and reproduce the full legal effects of the legislation. The adoption of such an approach naturally results in the widespread preservation of the linguistic and cultural features of the original legal texts. This paper examines nine linguistic patterns in the Chinese version of the Sale of Goods Ordinance that may be deemed “Europeanised”, of which five are either unexplored or little explored.

internal-pdf://1101513809/Chan-2007-Translated Chinese as a legal langua.pdf

Ditlevsen, Marianne Grove, and Jan Engberg. 2007. "Translating an Auditor’s Report: an instance of specialised legal translation." The Journal of Specialised Translation 7: 190-194.

Abstract: In this article we would like to look at the question of why the translation of highly standardised legal texts is at the same time easy (due to the degree of standardisation of the formulations) and difficult (due to the roots of the texts in the national legal culture). The article will be centred on the difficulties stemming from the texts and their contexts and the strategic choices that have to be made when translating an auditor’s report between Danish and English. Translating standardised legal texts may in fact be easy, when the translator has taken the necessary time to make sure s/he is making the right choices.

internal-pdf://3289099693/Ditlevsen-2007-Translating an Auditor’s Report.pdf

Valero Garcés, Carmen, and Dora Sales Salvador. 2007. "The Production of Translated Texts for Migrant Minority Communities. Some Characteristics of an Incipient Market " The Journal of Specialised Translation 7.

Abstract: In this article we would like to look at the question of why the translation of highly standardised legal texts is at the same time easy (due to the degree of standardisation of the formulations) and difficult (due to the roots of the texts in the national legal culture). The article will be centred on the difficulties stemming from the texts and their contexts and the strategic choices that have to be made when translating an auditor’s report between Danish and English. Translating standardised legal texts may in fact be easy, when the translator has taken the necessary time to make sure s/he is making the right choices.

internal-pdf://2639188975/Valero-Garcés-2007-The Production of Translate.pdf

Wilkinson, Michael. 2007. "Corpora, Serendipity & Advanced Search Techniques." The Journal of Specialised Translation 7: 108-122.

Abstract: Exploring corpora with concordancers can help translators to improve the quality of their translations by, for example, providing them with information about collocates; by helping them to choose between terms; or by enabling them to confirm intuitive decisions. But corpora also allow unpredictable, incidental learning: the user may notice unfamiliar uses in a concordance and follow them up by exploratory browsing. The article discusses the potential of corpora to throw up previously unknown information that may be relevant to a translation assignment, and illustrates how advanced search strategies can increase the likelihood of “accidentally” finding relevant information.

internal-pdf://0719884573/Wilkinson-2007-Corpora, Serendipity & Advanced.pdf

Źrałka, Edyta. 2007. "Teaching specialised translation through official documents." The Journal of Specialised Translation 7.

Abstract: In this article we would like to look at the question of why the translation of highly standardised legal texts is at the same time easy (due to the degree of standardisation of the formulations) and difficult (due to the roots of the texts in the national legal culture). The article will be centred on the difficulties stemming from the texts and their contexts and the strategic choices that have to be made when translating an auditor’s report between Danish and English. Translating standardised legal texts may in fact be easy, when the translator has taken the necessary time to make sure s/he is making the right choices.

internal-pdf://1374343969/Źrałka-2007-Teaching specialised translation t.pdf

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2008. "Judicial systems in contact: Access to justice and the right to interpreting/translating services among the Quichua of Ecuador." Interpreting 10 (1): 9-33.

Abstract: The Quichua of Ecuador, along with other indigenous peoples of Latin America, have been struggling to attain the right to use their ancestral language and their traditional ways of administering justice in an effort to gain greater autonomy in a variety of sociopolitical spheres of life. Based on interviews with 93 Ecuador- ians — judges, magistrates, lawyers, justices of the peace, interpreters, transla- tors, and local and national political leaders — the study finds an ideological splintering of views on this subject. Among the disparate Quichua communities and among State justice providers (largely comprising the hegemonic mestizo/ blanco sector of society) there is a lack of agreement on how justice is to be car- ried out and what role the Quichua language should play in it. Despite the het- erogeneity of views, however, there is tacit agreement on one de facto language policy, namely, the use of untrained, ad hoc interpreters in judicial settings.

internal-pdf://3439037713/Berk-Seligson-2008-Judicial systems in contact.pdf

Driesen, Christiane J. 2008. "Die Nürnberger Prozesse. Zur Bedeutung der Dolmetscher für die Prozesse und der Prozesse für die Dolmetscher. Simultandolmetschen in Erstbewährung: Der Nürnberger Prozess 1945. Mit einer orientierenden Einführung von Klaus Kastner und einer kommentierten fotografischen Dokumentation von Theodoros Radisoglou sowie mit einer dolmetschwissenschaftlichen Analyse von Katrin Rumprecht." Interpreting 10 (1): 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.10dri.

Abstract: Review of Martina Behr and Maike Corpataux. Die Nürnberger Prozesse — Zur Bedeutung der Dolmetscher für die Prozesse und der Prozesse für die Dolmetscher. München: Martin Meidenbauer, 2006. 93 pp. ISBN 3-89975-078-0 [InterPartes, 2] and Hartwig Kalverkämper and Larisa Schippel (Eds.). Simultandolmetschen in Erstbewährung: Der Nürnberger Prozess 1945. Mit einer orientierenden Einführung von Klaus Kastner und einer kommentierten fotografischen Dokumentation von Theodoros Radisoglou sowie mit einer dolmetschwissenschaftlichen Analyse von Katrin Rumprecht. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2008. 336 pp. ISBN 978-3-86596-161-7 [TransÜD, 17].

internal-pdf://1960709809/Driesen-2008-Die Nürnberger Prozesse. Zur Bede.pdf

Jacobsen, Bente. 2008. "Interactional Pragmatics and Court Interpreting: An Analysis of Face." Interpreting 10 (1): 128-158.

Abstract: This article reports on an investigation of face in a triadic speech event, a pros- ecutor’s interpreter-mediated questioning of a defendant in a criminal trial at

a Danish district court. The power differential of this particular speech event makes it inherently threatening for the less powerful individual, the defendant, who by consenting to make a statement potentially puts his face at risk in mul- tiple ways. Moreover, his face-protecting strategies may result in the prosecutor’s face being threatened. Simultaneously, while attending to the face-work of the primary participants, the interpreter has her own face to attend to as a profes- sional. Consequently, the aim of the investigation was to explore face-work in the speech event and the interpreter’s strategies for translating and coordinating face-work. The analysis revealed that the interpreter frequently modified face- threatening and face-protecting utterances in an attempt to protect her own face and/or the face of one of the primary participants.

internal-pdf://4206140814/Jacobsen-2008-Interactional Pragmatics and Cou.pdf

Mikkelson, Holly. 2008. "The Critical Link 4: Professionalisation of interpreting in the community. Selected papers from the 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings, Stockholm, Sweden, 20–23 May 2004." Interpreting 10 (1): 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.12mik.

Abstract: Review of Cecilia Wadensjö, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova and Anna-Lena Nilsson (Eds.). The Critical Link 4: Professionalisation of interpreting in the community. Selected papers from the 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings, Stockholm, Sweden, 20–23 May 2004. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2007. x + 314 pp. ISBN 978 90 272 1678 6.

internal-pdf://3520709931/Mikkelson-2008-The Critical Link 4_ Profession.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2008. "Missing stitches. An overview of judicial attitudes to interlingual interpreting in the criminal justice systems of Canada and Israel." Interpreting 10 (1): 34-64. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.04mor.

Abstract: Along a continuum of interlingual interpreting which begins with police investigations and may end in a supreme court, consistent quality must be assured in order to comply with the standards of justice to which enlightened countries aspire and lay claim. With the advent of the global village, the quantity of cases requiring language mediation has exploded exponentially. The issues involved are not new, and simply put involve arranging for the provision of competent interpreters throughout the criminal justice system. However, the actual provision of quality interlingual interpreting in a criminal justice system is not a straightforward enterprise. The mere existence of legislation requiring the provision of interpreters in courts is not the key element. Nor are insightful comments made by appellate judges in cases brought because of an absence of satisfactory language arrangements. The article shows the problematic nature of interpreting arrangements in the criminal justice system for which the govern- ment and its players — even judges — assume no responsibility. The resultant “missing stitches” are likely to deprive those who do not speak the language of the proceedings of their fundamental rights.

internal-pdf://3264626209/Morris-2008-Missing stitches. An overview of j.pdf

Paulsen Christensen, Tina. 2008. "Judges' deviations from norm-based direct speech in court." Interpreting 10 (1): 99-127. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.07chr.

Abstract: This article presents a small-scale empirical study of legal discourse which focus- es on the use of direct and indirect speech in Danish interpreter-mediated court proceedings. The study analyses the practices of three Danish judges in three different interpreted proceedings. The primary objective of the paper is to study the potential correlation between the use of direct and indirect speech styles and certain stages of court proceedings. These stages are defined and classified in terms of explicit prescriptive legal norms ascribable to the participants in Danish court proceedings, acting in accordance with a predefined style of interaction (direct speech). In addition, the study investigates whether what the judges say about their speech style corresponds with their actual language use in court. The techniques combined in the study are survey research, participant observation and descriptive analysis based on transcriptions of authentic data from three audio-recorded criminal cases conducted by district courts in Denmark.

internal-pdf://0352118570/Paulsen Christe-2008-Judges' deviations from n.pdf

Shlesinger, Miriam, and Franz Pöchhacker. 2008. "Doing justice to court interpreting." Interpreting 10 (1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.01shl.

Abstract: It was less than three years ago that we, the editors, chose to devote a complete issue of Interpreting (7:2, 2005) to a single overriding theme — healthcare inter- preting. The present issue is another such endeavor, and the theme presented itself of its own accord, so to speak: Each of the six authors represented here had a contribution to make to the rapidly growing scholarly investigation of court inter- preting, and when all six papers landed on our virtual desks in rapid succession, it became apparent that a thematic issue was called for. But while the papers in the previous case had revolved around a particular paradigm — discourse and inter- action — the ones appearing in this Special Issue run the gamut of topics, settings and paradigms, as will be explained below.

internal-pdf://0719885230/Shlesinger-2008-Doing justice to court interpr.pdf

Takeda, Kayoko. 2008. "Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal." Interpreting 10 (1): 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.05tak.

Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the interpreting arrangements at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (1946-1948), focusing on some sociopolitical aspects of the interpreting phenomena, and discusses the behavior of the interpreters and monitors during the testimony of Hideki Tojo, Japan's wartime Prime Minister. It provides a contextualized examination of court interpreting rather than a microlinguistic analysis of interpreted texts. The study demonstrates how political and social aspects of the trial and wartime world affairs affected the interpreting arrangements, especially the hierarchical set-up in which three ethnically and socially different groups of 'linguists' (language specialists) performed three different functions in the interpreting process. An examination of the linguists' behavior during Tojo's testimony points to a link between their relative positions in the power constellation of the trial and their choices, strategies and behavior in interpreting and monitoring. These findings reinforce the view that interpreting is a social practice conditioned by the social, political and cultural contexts of the setting in which interpreters operate.

internal-pdf://1395235093/Takeda-2008-Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crim.pdf

Wadensjö, Cecilia. 2008. "Taking stock: Research and methodology in community interpreting." Interpreting 10 (1): 164-168. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.11wad.

Abstract: Review of Erik Hertog and Bart van der Veer (Eds.). Taking stock: Research and methodology in community interpreting (Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series, 5/2006). Antwerp: Hoger Instituut voor Vertalers & Tolken, Hogeschool Antwerpen, 2006. 377 pp. ISBN 978 90 775 5405 0.

internal-pdf://1504569873/Wadensjö-2008-Taking stock_ Research and metho.pdf

Beauchard, Jean. 2008. "Hommage à Gérard Cornu." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 319-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9084-2.

Abstract: A tout seigneur, tout honneur! C’est une riche ide ́e que les promoteurs de ce nume ́ro spe ́ cial de la Revue internationale de se ́miotique juridique, consacre ́ a` la linguistique juridique, ont eu de le de ́dier a` Ge ́rard Cornu, trop toˆt disparu le 11 mai 2007. Celui que la plupart de ses e ́le`ves et disciples appellent encore le Doyen Ge ́rard Cornu. Nul plus que lui en effet ne me ́ritait cet hommage. Et c’est un grand honneur qui m’e ́choit d’avoir a` e ́crire ces quelques lignes a` la me ́moire de celui qui fut aussi mon maˆıtre. Auteur du premier manuel de linguistique juridique, il fut ve ́ritablement l’un des pionniers de la matie`re.

internal-pdf://3780105356/Beauchard-2008-Hommage à Gérard Cornu.pdf

Cacciaguidi-Fahy, Sophie. 2008. "Quelques réflexions sur la linguistique juridique ou la jurilinguistique." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9083-3.

Abstract: L’e ́dition spe ́ciale que le lecteur tient entre ses mains est la toute pre- mie`re e ́dition de la Revue Internationale de Se ́miotique Juridique en langue franc ̧aise. Elle lui propose un e ́ventail d’analyses repre ́sentatives des diffe ́rentes conceptions de la linguistique juridique ou jurilinguistique comme la de ́nomme nos colle`gues canadiens. Elle est de ́die ́e au Doyen Cornu, qui fut, comme l’indique le Professeur Beauchard dans son hommage, une des personnalite ́s juridiques les plus reconnues en France pour ses travaux dans le domaine de la langue et du droit. Les articles se ́lectionne ́s de ́gagent l’essentiel de la linguistique juridique: ils soulignent certains aspects de recherches de ́ja` avance ́es (Ge ́mar, Goltzeberg) et d’autres de ́bats encore peu explore ́s (Mattila, Lenoble-Pinson), permettant ainsi au lecteur de situer les enjeux actuels de la linguistique juridique tout en lui re ́ve ́lant les perspectives a` venir.

internal-pdf://4059243203/Cacciaguidi-Fah-2008-Quelques réflexions sur l.pdf

Gémar, Jean-Claude. 2008. "Forme et sens du message juridique en traduction." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9085-1.

internal-pdf://2907797379/Gémar-2008-Forme et sens du message juridique.pdf

Goltzberg, Stefan. 2008. "Esquisse de typologie de l’argumentation juridique." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9088-y.

Abstract: Le but de cet article est de jeter quelques lumie`res sur le fonctionnement de la polyphonie dans le discours et l’argumentation juridiques, en insistant sur l’importance des notions-cle ́s d’(in)de ́faisabilite ́, de pre ́somption, de polyphonie, d’e ́ chelle argumentative. Les premiers line ́ aments d’une the ́ orie ge ́ ne ́ rale de l’argumentation juridique sont ici expose ́s (1). La the ́orie en question se veut topique (raisonnements de ́faisables) et logique (raisonnements inde ́faisables). Face aux the ́ories unidimensionnelles (re ́ductionnisme logique ou re ́ductionnisme topi- que) une the ́orie bidimensionnelle est souhaitable, qui inclue a` la fois le traitement des raisonnements de ́faisables et inde ́faisables. Afin de de ́velopper cette esquisse de the ́orie de l’argumentation juridique, plusieurs notions sont de ́finies (2): la de ́fai- sabilite ́ (2.1), la pre ́somption (2.2), la polyphonie (2.3), les e ́chelles argumentatives (2.4). Enfin, un tableau ge ́ne ́ral de quelques marqueurs argumentatifs re ́sume les diffe ́rents roˆles que peuvent jouer les arguments dans la polyphonie du droit (3).

internal-pdf://0084353873/Goltzberg-2008-Esquisse de typologie de l’argu.pdf

Lenoble-Pinson, Michèle. 2008. "Féminiser les noms de profession dans la langue judiciaire." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9086-0.

Abstract: L’e ́volution de la socie ́te ́ se traduit dans le langage. Au Moyen Aˆge, notairesse, tutorresse et de ́fenderesse rendaient visibles, dans les textes, l’e ́pouse et la femme agissant dans la socie ́te ́. A` notre e ́poque s’emploient des noms, tels infirmie`re, institutrice et vendeuse, qui ne sont pas neufs. Simultane ́ment, comme la femme acce`de a` des professions re ́serve ́es aux hommes, s’installent des appellations fe ́minines nouvelles telles que (la) juge, (la) pe ́naliste, pre ́sidente, consœur, avo- cate, magistrate, huissie`re, enqueˆtrice. Au Que ́bec, en Suisse, en Belgique et en France, des textes officiels recommandent la fe ́minisation. Celle-ci suscite les passions parce qu’elle touche aux traditions, au savoir-vivre, aux pre ́juge ́s, au souci d’e ́galite ́ et surtout a` l’identite ́ de la personne. Meˆme si des raisons culturelles et sociales freinent l’e ́volution des mentalite ́s, la progression de la fe ́minisation dans l’usage constitue un fait linguistique remarquable.

internal-pdf://2282980908/Lenoble-Pinson-2008-Féminiser les noms de prof.pdf

Mattila, Heikki E. S. 2008. "Les abréviations juridiques: méthode de recherche jurilinguistique." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9087-z.

Abstract: Afin de mettre en exergue la spe ́cificite ́ de la jurilinguistique, le pre ́sent article examine une des particularite ́s du langage du droit, l’utilisation des abre ́- viations dans les textes juridiques, sur laquelle il est, je pense, essentiel de faire des recherches comparatives. Dans ce contexte, ma taˆche est d’expliciter la ne ́cessite ́ d’une e ́tude comparative en jurilinguistique en prenant pour appui des travaux que notre groupe de recherche a re ́alise ́s sur les abre ́viations juridiques finlandaises. (Ce groupe de recherche comprenait Anne Jussila, licencie ́e e`s-lettres, Outi Kaltio, licencie ́e e`s-lettres, et l’auteur de ces pages.)

internal-pdf://1129566004/Mattila-2008-Les abréviations juridiques_ méth.pdf

Wagner, Anne. 2008. "Les fondements de la construction du savoir du jurilinguiste." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 21 (4): 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-008-9089-x.

Abstract: Review of Ge ́rard Cornu, Linguistique juridique, 3e e ́dition. Montchrestien, Domat: Paris, 2005, 443 pp, ISBN 2-7076-1425-4, 34 Euros

internal-pdf://1827336306/Wagner-2008-Les fondements de la construction.pdf

Chapdelaine-Feliciati, Clara. 2010. "Les droits de l’homme de la femme: polysémie ou androcentrisme?" International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 451-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9166-9.

Abstract: Cet article porte sur le de ́bat terminologique souleve ́ par la de ́nomination franc ̧aise droits de l’homme employe ́e dans la majorite ́ des pays de la francophonie, notamment en France, ainsi que dans la version franc ̧aise des documents onusiens. Son objet est de de ́construire cette de ́nomination traditionnelle en re ́pondant aux arguments invoque ́s par la Commission nationale consultative franc ̧aise en 1998. Dans un premier temps, notre article e ́tudie l’argument historique fonde ́ sur l’he ́ritage des Lumie`res pre ́sent dans la De ́claration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1789. Dans un deuxie`me temps, il se penche sur l’argument linguistique et proce`de a` un examen de la langue et de la grammaire franc ̧aises. Dans un troisie`me temps, notre article analyse les conse ́quences concre`tes de cette de ́signation dans la mise en œuvre des droits de l’homme de la femme a` l’e ́chelle internationale. Enfin, notre article propose d’abandonner la de ́nomination tradi- tionnelle au profit des expressions ‘‘droits humains’’ ou ‘‘droits de la personne’’, a` l’instar des autres langues officielles des Nations Unies afin de consacrer sur les plans conceptuel, normatif et juridique les droits universels de l’homme et de la femme en langue franc ̧aise.

internal-pdf://2740693074/Chapdelaine-Fel-2010-Les droits de l’homme de.pdf

Charnock, Ross. 2010. "The Linguistics of Misrepresentation: Intentions and Truth Values." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 427-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9165-x.

Abstract: During contractual negotiations, one party may lead the other into error, thus causing loss or damage. If misrepresentation is shown, the aggrieved party may therefore claim for damages or rescission. In the English law, it was for many years unclear whether a finding of misrepresentation required proof of deliberate, intentional fraud, or whether it could be analysed as a simple failure of consensus, in which case it would be sufficient to show negligence. According to the traditional rule, the mis- leading declaration had to be factually false, and concern an existing state of affairs or a verifiable past event. However, expressions of personal opinion or of future intention can mislead, although they cannot sensibly be considered as true or false. Further, in practice, many literally true sentences are liable to give false impressions. Such statements may be ambiguous or only partly true. Like linguists and ethical philoso- phers, the judges are confronted with recursive problems of understanding and re-interpretation. Citations from a number of celebrated English cases are given to show that in spite of significant developments, no legal rules or principles can satis- factorily account for intuitions concerning intentional behaviour and morality.

internal-pdf://3075096534/Charnock-2010-The Linguistics of Misrepresenta.pdf

Corcos, Christine A. 2010. "Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel: Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 505-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9169-6.

Abstract: Review of Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel: Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. New York University Press, New York, 2009, 252 pp., ISBN 978-0814727584

internal-pdf://2646261488/Corcos-2010-Neal Feigenson and Christina Spies.pdf

Engberg, Jan, and Kirsten Wølch Rasmussen. 2010. "Cognition, Meaning Making, and Legal Communication." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 23 (4): 367-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9161-1.

Abstract: Many treatises on law, language and semiotics start out by stating correctly that law and language are deeply intertwined. The basic reason for the correctness of this statement is the fact that law as (fundamentally a system of) meaning is only accessible through (linguistic) signs and thus dependent on the process of interpreting the signs. One of the interesting things about the assertion of the entanglement of language and law, however, is that it may be held by scholars propagating logically oriented context-free approaches to legal argumentation (and thus to the relation between language and law) as well as by scholars propagating post-modern, constructivist and deconstructionist approaches. So stating the intertwined relation between language and law obviously does not say anything substantial about the conceptualisation by the utterer concerning this relation, as it is possible to subsume fairly different things under the concept of language. Therefore, in order to make sense of the statement that law and language are deeply intertwined it is important to assess what status language as a concept has for the holder of the argument in order to know, what the statement actually means.

internal-pdf://0719885025/Engberg-2010-Cognition, Meaning Making, and Le.pdf

Kurzon, Dennis. 2010. "Anne Wagner and Vijay K. Bhatia (eds): Diversity and Tolerance in Socio-Legal Contexts: Explorations in the Semiotics of Law." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 525-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9196-3.

Abstract: Review of Anne Wagner and Vijay K. Bhatia (eds): Diversity and Tolerance in Socio-Legal Contexts: Explorations in the Semiotics of Law. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, 2008, 250 pp + xviii

internal-pdf://4103781170/Kurzon-2010-Anne Wagner and Vijay K. Bhatia (e.pdf

Leone, Massimo. 2010. "Paul Cobley (ed.): The Routledge Companion to Semiotics." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 519-523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9197-2.

Abstract: Review of Paul Cobley (ed.): The Routledge Companion to Semiotics. Routledge, New York/London, 2010, 352 pp. ISBN: 978-0-415-24314-8

internal-pdf://1918502641/Leone-2010-Paul Cobley (ed.)_ The Routledge Co.pdf

Markovits, Francine. 2010. "Alain Cambier: Montesquieu et la liberté." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9168-7.

Abstract: Review of Alain Cambier: Montesquieu et la liberté. Hermann, 2010; ISBN/EAN: 9782705668686

internal-pdf://1264095042/Markovits-2010-Alain Cambier_ Montesquieu et l.pdf

Mazzi, Davide. 2010. "“This Argument Fails for Two Reasons…”: A Linguistic Analysis of Judicial Evaluation Strategies in US Supreme Court Judgments." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9162-0.

Abstract: The centrality of argumentation in the judicial process is an age-old acquisition of research on legal discourse. Notwithstanding the deep insights pro- vided by legal theoretical and philosophical works, only recently has judicial argumentation been tackled in its linguistic dimension. This paper aims to con- tribute to the development of linguistic studies of judicial argumentation, by shedding light on evaluation as a prominent aspect in the construction of the judge’s argumentative position. Evaluation as a deep structure of judicial argumentation is studied from a discursive point of view entailing the analysis of a sample of authentic judicial language. Evaluative lexis is investigated within a single genre of judicial discourse, i.e. judgments, instantiated by a corpus of US Supreme Court judgments. Findings show that judges use diversified strategies to take stance as they organise their argumentative discourse: from easily recognisable verbal and adjectival tools to more finely-grained discourse elements such as the encapsulating pattern ‘this/these/that/those ? labelling noun’.

internal-pdf://2970374308/Mazzi-2010-“This Argument Fails for Two Reason.pdf

Morra, Lucia. 2010. "New Models for Language Understanding and the Cognitive Approach to Legal Metaphors." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9163-z.

Abstract: The essay deals with the mechanism of interpretation for legal meta- phorical expressions. Firstly, it points out the perspective the cognitive approach induced about legal metaphors; then it suggests that this perspective gains in plausibility when a new bilateral model of language understanding is endorsed. A possible sketch of the meaning-making procedure for legal metaphors, compatible with this new model, is then proposed, and illustrated with some examples built on concepts belonging to the Italian Civil Code. The insights the bilateral model of understanding provides are compared with the practice followed by legal commu- nities for dealing with the metaphorical expressions they coin and use.

internal-pdf://2807744390/Morra-2010-New Models for Language Understandi.pdf

Ni, Shifeng, Le Cheng, and King Kui Sin. 2010. "Who are Chinese Citizens? A Legislative Language Inquiry." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 475-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9167-8.

Abstract: By exploring the meaning construction of Chinese citizenship stipulated in Chinese legislation and its interaction with social identities and human nature in the Chinese society, the present study investigates the nature and evolution of the conception of Chinese citizens through three selected cases from Chinese legisla- tions, which illuminate that Chinese citizens are essentially persons with independent personalities defined by the rights and obligations stipulated in legis- lation. This conception is further strengthened by the entitlement to private properties and equality before law. This conception of Chinese citizenship is con- crete and meaningful in the sense that it is underpinned with reference to social identities as person, people and personality in Chinese legislations. The reference of the conception to human being constitutes the essence of Chinese legislation. The meaning construction of Chinese citizenship is indeed a dynamic process engi- neered in the social and cultural process. The findings on the evolution of the construction of Chinese citizenship in Chinese legislation suggest that the formation of legal identity through legislation varies greatly in different countries. Never- theless, the realization of the conception of citizenship will necessarily be backed up by social identities as person, people and personality, which will be further strengthened and expanded by the legitimating of private properties and equality before law. Citizenship is achieved by social participants through mediation engineered within the social and cultural process.

internal-pdf://1572276950/Ni-2010-Who are Chinese Citizens_ A Legislativ.pdf

Ravitch, Frank S. 2010. "Arie-Jan Kwak (ed): Holy Writ: Interpreting Law and Religion." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 515-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9198-1.

Abstract: Review of Arie-Jan Kwak (ed): Holy Writ: Interpreting Law and Religion. Ashgate Publishing, Surrey, UK, 2009, 204 pp, ISBN 9780754678960

internal-pdf://1947346604/Ravitch-2010-Arie-Jan Kwak (ed)_ Holy Writ_ In.pdf

Robertson, Colin D. 2010. "Vijay K. Bhatia, Christopher N. Candlin and Paola Evangelisti Allori (eds.): Language, Culture and the Law: The Formulation of Legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures, Volume 64, Linguistic Insights." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 509-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9170-0.

Abstract: Review of Vijay K. Bhatia, Christopher N. Candlin and Paola Evangelisti Allori (eds.): Language, Culture and the Law: The Formulation of Legal Concepts across Systems and Cultures, Volume 64, Linguistic Insights

internal-pdf://4123444008/Robertson-2010-Vijay K. Bhatia, Christopher N.pdf

ten Hacken, Pius. 2010. "Creating Legal Terms: A Linguistic Perspective." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 23 (4): 407-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-010-9164-y.

Abstract: Legal terms have a special status at the interface between language and law. Adopting the general framework developed by Jackendoff and the concepts competence and performance as developed by Chomsky, it is shown that legal terms cannot be fully accounted for unless we set up a category of abstract objects. This idea corresponds largely to the classical view of terminology, which has been confronted with some challenges recently. It is shown that for legal terms, argu- ments against abstract objects are not pertinent. As abstract objects are not natural, it is important to consider their creation. Two types of creation are distinguished and illustrated, one for new concepts and one for terms corresponding to existing general language concepts. In the latter case, it is important for the abstract object to remain close enough to the intuitive prototype. At the same time, legal terms as abstract objects are shown to have a natural place in relation to legal theory.

internal-pdf://1889947161/ten Hacken-2010-Creating Legal Terms_ A Lingui.pdf

Ahu, Tai, Rachael Hoare, and Māmari Stephens. 2011. "Utu: Finding a Balance for the Legal Māori Dictionary." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 201-220.

Abstract: This article describes the authors' experience of attempting to confine the word utu to a list of distinct, Western legal glosses. The article highlights the complexity involved in drafting a comprehensive legal dictionary entry for utu that achieves an appropriate balance between the traditional customary meanings and Western legal meanings.

internal-pdf://2525825840/Ahu-2011-Utu_ Finding a Balance for the Legal.pdf

André, Sylvie. 2011. "Droit et Semiotique: La Cohérence Narrative." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2).

Abstract: In this article, Professor André considers the nature of legal rules, their methods of creation and their interpretation and application. The role of modern narrative theory in answering these perennial questions is explored and two conclusions are reached: first, the classic explanations of legitimacy that underpin reasoning in the social sciences are increasingly losing ground; and, secondly, contemporary literary accounts based on the reasons for this loss of ground provide a strong challenge to narratives of coherence that are closely linked to Western culture. The existing model of knowledge does not correspond to the reality of contemporary society; the rules and principles that even today are still regarded as universal are seen by a large fraction of the human race as relative and cultural. Insights from narrative theory show that the perennial law questions must now be revisited with a new perspective.

internal-pdf://1280982761/André-2011-Droit et Semiotique_ La Cohérence N.pdf

Angelo, Tony, Janet Holmes, and Māmari Stephens. 2011. "Law and Language." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 181-182.

Abstract: This publication had its origins in an initiative by Professor Tony Angelo, Professor Janet Holmes and Māmari Stephens to develop interdisciplinary studies involving law and language in their broadest senses. How that initiative was to be advanced was a key point in early discussions of the idea. Happily, those discussions took place just before the setting of the theme for the 2011 collaborative publication of the Victoria University of Wellington Law Review and the Revue Juridique Polynésienne. The law and language theme was suggested to the respective editorial boards and accepted by both.

internal-pdf://0148420691/Angelo-2011-Law and Language.pdf

Atkin, Bill R. 2011. "Language and Anglican Canon Law – Dabbling Briefly into Another Legal World." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 387-398.

Abstract: Canon law is a body of rules that govern churches. It has a venerable history and has at times marched in step with the common law. It has a specialised vocabulary – even the word canon – much of which is derived from Greek. It also has sophisticated legislative systems, which vary from denomination to denomination and from place to place. In the case of the Anglican Church of New Zealand, the system is in part based on the Westminster model but has been modified when thought appropriate, with the result that the language used is partly familiar to the average lawyer but partly not. The exact legal nature of canon law is uncertain and may depend in part on whether the church is the established religion or not. In New Zealand where there is no establishment, a comparison could be made, inter alia, with customary law.

internal-pdf://1539847447/Atkin-2011-Language and Anglican Canon Law – D.pdf

Bauer, Winnifred. 2011. "The Wanganui/Whanganui Debate: A Linguist's View of Correctness." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2).

Abstract: A decision was taken in 2009 by the Minister of Land Information that the official spelling of the city formerly spelled Wanganui should henceforth be Whanganui, although a period of grace was given for the change-over. Nonetheless, there is still a good deal of opposition to the change from residents, particularly expressed on many occasions by the outspoken mayor at the time, Michael Laws. This article was originally delivered as a seminar during Māori Language Week 2009, before the decision was taken. It seeks to explore the complex issues that underlie such a decision, and thus to shed light on why the issue is still so controversial. With the success of the case against Wanganui, it is clear that this will not be the last instance where a Māori community seeks legal overthrow of the spelling of a name: already the case of Rimutaka versus Remutaka is being debated.

internal-pdf://1013825600/Bauer-2011-The Wanganui_Whanganui Debate_ A Li.pdf

Boast, Richard P. 2011. "Bringing the New Philology to Pacific Legal History." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2).

Abstract: This article is a study of the main features of the so-called new philology, a school of historians based mainly in the United States who have pioneered a novel approach to the history of indigenous societies under colonial rule by focusing on day-to-day "mundane" texts, typically legal documents or documents preserved in legal records, written in indigenous languages. It is suggested that New Zealand provides a unique opportunity to experiment with the approaches of the new philology outside Latin America as it meets the basic requirement of having preserved a significant amount of written documentation recorded in an indigenous language. What such a study might reveal is unclear, but the overall conclusion is that it should certainly be attempted. One weakness of the new philology, however, is that while it is based strongly on legal documents, it does not engage with law or with legal processes as such.

internal-pdf://2569933610/Boast-2011-Bringing the New Philology to Pacif.pdf

Boyce, Mary. 2011. "Mana Aha? Exploring the Use of Mana in the Legal Māori Corpus." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2).

Abstract: The Legal Māori Corpus (LMC) is one of several major outputs of the Legal Māori Project, and provides the core evidence for the compilation of the Legal Māori Dictionary, due to be completed in 2012. To our knowledge it is the largest publicly available corpus of te reo Māori. The LMC is comprised of 8 million words of running text, compiled from printed legal texts in te reo Māori spanning from the 1820s to the current day. The pre-1910 text collection (5.2 million words) from the LMC is now publicly available on the Victoria University of Wellington Law Faculty website. Those remaining texts (1.8 million words printed from 1910 onwards) that are able to be cleared of copyright and confidentiality restrictions will be released in 2012. This paper briefly outlines the context of the Legal Māori Project, describes the compilation and structure of the LMC, and then focuses in detail on the use of the word mana in the corpus. It identifies the common collocations and phrases that contain mana, and looks at their distribution over time.

internal-pdf://0661362456/Boyce-2011-Mana Aha_ Exploring the Use of Mana.pdf

Colón-Ríos, Joel. 2011. "Law, Language and Latin American Constitutions." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 367-386.

Abstract: Latin America has many languages and many constitutions. This article provides a general overview of the ways in which some constitutions of Latin American states relate to the multi-lingual context in which they operate.

internal-pdf://4280202992/Colón-Ríos-2011-Law, Language and Latin Americ.pdf

Debène, Marc. 2011. "Les Langues de Polynésie Française et la Constitution: Liberté, Egalité, Identité." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 307-.

Abstract: The languages in use in French Polynesia alongside French are a matter of cultural and current political concern. For France it is a constitutional issue. Professor Debène provides the background to, and a close analysis of, the issue. Given the daily use of Tahitian languages with French in French Polynesia, one solution to these concerns is to do nothing. Another solution – the one here proposed – is to amend art 74 of the French Constitution to provide specifically for the use in overseas countries of both French and other languages. This would guarantee language freedom and well-organised local language education.

internal-pdf://0619175674/Debène-2011-Les Langues de Polynésie Française.pdf

Gomez, Rodrigo. 2011. "Translating Decolonisation." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 183-186.

internal-pdf://1250016318/Gomez-2011-Translating Decolonisation.pdf

Iorns Magallanes, Catherine. 2011. "The Use of Tangata Whenua and Mana Whenua in New Zealand Legislation: Attempts at Cultural Recognition." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 259-276.

Abstract: This paper discusses the range of uses of the phrases tangata whenua and mana whenua in New Zealand Acts, the issues that have arisen as a consequence, and identifies some suggestions for addressing those issues.

internal-pdf://2800426560/Iorns Magallane-2011-The Use of Tangata Whenua.pdf

Jamieson, John. 2011. "English in the 2010s – Getting up Close and Personal." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 417-.

Abstract: The Slavic and South Pacific languages and legal systems are geographically distant from each other. However this paper argues that similar equivocally progressive or regressive changes operate in each with critical, and often controversial, consequences for lawyers, linguists and all others engaged in communicative enterprise. This article explores those issues and concludes with proposing a six-point model for the successful working of legal transplants.

internal-pdf://0126257219/Jamieson-2011-English in the 2010s – Getting u.pdf

Locker McKee, Rachel. 2011. "Action Pending: Four Years on from the New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 277-298.

Abstract: The granting of official language status to New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) through the New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 (NZSL Act 2006) is unusual in terms of the status of signed languages around the world. Many governments have accorded various forms of recognition to a signed language, but no others appear to have granted it official language status.1 Language policy makes and promotes certain choices about language use at a particular socio-historical moment; such decisions thus have social and political meaning to the minority community and to wider society.2 What motivated the government to recognise NZSL as an official language, and what has been achieved by it? Did cross-party support for this Act signal societal commitment to linguistic diversity and equity? Or did the negligible material implications of the Act ensure its approval by politicians as a compensatory gesture towards a disadvantaged community? This article critically examines the aims, provisions, and impacts of the NZSL Act 2006, and reports data from two recent surveys of stakeholders about priorities for further action to realise the purpose of the Act.

internal-pdf://3265144698/Locker McKee-2011-Action Pending_ Four Years o.pdf

Moyrand, Alain, and Tony Angelo. 2011. "Can the Polynesian Languages be Used in the Proceedings of the Assembly of French Polynesia?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 299-.

Abstract: In 2010 the European Court of Human Rights rejected a petition relating to the right to use a Polynesian language in the Assembly of French Polynesia. This article considers the relationship between the French Constitution and the Organic Law, relating to the status of French Polynesia, and the use of languages other than French in the proceedings of the Assembly of French Polynesia. The consequences of case law for the use of a Polynesian language in the Assembly of French Polynesia are also examined. The article concludes is that there is no right to use a Polynesian language in the French Polynesian Assembly, but that the use of Tahitian and other Polynesian languages is a long established practice of the Assembly and that their use in a number of limited cases does not render the proceedings in which they are used invalid.

internal-pdf://1690815420/Moyrand-2011-Can the Polynesian Languages be U.pdf

Ruiping Ye, Ricarda Kesebohm. 2011. "The China-NZ FTA and Waxing Juridical." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2): 353-.

Abstract: This article considers the translation of legal personality and the use of the word juridical in the China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement.

internal-pdf://3586623815/Ruiping Ye-2011-The China-NZ FTA and Waxing Ju.pdf

Stephens, Māmari. 2011. "Taonga, Rights and Interests: Some Observations on WAI 262 and the Framework of Protections for the Māori Language." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 42 (2).

Abstract: In October 2010 the Waitangi Tribunal released the first chapter of its long-awaited report of the WAI 262 enquiry into indigenous flora and fauna and Māori intellectual property. This chapter focuses on aspects of the claim relating to the Māori language and critiques the development of Māori and Crown generated initiatives to protect and revitalise te reo Māori, including the Māori Language Strategy (Te Rautaki Reo Māori). The Tribunal argues that the Crown must ultimately become Māori speaking. Consideration of this report and the legal protections in place for the Māori language reveals a framework that is incoherent, and largely incapable of achieving the Tribunal's goal, or even of fully protecting what the Tribunal described as "a taonga of quite transcendent importance".

internal-pdf://3098670083/Stephens-2011-Taonga, Rights and Interests_ So.pdf

Berezowski, Leszek. 2011. "Curious Legal Conditionals." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0002-4.

Abstract: The paper examines the use of the modal verb SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals found in legal English. The study traces the history of such usages and compares them to two uses of WILL attested in the same grammatical environment: a temporal use and a nonepistemic modal use. The comparison provides the foundation for examining the use of SHALL in Biblical translations, where this verb has outlived its demise in general English, and both of these sources inform the analysis of SHALL in legal conditionals. Specifically, it is claimed that SHALL is not inherently deontic in legal English but is used as an explicit marker of the authority vested in the author or authors of spoken and written texts. This approach explains why authority conscious drafters can use SHALL in the if clauses of conditionals and in temporal clauses whenever they want to and why the proponents of the plain language movement advocate simply deleting SHALL from legal writing and not replacing it with more popular modals expressing deontic meanings, e.g. HAVE TO, MUST, etc. It is claimed that no such replacements are recommended because there is no deontic meaning to replace and the authority designated by SHALL can be inferred from the context.

internal-pdf://0831083598/Berezowski-2011-Curious Legal Conditionals.pdf

Chiocchetti, Elena, and Natascia Ralli. 2011. "Legal Terminology and Lesser Used Languages: The Case of Mòcheno." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0003-3.

Abstract: The article aims at outlining the specific problems connected with the elaboration of legal and administrative terminology in a lesser used language and illustrating the methods and tools proposed considering the knowledge and competences to be conveyed. Since 2003 the Institute for Specialised Communication and Multilingualism of the European Academy of Bolzano (EURAC) offers education courses in legal terminology work, coupled with introductions in related/complementary disciplines, e.g. documentation, specialised translation and technical writing. Next to professional trainings, the Institute held also ad-hoc courses, such as a two-day course organised in 2008 for the Mòcheni, a Germanic minority living in the Italian Province of Trento. Since the passing of provincial law no. 6/2008, which foresees specific measures for the protection and promotion of local language minorities, the Mòcheno-speaking community has the right to use their language in all situations of social, economic and administrative life in both oral and written communications. Notwithstanding the recent compilation of a standard grammar, the Mòcheno language is not yet developed for the use in technical and specialised contexts. Indeed, the most urgent needs seem to exist in the translation of administrative terminology.

internal-pdf://2104001379/Chiocchetti-2011-Legal Terminology and Lesser.pdf

Chromá, Marta. 2011. "Synonymy and Polysemy in Legal Terminology and Their Applications to Bilingual and Bijural Translation." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0004-2.

Abstract: The paper focuses on synonymy and polysemy in the language of law in English-speaking countries. The introductory part briefly outlines the process of legal translation and tackle the specificity of bijural translation. Then, traditional understanding of what a term is and its application to legal terminology is considered; three different levels of vocabulary used in legal texts are outlined and their relevance to bijural translation explained. Next, synonyms in the language of law are considered with respect to their intension and distribution, and examples are given to show that most expressions or phrases which are interchangeable synonyms in the general language should be treated carefully in legal translation. Finally, polysemes in legal terminology are discussed and examples given to illustrate problems potentially encountered by translators.

internal-pdf://1402586628/Chromá-2011-Synonymy and Polysemy in Legal Ter.pdf

Denti, Olga, and Michela Giordano. 2011. "Actors and Actions in Prenups and Capitulaciones Matrimoniales: A Cross-Cultural Study." Research in Language 9 (1): 147-163. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0005-1.

Abstract: The investigation of a corpus of American prenuptial agreements and Spanish capitulaciones matrimoniales shows how the popularity of premarital contracts is spreading everywhere. The American and the Spanish documents, juridically diverse in many aspects, embedded in two different legal systems, belong to the genre of contracts and are classified as a type of negotiation/mediation. The lexical and semantic analysis focuses on the specialized terminology used to refer to the human actors and their actions within the documents. The aim is to discover whether and how legal, intercultural and sociological divergences emerge from the textual context. Participants play several roles in the various semantic-pragmatic units constituting the contract, being in turn considered as contracting parties, married couple, notary public, parents, esposos, padres, and otorgantes. Their actions are highlighted by a punctual and proper use of verbal constructions and speech acts, such as asserting, signing, stipulating, agreeing. The study demonstrates how actors and actions do not stand autonomously and separately: they perform and fulfil a specific pragmatic function in a precise legal and cultural context.

internal-pdf://0606765135/Denti-2011-Actors and Actions in Prenups and C.pdf

Genew-Puhalewa, Iliana. 2011. "European Union Terminology Unification - Directions for the Contrastive Study of Two Slavic and Two Non-Slavic Languages (Bulgarian, Polish, Modern Greek and English)." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0006-0.

Abstract: This study attempts to characterize terminology unification in the European Union legislation, regarding both content and form. It analyzes terms related to the thematic field of environmental law in four official EU languages: two Slavic (Bulgarian and Polish) and two non-Slavic (Modern Greek and English). Different types of relations between the languages under comparison suggest possible directions for further comparative study. The comparison aims to identify differences and similarities in the componential structure, formal-grammatical structure, word formation structure, form variantivity, origin and formal status. The study may also testify to the presence of linguistic convergence processes in the multilingual European Union.

internal-pdf://3720661088/Genew-Puhalewa-2011-European Union Terminology.pdf

Goźdź-Roszkowski, Stanisław, and Iwona Witczak-Plisiecka. 2011. "Editorial to Special Issue on Legal Terminology." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0015-z.

Abstract: Although terminology understood as a discipline concerned with the study of specialised vocabulary, i.e. terms, is by no means new, it is only relatively recently that it has begun to emerge as a fully-fledged scientific endeavour complete with its principles, bases and methodologies. As an inter- and trans-disciplinary field of knowledge, terminology is characterised by a plurality of approaches to its theoretical foundations and practical applications. Despite the diversity of terminological theories and approaches, there seem to exist certain theoretical and methodological aspects shared by most, if not all of them, such as recognition of the concept, the nature of the term and its functions in texts; non- verbal representational forms, knowledge ordering and modelling, terminology and cognition, lexical pragmatics, and corpus-based terminology (see Laurén and Picht 2006 for a recent comparative presentation of various approaches based on a regional criterion). At the same time, we are witnessing a gradual but steady shift from the principles of the Vienna school towards socio-cognitive and corpus-based descriptions of terminology (see Temmerman 2000, Pearson 1998).

internal-pdf://0930353825/Goźdź-Roszkowsk-2011-Editorial to Special Issu.pdf

Husinec, Snježana. 2011. "The Importance of Content Knowledge for Successful Legal Language Acquisition." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0007-z.

Abstract: One of the most difficult tasks in the instruction of legal language is teaching highly specific legal terminology. Although some legal terms are widely used in ordinary language, there are some words and phrases which seem familiar, but have an unexpected meaning for a layperson. Additionally, there is a number of terms with specific legal meanings which presuppose some knowledge of legal content to be fully understood. On the other hand, since legal language is shaped by the legal system in which it is used, legal terms reflect particular legal systems and differences between them and are therefore inseparable from the law. This paper examines what implications this interconnection between language and law has on the process of legal language instruction and acquisition. How important is the knowledge of legal content for successful acquisition of legal terminology? What is the best approach to teaching such content-dependant language and what amount of background information needs to be taught? To answer these questions, the author analyses the results of a survey conducted among the law students attending legal language courses at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb and combines it with theoretical research and her teaching experience.

internal-pdf://0486006071/Husinec-2011-The Importance of Content Knowled.pdf

Jopek-Bosiacka, Anna. 2011. "Defining Law Terms: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0008-y.

Abstract: Legal definitions are vital for effective legal communication. This paper outlines main conventions of formulating definitions in statutes and contracts. Legal definitions are analyzed here from cross-cultural perspective against (legislative) drafting guidelines and theory of law. Their formulation may depend, inter alia, on legal system, branch of law, legal genre, position within the document, and type of legal definition. An attempt is then made to examine how formal aspects of formulating legal definitions may affect the interpretation and thus translation of law terms. This interdisciplinary cross-cultural examination provides a theoretical basis for sketching main approaches to English-Polish (Polish-English) translation of the definition section in ratified international instruments published in Polish Journal of Laws. The translation practice trends towards legal definitions seem to be more and more informed by the globalization and 'Europeanisation' processes now constituting a still broader context of legal communication rather than confined to the text of a legal instrument itself.

internal-pdf://1385952847/Jopek-Bosiacka-2011-Defining Law Terms_ A Cros.pdf

Kościałkowska-Okońska, Ewa. 2011. "EU Terminology in Interpreter Training: Selected Problem Areas Connected With EU-Related Texts." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0009-x.

Abstract: The presentation refers to the entire area of translating legal terminology, in particular to the translation of EU law-related texts that are especially vital for translating the acquis communautaire. This area of translation (and interpreting) services has been developing rapidly. The language used in documents is specialist and, at the same time, specific, due to the terminology used. Both the translator and the interpreter face the responsibility and the obligation to observe and apply translation strategies, consistently selected and considering the already existing and valid names, terms, concepts, definitions etc., by means of such available sources of information as dictionaries, encyclopedias, lexicons or special glossaries. Problems that translators and interpreters may encounter focus, to a large extent, on (un)translatability of certain terms, ambiguity of EU-speak or textual coherence, or the absence of it, which results from unclear, vague or ambiguous style of the original. On the other hand, the challenge for the translator/interpreter is constant care of the quality of the text created in Polish, which substantially affects the standard level and quality of Polish that we use everyday. Quality is the concept in translation and interpreting closely related with successful performance and communication (with all its aspects). The attempt at quality description in this context, apart from subjective impressions resulting from our understanding of the importance of features that good – competent – translation and effective communication should have, cannot be devoid of focusing on three principal factors, i.e., the translator/interpreter (as the text author/ producer), translation/interpreting process and product, which is the result of this process and, finally, involvement (and competence) on the part of the translator/interpreter. All the above aspects pose a real challenge for the translator/interpreter focusing on legal terminology.

internal-pdf://4286188133/Kościałkowska-O-2011-EU Terminology in Interpr.pdf

Kurzon, Dennis. 2011. "Speed Traps and the Right of Silence." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0010-4.

Abstract: In two English cases which reached the European Court of Human Rights in the mid- 2000s, it was argued that the statutory requirement on the part of a motorist who has been caught speeding to give the police information concerning the identity of the driver of the car at the time of the offence is a violation of the right of silence by which a person should not be put into a position that s/he incriminates him/herself. The right of silence is one of the conventional interpretations of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. As well as a study on the right of silence with regard to written texts, this paper also investigates the two cases in terms of icons and indices: a text may be indexical of a basic human right, and then may become an icon of that right. The European Court of Human Rights considers the particular section of the relevant statute as an icon of the “regulatory regime”.

internal-pdf://4102267932/Kurzon-2011-Speed Traps and the Right of Silen.pdf

del Pozo Triviño, M. 2011. "Analysis Framework for Translation of Maritime Legal Documents." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0013-1.

Abstract: Maritime activity around the globe currently generates a great amount of translation work, especially from English into other languages. This paper focuses on the analysis of the translation process in maritime legal and administrative documents. The study first establishes which maritime documents are most often translated and a tool is then developed to analyse such documents in detail, based on the concept of textual genre. Such analysis would help translators to better understand these highly specialised documents and thus contribute towards improving translation of the same.

internal-pdf://2706896495/Pozo Triviño-2011-Analysis Framework for Trans.pdf

Robertson, Colin. 2011. "Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0011-3.

Abstract: EU law is multilingual and multi-cultural. It is initially drafted in one language, now frequently English, often by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages. Amendments may be proposed that are drafted in a different language. The result is a single multilingual text created in 23 language versions that are authentic within the context of the EU legal order. These circumstances have led EU legal language to develop its own terminology and legislative style as a separate genre. One question is to identify different national cultural drafting styles and traditions that lie behind the creation of EU legislative texts and terminology. The Member State traditions vary, yet they merge in the EU legislative texts. In order to assist in the understanding of EU legislative texts, it is useful to reflect on how they are constructed and the features and requirements lying behind their creation, interpretation and transposition. One approach is to consider a specific piece of EU text in a range of languages and consider how the text is reproduced in each language in terms of structure and terminology. Since the original draft is frequently made by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages, which are bound by the structure of the base version, we obtain little information from it about divergent national linguistic and legislative methods. However, if the EU text is a directive which is transposed into national law, we should be able also to look at the national implementing legislation intended to implement the directive. The implementing texts are produced within the national legal context and, one assumes, aim at similar results, as laid down by the directive. Thus it could be expected that they should provide vehicles for study between the national systems and between each national system and the EU legal order. The paper explores these ideas to see where they lead.

internal-pdf://1611111544/Robertson-2011-Multilingual Legislation in the.pdf

Szemińska, Weronika. 2011. "Translating Law into a Dictionary. A Terminographic Model." Research in Language 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0012-2.

Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to present a model dictionary which could serve as a tool for professional translators of legal texts. Firstly, the methodological approach which was adopted in order to create the model is delineated. It is based on the combined specialist knowledge of three disciplines, namely terminography, translation studies and law. Subsequently, the notion of the translation dictionary as a separate type of terminological dictionary is presented, with particular emphasis on the unit of translation and translation equivalence. The following part of the paper characterises translation of legal texts and its implications concerning the needs of the translator as well as the role of the dictionary in the translation process. Finally, the paper proposes a model dictionary, constructed according to the methodological rules determined at the beginning and in the light of the conclusions drawn from the following analysis.

internal-pdf://1820432110/Szemińska-2011-Translating Law into a Dictiona.pdf

Alwazna, Rafat Y. 2013. "Testing the Precision of Legal Translation: The Case of Translating Islamic Legal Terms into English." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9331-z.

Abstract: Legal translation is viewed as “a category in its own right” (Weston in An English reader’s guide to the French legal system. Berg, Oxford, (1991, p. 2). It is a kind of translation of the language used for specific purposes (Zhao in J Transl Stud 4:28, 2000). Legal translation requires accuracy in relaying the substance of the message, while respecting the form thereof as well as the genius of the target language (Zhao in J Transl Stud 4:19, 2000; Sarcevic in New approach to legal translation. Kluwer Law International, Hague, 1997, p. 52). As generally accepted worldwide, precision is deemed of paramount importance in legal translation. With this in mind, the present paper deals chiefly with the concept of how legal trans- lation can correctly be tested in order to ensure precision and validity for application and implementation. The paper will argue that the main goal of legal translation and the major criterion against which the precision of legal translation should be tested is to reproduce the same legal effect in the target text as that conveyed in the source text regardless of the method(s) used in the translation process.

internal-pdf://3422857286/Alwazna-2013-Testing the Precision of Legal Tr.pdf

Brannan, James. 2013. "Coming to Terms with the Supranational: Translating for the European Court of Human Rights." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 909-925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9320-2.

Abstract: Translators at the European Court of Human Rights, as at other inter- national courts, have to deal with two different types of legal terminology in judgments and decisions: on the one hand, terms that would be used by a national practitioner in the relevant language, and on the other, the supranational language that has evolved in general international law or that is specific to the Court itself, being enshrined in its basic texts or case-law. The choice of translation will often be imposed by the source text, which may be a constraint; extensive knowledge of the Court’s autonomous terms and other ‘‘linguistic precedent’’ is vital if they are to be used accurately and consistently. The task of devising and using supranational terms to encompass domestic realities in as many as 47 States is not only that of the drafter; the linguist also has a crucial role to play in conveying the Court’s message in a culture-neutral manner.

internal-pdf://3829175996/Brannan-2013-Coming to Terms with the Supranat.pdf

Brunet, Pierre. 2013. "Le Raisonnement Juridique: Une Pratique Spécifique?" International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 767-782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9310-4.

Abstract: Selon une the`se largement partage ́e, le droit et une pratique sociale et les contributions des participants sont comple ́mentaires les unes des autres. Dans ces conditions, le raisonnement juridique consiste d’abord en une interpre ́tation de ces pratiques et pre ́suppose un point de vue interne de la part de celui qui souhaite en rendre compte. Le raisonnement juridique est ainsi conc ̧u comme une argumenta- tion pratique, subordonne ́e aux exigences de la rationalite ́ car ceux qui participent a` la pratique juridique sont contraints de donner des raisons a` leur action et ces raisons tissent un re ́seau de contraintes. Tre`s se ́duisante, cette the`se qui doit beaucoup a` la critique des re ́alistes par Hart, n’en demeure pas moins justiciable de quelque critique.

internal-pdf://4259739399/Brunet-2013-Le Raisonnement Juridique_ Une Pra.pdf

Herrera, Carlos. 2013. "Rodolfo Sacco: Anthropologie Juridique: Apport à Une Macro-histoire du Droit, Dalloz (Coll. L’esprit du Droit), Paris, 2008, 270 pp." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 969-970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9338-5.

Abstract: Tous ceux qui avaient suivi avec inte ́reˆt les recherches de Rodolfo Sacco en droit compare ́ ne peuvent que se sentir attire ́s par un livre qui se pre ́sente comme un apport a` une macro-histoire du droit. L’approche diachronique apparaissait de ́ja` comme le corollaire d’une the ́orie du droit compare ́ qui se pre ́sentait comme « sci- ence historique » , en s’appuyant sur l’une des the`ses du manifeste du « cercle de Trente » : « [la comparaison] conside`re les propositions juridiques elles-meˆmes (actes du le ́gislateur ou du juge, de ́finitions du the ́oricien) comme des e ́ve ́nements historiques 1 » . « Variance » , « pluralisme » , « conflits » apparaissent comme les concepts idoines pour une vision « factuelle et diachronique du droit » .

internal-pdf://3267532463/Herrera-2013-Rodolfo Sacco_ Anthropologie Juri.pdf

Kaufman, Emily. 2013. "The Dangers of Desiring the Law’s Discipline." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 963-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9301-x.

Abstract: Review of Yvonne Zylan: States of Passion: Law, Identity, and the Social Construction of Desire. Oxford, New York, 2011, 324 pp, ISBN: 978-0-19-973508-2

internal-pdf://0269441485/Kaufman-2013-The Dangers of Desiring the Law’s.pdf

van de Kerchove, Michel. 2012. "Langage Juridique et Langage Usuel: Vrais ou Faux Amis?" International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 833-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9282-9.

Abstract: This article tries to bring to light the mistaken idea that the words the law borrows from plain language, without explicit definition, should keep their original meaning; Although legal language and plain language are obviously close ‘‘friends’’, they seem to be also ‘‘false friends’’, because these words belonging to two different languages have, beyond their formal similarities, partially different meanings. For this purpose, this article provides a critical analysis of the reference of the belgian case law to the ordinary meaning of words. This reference is analysed in relation to three different matters: interpretation, legality, and autonomy of criminal law.

internal-pdf://2486371861/Kerchove-2012-Langage Juridique et Langage Usu.pdf

Larsson, Stefan. 2013. "Looking Through the Infrastructure Lens, Review of Brett M. Frischmann’s Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 953-955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9305-6.

Abstract: Review of Looking Through the Infrastructure Lens, Review of Brett M. Frischmann’s Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. Oxford University Press, New York, 417 pp

internal-pdf://2302808545/Larsson-2013-Looking Through the Infrastructur.pdf

Legrand, Pierre. 2013. "‘What Can You Say, Words It Is, Nothing Else Going’." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 805-832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9308-y.

Abstract: This essay examines the capacity of language (‘word’) to convey what there is (‘world’). It draws on philosophical thought, which it seeks to apply to law while making specific reference to comparative legal studies, that is, to the inves- tigation of law that is foreign to its interpreter.

internal-pdf://3119382862/Legrand-2013-‘What Can You Say, Words It Is, N.pdf

Lerat, Pierre. 2012. "Les Conceptualisations Juridiques Partagées." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 747-760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9283-8.

Abstract: Le droit est pour une part national—a` base d’histoire et de ge ́ographie, de droit romain, de common law, de charia etc. selon les pays—mais les organismes internationaux, comme la FAO, ou continentaux, comme la Commission de Brux- elles, ne peuvent agir efficacement qu’en partageant et faisant partager des conceptualisations juridiques. Certes, les normes, re`glements et directives ne rep- re ́sentent pas tout le droit, mais les relations entre concepts nouveaux (totalement partage ́s) et concepts anciens (partiellement partage ́s ou non partage ́s) tendent a` permettre une explicitation des points communs et des diffe ́rences. Il ne s’agit pas ici de droit compare ́, mais de terminologie compare ́e, ou plutoˆt de confrontation ter- minologique. L’ide ́e principale est qu’il faut distinguer ce qui est partage ́ entre experts (c’est-a`-dire des conditions ne ́cessaires et suffisantes) et ce qui ne l’est pas (ce qui est plus ou moins «encyclope ́dique» ou «idiomatique»). Une autre conviction, fonde ́e sur les versions paralle`les et les de ́finitions spe ́cialise ́es, est qu’il existe un vocabulaire juridique fondamental, vecteur de concepts minimaux partage ́s. L’option me ́thodologique est double: d’abord, un niveau «global» (une approche onomasio- logique) garantissant que l’on ne se fonde pas sur les mots; ensuite, un niveau «local» , ou` les mots sont traite ́s comme tels (linguistiquement et culturellement).

internal-pdf://1782436828/Lerat-2012-Les Conceptualisations Juridiques P.pdf

Li, Li. 2012. "Translation as a Complex Inter-linguistic Discourse and its Current Problematic Practice in the Genre of Legal Fiction in China." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 849-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9289-2.

Abstract: In comparison with the creation of language, translation from one lan- guage to another offers greater challenges for those working with languages, be the text for translation concerned with philosophy, literature or law, all of which are arguably highly professional domains. When it comes to the translation of legal fiction, a highly interdisciplinary genre, even experienced practicing translators tend to fall short of being well equipped with sufficient legal knowledge and terminol- ogies, not to mention the capacity to detect the subtleties that are inherent in a legal term. All of the problems above account for the often less-than-satisfactory quality of legal fiction in translation, misleading or confusing the potential target audience. After making the prior theoretical investigations, this paper attempts to analyze some problems in the current Chinese translation of such legal novels as Franz Kafka’s Der Prozess and Charles Dickens’s Bleak House, and then take a corrective stance, hoping to arouse the translators’ awareness of the importance of this genre, as well as their awareness of the essential professional skills they still need to acquire, so that they can reach equivalent accuracy in legal technicalities, as well as subtlety and nuance that reflect the legal spirit.

internal-pdf://0943947580/Li-2012-Translation as a Complex Inter-linguis.pdf

McAuliffe, Karen. 2013. "The Limitations of a Multilingual Legal System." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 861-882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9314-0.

Abstract: The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the way in which it works can be seen as a microcosm of how a multilingual, multicultural supranationalisation process and legal order can be constructed—the Court is a microcosm of the EU as a whole and in particular of EU law. The multilingual jurisprudence produced by the CJEU is necessarily shaped by the dynamics within that institution and by the ‘cultural compromises’ at play in the production process. The resultant texts, which make up that jurisprudence, are hybrid in nature and inherently approximate. On the one hand, that approximation can lead to discrep- ancies between language versions of the Court’s case law and thus jeopardise the uniform application of EU law. On the other hand, that approximation and hybridity define EU law as a distinct, supranational legal order. This paper analyses the operation of the CJEU and considers whether a linguistic cultural compromise exists within that institution which exercises a formative influence on the character of its ‘output’—i.e. its jurisprudence—and what that may mean for our understanding of the development of EU law.

internal-pdf://3006967879/McAuliffe-2013-The Limitations of a Multilingu.pdf

Moor, Pierre. 2013. "Les figures de l’ordre juridique dans les relations entre le droit et son environnement." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 783-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9332-y.

Abstract: La question pose ́e est celle des interfaces entre le syste`me juridique et la socie ́te ́. Le contexte social du droit n’est pas pris ici comme surde ́terminant, le droit se de ́veloppant de manie`re autore ́fe ́rentielle, dans une mesure, certes limite ́e, limites qu’il convient pre ́cise ́ment d’analyser. Il y a entre le syste`me social et le syste`me juridique une circulation constante d’informations, qui passent par ce que nous appelons les figures juridiques. Celles-ci—le le ́gislateur, le juge ou le sujet de droit—sont en situation de choisir dans le contexte social ce qu’elles de ́cident d’y prendre pour lui donner statut de norme. En cela, la figure juridique fait acte politique: elle ne prend pas le contexte auquel elle fait face comme un donne ́ «naturel» qui s’imposerait a` elle univoquement, mais elle choisit dans la complexite ́ de ce contexte ce qui lui semble correspondre a` l’univers juridique auquel elle appartient. Cela est possible de par sa position meˆme dans chacun des deux uni- vers—c’est sa ve ́ritable situation—d’un coˆte ́ comme fonction juridique et de l’autre, mais en meˆme temps, comme acteur social: elle a a` dire ce qui peut passer de l’un a` l’autre, elle ne re ́pe`te pas ce que l’un ou l’autre dit; elle se trouve en situation parce qu’elle est le lieu de passage entre deux mondes non concomitants dans leur existence propre, mais entre lesquels elle a a` faire correspondre un discours qui donne et prenne sens.

internal-pdf://1760281922/Moor-2013-Les figures de l’ordre juridique dan.pdf

Sharma, Kanika. 2012. "Wing-Cheong Chan, Barry Wright, Stanley Yeo (eds): Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 957-962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9299-0.

Abstract: Review of Wing-Cheong Chan, Barry Wright, Stanley Yeo (eds): Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform. Ashgate, 2011, pp. 379. £75 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-4094-2442-0

internal-pdf://1600028608/Sharma-2012-Wing-Cheong Chan, Barry Wright, St.pdf

Sin, King Kui. 2013. "Out of the Fly-Bottle: Conceptual Confusions in Multilingual Legislation." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 927-951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9313-1.

Abstract: Conceptual confusions permeate all forms of intellectual pursuit. Many have contended that multilingual legislation, i.e., one law enacted in different languages, is unviable when carried out by means of translation. But not many have realized that the same would also be true of drafting if their contention could be justified. My involvement in the translation of Hong Kong laws into Chinese in the run-up to 1997 exposed me to a whole world of myths and misconceptions about legal translation arising from our failure to command a clear view of the workings of language. Over the years I have endeavoured to come to grips with the problems inherent in legal translation, showing that the arguments against the possibility of exact translation, against the possibility of achieving equivalence between different language texts of the law, and against the possibility of bridging the conceptual gap between legal terminologies in different languages, are all ill-grounded and mis- guided. There are indeed enormous difficulties in drafting and translating multilingual law, but they are essentially of a technical nature, by no means theo- retically irresolvable. The viability of multilingual legislation is simply grounded in our innate communicative intention to use signs and symbols to convey meaning. As language users, we are capable of making language work for us for any par- ticular purpose. Just as we can translate the rules of chess from one language to another whereby players speaking different languages can play the same game called “chess”, we don’t see why we can’t do the same with multilingual legislation. The door has always been open!

internal-pdf://2426206275/Sin-2013-Out of the Fly-Bottle_ Conceptual Con.pdf

Sourioux, Jean-Louis. 2012. "Le Juriste en Présence de L’herméneutique Contemporaine." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 26 (4): 761-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9294-5.

Abstract: Philosophical hermeneutics developed by the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer and founded on interpretation as explicit form of compre- hension generated a debate on contemporary hermeneutics about texts written at different periods of time from those in which they must then be applied. This debate is necessarily very instructive for the jurist when he interprets texts and creates positive law to produce a determined effect on recipients. Comprehension as par- ticipation in truth involves questioning and an interpretation devoid of prejudices. Illustration of hermeneutics in law demonstrates that interpretation related to comprehension is strictly bound to the question of application bearing in mind that application does not only consist in concretizing comprehension, it constitutes his nucleus. It follows that hermeneutics oscillates between a theoretical and practical meaning. Regarding the concept of a presumption it is perceived as an instrumental necessity and a necessary corollary of interpretation in that it anticipates on the meaning found on the possibility. It is specified in a context of legal hermeneutics that it is necessary to distinguish the interpretation of the observer from the one of the player such the judge put in the performative position.

internal-pdf://1573363352/Sourioux-2012-Le Juriste en Présence de L’herm.pdf

Wagner, Anne, and Jean-Claude Gémar. 2013. "Materializing Notions, Concepts and Language into Another Linguistic Framework." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 731-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9339-4.

Abstract: Conceptualizing two distinctive cultural elements has become a significant framework in legal discourse analysis and legal translation. It strives for rational clarity, objective justification and textual precision. Indeed, materialization is an act of cross-cultural communication, which implies matching cultural elements of two different languages rather than only considering the linguistic elements.

internal-pdf://0945117137/Wagner-2013-Materializing Notions, Concepts an.pdf

Wang, Ling, and King Kui Sin. 2012. "Legal Translation and Cultural Transfer: A Framework for Translating the Common Law into Chinese in Hong Kong." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 26 (4): 883-896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-012-9286-5.

Abstract: It is widely held in translation studies that translation proper is not merely a process of linguistic transfer but also of cultural transfer. But how cultural transfer is effected or whether it can be effected is not at all clear. The study begins with a critical analysis of the problems relating to law translation in general and translating the common law into Chinese in particular. It then examines the nature of cultural transfer in law translation with special reference to the translation of common law terminology. The study purports to set out the framework for legal translation as cultural transfer, in particular, for translating the common law into Chinese in Hong Kong. It argues that successful transfer of the legal culture of foreign laws always requires the adjustment of translating language and the employment of metalanguage.

internal-pdf://1869470014/Wang-2012-Legal Translation and Cultural Trans.pdf

Albi, Anabel Borja. 2013. "A genre analysis approach to the study of the translation of court documents." Linguistica Antverpiensia 12: 33-.

Abstract: This article describes an action research project on multilingual management and translation of court documents developed by the GENTT research group, which postulates that the notions of ‘textual genre’, ‘genre system’ and ‘meta-genre’ can be powerful tools for accessing and ‘reusing’ the linguistic and extra-linguistic information technical writers and translators need to manage specialised communication. To validate this hypothesis the criminal court genre systems of four countries (Germany, Spain, France and the United Kingdom) have been analysed and described from a legal-conceptual, discursive-textual and terminological perspective. The results of this contrastive analysis have been used as the basis for creating translation resources (both conceptual and linguistic), which have been organised into an online platform for translators of court documents. This platform is conceived as a knowledge system which will permit the ‘reusability’ of electronic translation resources. Our approach presents an integrative methodology for research into legal translation.

internal-pdf://2040651278/Albi-2013-A genre analysis approach to the stu.pdf

Biel, Łucja, and Jan Engberg. 2013. "Research Models and Methods in Legal Translation." Linguistica Antverpiensia 12: 1-11.

Abstract: The introduction presents an overview of traditional research methods in Legal Translation Studies and discusses new developments as represented by the papers comprised in the special issue. The predominant methodology is corpus-based; there is a clear shift from qualitative to quantitative methods. Corpus-based methods are applied to the study of local phenomena, such as terms or phrasemes, and of global phenomena, such as genres and macrogenres, as well as they analyse practical decisions made by legal translators with a view to developing new tools and resources for translators. Other directions include: the application of comparative law methods, sociology of translation and Critical Discourse Analysis. Overall, there is growing interest in the communicative, pragmatic, cognitive and social aspects of legal translation. As the papers demonstrate, research into legal translation requires methodological eclectism and triangulation, as well as further integration along the interdisciplinary lines.

internal-pdf://2045826591/Biel-2013-Research Models and Methods in Legal.pdf

Goźdź-Roszkowski, Stanisław. 2013. "Exploring near-synonymous terms in legal language. A corpus-based, phraseological perspective." Linguistica Antverpiensia 12: 94-109.

Abstract: This paper aims to determine the extent to which a corpus-based, phraseological approach can be effectively applied to discriminate among near-synonymous, semantically-related terms which often prove troublesome when translating legal texts. Based on a substantial multi- genre corpus of American legal texts, this study examines the collocational patterns of four legal terms ‘breach’, ‘contravention’, ‘infringement’ and ‘violation’, first in the genre of contracts and then in the multi-genre context of the entire corpus. The findings highlight the area of overlap as well as specificity in the usage of these terms. While collocational constraints can be argued to play an important disambiguating role in the semantic and functional analysis of both source and target text items carried out by translators prior to the interlingual translation, this study emphasizes the applicability of the phraseological approach to English source texts.

internal-pdf://1376709942/Goźdź-Roszkow-2013-Exploring near-synonymous.pdf

Jopek-Bosiacka, Anna. 2013. "Comparative law and equivalence assessment of system-bound terms in EU legal translation." Linguistica Antverpiensia.

Abstract: Legal translation is not only inter-lingual translation, but also a translation of and between various legal systems. Many translation problems may be solved by having reference to comparative law. This is especially critical in the European Union, whose policy of multilingualism and striving towards the principle of equal authenticity in law leads to something close to mission impossible: the reconciliation of the 28 legal systems of its member states into a coherent body of law which would ensure uniform interpretation of EU legal texts. The aim of this paper is to describe legal translation strategies in general, and illustrate them using English–Polish official translations of system-bound terms of the case law of the European Court of Justice. The analysis will focus on several vital concepts of common law , such as ‘equity’ , ‘consideration’, ‘trust’, ‘misrepresentation’, and ‘tort’; terms which are mostly absent in the Polish legal system. Comparative law will serve as a tool for the quality assessment of legal translation and evaluation of the equivalence of legally adequate terms.

internal-pdf://1687926499/Jopek-Bosiacka-2013-Comparative law and equiva.pdf

Labate, Simon. 2013. "Translating French into French: The case of Close Encounters of the Third Kind." Linguistica Antverpiensia 12.

Abstract: This paper deals with the French dubbed version of Steven Spielberg’s 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind. The film features a scientist who mainly speaks French and is helped by an interpreter, who often translates simultaneously or consecutively from French into English and vice versa. In the French dub, however, all the characters speak French, which is why the original redundancy created by the interpreting acts had to be avoided at all cost. The analysis of a number of scenes makes it possible to identify the various translation strategies applied to conceal the original multilingual situations. The textual modifications carried out to produce a coherent French script have repercussions on the image of the scientist and his interpreter as characters in the film.

internal-pdf://2426206301/Labate-2013-Translating French into French_ Th.pdf

Piehl, Aino. 2013. "Fine tuning style and precision: Adapting directive citations to Finnish statutes." Linguistica Antverpiensia.

Abstract: When transposing EU directives into national laws, Finnish drafters usually alter the wording of the directive. This paper describes these modifications and offers some insights into the reasons behind them. The study is based on a corpus of Finnish versions of EU directives and of Finnish laws that transpose those directives.

internal-pdf://2511711950/Piehl-2013-Fine tuning style and precision_ Ad.pdf

Saridakis, Ioannis E. 2013. "Cross-linguistic Semantics of International Law. A corpus-informed translation of A. Cassese’s International Law into Greek." Linguistica Antverpiensia.

Abstract: This paper elaborates on and exemplifies systemic hypotheses about the emergence and evolution of international legal language semantics, focusing in particular on the analysis of international law concepts and the study of their representation in and translation into Greek. Non- exhaustive examples are taken from the translation of A. Cassese’s International Law into Greek, a pursuit aimed at illustrating that the process of translation in the domain of international law is primarily a venture of discoursal decoding.

internal-pdf://2550207791/Saridakis-2013-Cross-linguistic Semantics of I.pdf

Scarpa, Federica. 2013. "Investigating legal information in commercial websites: The terms and conditions of use in different varieties of English." Linguistica Antverpiensia 12: 71-93.

Abstract: The Terms and conditions of use which are embedded in commercial websites provide a standardised legal model based in common law which exemplifies the increasingly influential role that English plays in international and intercultural commercial and legal settings, but also how deeply rooted legal knowledge is in socio-cultural values and national cultures. Using a small monolingual corpus of Terms and conditions of use drafted in English and embedded in the commercial websites from different countries of origin and legislations based both on common law and civil law, the paper investigates the extent to which different layout/content and language features are displayed by: (1) ELF Terms and conditions translated from different languages/legislations, and (2) ENL non-translated Terms and conditions drafted in different ‘core’ varieties of English. The aim is to show that the English intralingual variation of this highly structured and conventionalised legal format reflects in fact the existing disparities in legal practice among various national legislations, even among systems belonging to the common law family. International legal models such as the one investigated should consequently be considered as “globally-relevant STs” (Adab, 1998, p. 224), that is, flexible text formats that have been adopted by most countries but at the same time allow for local socio- cultural aspects to influence the construction of legal discourse.

internal-pdf://3616831585/Scarpa-2013-Investigating legal information in.pdf

Simonnæs, Ingrid. 2013. "Legal translation and “traditional” comparative law – Similarities and differences." Linguistica Antverpiensia.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe some similarities and differences encountered when comparing legal translation and comparative law as separate yet interrelated disciplines. To this end, their respective objectives and methods are broadly outlined. This is followed by a case study on translations of a specific legal text into English and German which have been produced by candidates sitting the Norwegian National Translator Accreditation Exam. In this paper, I intend to show that comparative law “in the traditional sense” (Friedman, 1990, p. 49) is much concerned with issues of translation and show that there are not only similarities but also differences.

internal-pdf://2053999764/Simonnæs-2013-Legal translation and “tradition.pdf

Vanden Bulcke, Patricia. 2013. "Dealing with deontic modality in a termbase: the case of Dutch and Spanish legal language." Linguistica Antverpiensia: 12-32.

Abstract: In this article, we analyse, on the basis of comparable corpora (Dutch– Spanish) of the same legal genre, that is, the Articles of Association, an aspect of cross-linguistic variation, namely the expression of deontic modality. We also examine the ways in which the findings of the study can be processed into a bilingual, translator-friendly legal termbase (JuriGenT). In doing so, we map out the asymmetry, which is mainly attributable to the use of tenses, and duly process this in the relevant term records, taking the view that the translator should be aware of the similarities and differences of their usage so as to be able to make well- considered translation decisions.

internal-pdf://2639188875/Vanden Bulcke-2013-Dealing with deontic modali.pdf

Vidal Claramonte, África. 2013. "Towards a New Research Model in Legal Translation: Future Perspectives in the era of Asymmetry." Linguistica Antverpiensia 12: 182-196.

Abstract: The global society we live in leads to clashes and asymmetry between cultures. In this context, translation and legal studies play a fundamental but also very sensitive role. The old concepts of the Enlightenment, Reason, universalism, objectivity or the universal no longer serve any purpose either in the field of translation or in that of law. This paper proposes a research model based on post-structuralist concepts such as those of “differend”, “representation” or “aporia”. This model can help us conceive new ways of translating legal texts in the future that are more in line with the asymmetrical problems of our contemporary society.

internal-pdf://2625518576/Vidal Claramont-2013-Towards a New Research Mo.pdf

Wiesmann, Eva. 2013. "Die notarielle Urkunde im italienisch-deutschen Vergleich: Überlegungen zur Übersetzung von Immobilienkaufverträgen." Linguistica Antverpiensia.

Abstract: Notarial documents have some translation-relevant particularities which are strongly associated with the legal culture of the respective country. They are subject to competing influential factors – among others laws and administrative provisions, the facts of the case, form books, notary offices, and the recipient of the document – which determine the content, the specific structure and the language of notarial documents. In addition to the basic parameters of translation, translators should know and tackle the common features and the differences between the notarial documents of the countries concerned in order to produce a professional translation. This paper examines the most important common features and differences between Italian and German real estate sales contracts and presents the implications for translations from Italian into German against the background of the basic parameters of translation.

internal-pdf://0943947577/Wiesmann-2013-Die notarielle Urkunde im italie.pdf

Bhatia, Vijay K. 2014. "Linguistic and Socio Pragmatic Considerations in Legislative Drafting." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 169-183. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.169.

Gotti, Maurizio. 2014. "Linguistic Insights into Legislative Drafting." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 123-143. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.123.

Pennisi, Giulia Adriana. 2014. "Introduction Special Issue on Legislative Drafting and Linguistics Strategies to Communicate the Law." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 109-113. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.109.

Robinson, William. 2014. "Translating Legislation: The European Union Experience." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 185-210. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.185.

Roznai, Yaniv. 2014. "A Bird is Known by its Feathers On the Importance and Complexities of Definitions in Legislation." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 145-167. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.145.

Strandvik, Ingemar. 2014. "Is there scope for a more professional approach to EU multilingual lawmaking?" The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 211-228.

Teasdale, Jonathan. 2014. "Linguistics and Law Reform." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 115-121. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.115.

Watkin, Thomas Glyn. 2014. "Bilingual Legislation and the Law of England and Wales." The Theory and Practice of Legislation 2 (2): 229-238. https://doi.org/10.5235/2050-8840.2.2.229.

Bercea, Raluca. 2014. "Legal translation and legal interpretation: the epistemological gap." The Translator 20 (3): 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.927968.

Abstract: The article assesses the epistemological distance between, on the one hand, general linguistics and traductology – as a field that has already exhausted all possibilities offered by linguistics and opened itself to wider disciplines, such as anthropology or cultural studies – and, on the other hand, law, whose hermetic and impermeable character has closed legal science to any enriching interdisciplinary interaction. I will first argue that linguistics asks valuable questions to be considered by lawyers and has developed original borderline concepts that lawyers themselves could integrate in their research. Second, I will suggest that, by using their specific tools, linguists are perfectly equipped to offer a valuable image of typically legal use of language while, quite to the contrary, law’s hermeticism has forced lawyers to develop schemes of intelligibility that are restrictive as far as a nuanced approach to language is concerned. Within the scope of this article, translation refers both to the attempt to describe one field through the relevant concepts of another and to translation studies proper, a field within which newly gained concepts belonging specifically to cultural legal traductology and originating in the field of discourse analysis may prove to be pertinent for legal interpretation.

internal-pdf://2044897657/Bercea-2014-Legal translation and legal interp.pdf

Floros, Georgios. 2014. "Legal translation in a postcolonial setting: the political implications of translating Cypriot legislation into Greek." The Translator 20 (3): 411-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.938947.

Abstract:

Cyprus presents some noteworthy particularities in relation to both the policy followed by Cypriot Courts of Law and the translation of the country’s legislation from English into Standard Modern Greek (SMG). SMG is the statutory variety that has been adopted in all public domains since 1960 (independence from British rule). However, the use of English in the Cypriot courts was prolonged for longer than two decades. Moreover, the translation of the legislation into SMG also displays some particularities which are interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view. Specifically, the translated texts contain terminology which in many cases is different from the standard terminology used in Greek law texts, even in cases where there is no ‘obvious’ necessity for differentiation. Most of these cases are calques of the corresponding English terms. This paper will attempt to present the motives behind these practices by highlighting their political dimension. It will be argued that (1) the preservation of a code other than the statutory one and (2) the translation of legislation with extensive differentiations from the standardised variety might share the ideological motive of creating a linguistic apparatus in support of state (as opposed to ethnic) identity.

internal-pdf://2504063179/Floros-2014-Legal translation in a postcolonia.pdf

Gémar, Jean-Claude. 2014. "De la traductibilité du droit." The Translator 20 (3): 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.920066.

Abstract: Review of De la traductibilité du droit, by Simone Glanert, Paris, Dalloz, 2011, xv + 372 pp., EUR 38.57, ISBN 978-2-24710686-8

internal-pdf://2045826551/Gémar-2014-De la traductibilité du droit.pdf

Glanert, Simone. 2014. "Law-in-translation: an assemblage in motion." The Translator 20 (3): 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.945270.

Abstract: Law-in-translation, as it manifests itself in either oral or written form, can be usefully described as an assemblage in motion. Oscillating between the generic and the singular, legal translation has gradually affirmed a disciplinary identity of sorts vis-à- vis other well-established genres, such as literary translation or the translation of Scripture. Further, legal translation has been moving from the local to the ‘glocal’ scene. This neologism wishes to capture the idea that while law is more and more subject to translation on the European or international level, it remains unable to escape local forms of understanding. Finally, legal translation has been amplifying its semantic range from the literal to the metaphorical. Long confined to the transmis- sion of oral or written statements across languages, law-in-translation features new instantiations as can be illustrated, for instance, through the ever-expanding circulation of legal concepts from one country to another and the re-formulation of law into economic language within international business relations.

internal-pdf://1119625673/Glanert-2014-Law-in-translation_ an assemblage.pdf

Kjær, Anne Lise. 2014. "New challenges to the theory of legal translation: transnational legal communication and the autonomization of international law." The Translator 20 (3): 430-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.927700.

Abstract: Review of New approach to legal translation, by Susan Š arč ević, The Hague, London & Boston, Kluwer Law International, 1997 (reprinted 2000), 308 pp., USD $240 (hbk), ISBN 9-04- 110401-1

internal-pdf://3172685900/Kjær-2014-New challenges to the theory of lega.pdf

Legrand, Pierre. 2014. "Law’s translation, imperial predilections and the endurance of the self." The Translator 20 (3): 290-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.938575.

Abstract: This article examines how the assemblage between translation and imperialism can assume two radically different guises. For each of the two motifs under consideration, a parallel is drawn with another discourse – philosophical in one instance, literary in the other – with a view to enhancing appreciation of the relevant cultural models. The four cases epitomise one abiding trope, that of the self’s refusal to accommodate alterity, to yield to difference, that of the self’s insistence.

internal-pdf://2426206422/Legrand-2014-Law’s translation, imperial predi.pdf

Mattila, Heikki E. S. 2014. "Law and language. Current legal issues. Volume 15." The Translator 20 (3): 450-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.922242.

Abstract: Review of Law and language. Current legal issues. Volume 15, edited by Michael Freeman and Fiona Smith on behalf of the Faculty of Laws, University College London; Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, xii + 625 pp., £85.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-967366-7

internal-pdf://2706896462/Mattila-2014-Law and language. Current legal i.pdf

Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2014. "International and supranational law in translation: from multilingual lawmaking to adjudication." The Translator 20 (3): 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.904080.

Abstract: This paper analyses the defining features of legal translation in the development of international and supranational law, taking a comparative approach between different organisations, particularly the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the European Union and their respective adjudicative bodies. The scope and communica- tive conditions of legal translation in such settings are first described, including processes of lawmaking, law application and adjudication. In the legal contextualisa- tion of translational action, emphasis is placed on the interconnection between different sources of law, the hybridity of legal texts and discourses, and the interplay between international and national levels of rulemaking and enforcement. The challenges encountered by the translator in the search for maximum accuracy are then reviewed with a focus on terminological problems, quality assurance and ambiguity. Finally, the examination of linguistic concordance in adjudication procedures further highlights the special contribution of legal translators to the functioning of each international or supranational legal order, and recommendations are made to better acknowledge and benefit from this contribution.

internal-pdf://4106245307/Prieto Ramos-2014-International and supranatio.pdf

Ralarala, Monwabisi K. 2014. "Transpreters’ translations of complainants’ narratives as evidence: whose version goes to court?" The Translator 20 (3): 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.934002.

Abstract: Law and language are inherently related and, as such, the efficient functioning of the law has a direct bearing on the appropriate use of language. Sworn statements, taken from members of the public, initiate the court process, and their role culminates in court, as evidence for proceedings. Existing data relating to oral narratives in isiXhosa and translated versions presented in English, in the form of sworn statements, show differences and inconsistencies between the two sets of texts. Such statements are supposed to be a true reflection of the complainant’s or suspect’s own words. However, more often than not, they tend to be the written versions of information obtained by the police officers’ (hereafter referred to as transpreters) during the pre-statement-taking session. This article examines the oral narratives of complainants, which are framed in a form of dialogue between the transpreters and the complainants. The ‘retelling and rewriting’ of such narratives into sworn statements by transpreters, as a form of translation, is primarily taken into account. Scrutinising pre-statement-taking sessions and translated English versions of sworn statements, the article argues that such sworn statements constitute a misrepresentation of the complainants’ own words. As a result, the complainants’ actual evidence is manipulated, so that it fails to fully surface in court – as an essential part of court proceedings – in its original form. The effect of these practices, it is further argued, has serious implications for the notion of access to justice in South Africa.

internal-pdf://1137949901/Ralarala-2014-Transpreters’ translations of co.pdf

Zitawi, Jehan I., and Mohamed S. Abdel Wahab. 2014. "Translating and interpreting to win: the foreign language witness testimony dilemma in international arbitration." The Translator 20 (3): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.928444.

Abstract: Witness testimony has become pervasive in the world of international arbitration, where it is expected that one will encounter language barriers, especially in cases where the linguistic skills of arbitral tribunals, legal counsel and/or witnesses are not compatible with the applicable language of the proceedings. In such instances, transla- tion of written testimonies and reports, as well as the live interpretation of oral testimonies, become indispensable. However, the relative importance of such transla- tion and interpretation is often overlooked or underestimated. Practice has revealed that in most cases the interests of the parties, the witnesses and the translators/interpreters are not necessarily aligned. For this reason, the paper intends to provide a critical analysis of certain practical, legal and lingo-cultural challenges facing translators/ interpreters of witness testimony in international arbitration. An attempt will be made to address the following questions: who can translate and interpret witness testimony, who appoints the translators and interpreters of witness testimony, what are their qualifications and skills, what is the role of legal counsels with regard to witness testimony interpretation and translation, and is it crucial, in translating witness testimony, to consider and assess the translator’s/interpreter’s potential conflict of interest? In addressing the above, this paper will draw upon real-life cases involving bilingual international arbitral proceedings in English and Arabic.

internal-pdf://2713595780/Zitawi-2014-Translating and interpreting to wi.pdf

Dullion, Valérie. 2015. "Droit comparé pour traducteurs : de la théorie à la didactique de la traduction juridique." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28: 91-106.

Frade, Celina. 2015. "Legal Translation in Brazil: An Entextualization Approach." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-014-9357-x.

Glanert, Simone. 2015. "Au lieu d’une langue commune, un discours commun? Le cas de l’Union européenne." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-014-9372-y.

Lee, Jieun. 2015. "How Many Interpreters Does It Take to Interpret the Testimony of an Expert Witness? A Case Study of Interpreter-Mediated Expert Witness Examination." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9346-5.

Levert, Lionel A. 2015. "La jurilinguistique: un appui indispensable à la corédaction." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 53-72.

Li, Li. 2015. "Translation of Chinese Legal Concept of “qinqin xiangyin”." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-014-9377-6.

Liu, Yanping. 2014. "Skopos Theory and Legal Translation: A Case Study of Examples from the Criminal Law of the P.R.C." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9353-6.

Megale, Fabrizio. 2014. "Mondialisation et Traduction Juridique: Nouveaux Parcours de Recherche." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (31): 31-52.

Moréteau, Olivier. 2015. "Le Code civil de Louisiane en français: traduction et retraduction." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 155-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-014-9391-8.

Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2015. "Quality Assurance in Legal Translation: Evaluating Process, Competence and Product in the Pursuit of Adequacy." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-014-9390-9.

Xu, Youping. 2015. "Dancing with Shackles: Judge’s Engagement in Court Conciliation of Chinese Civil Cases." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9354-5.

Yeung, Matthew, and Janny Leung. 2015. "Removing Linguistic Barriers to Justice: A Study of Official Reference Texts for Unrepresented Litigants in Hong Kong." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 28 (1): 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-013-9345-6.

Álvarez Faedo, María José. 2015. "Teaching Legal English for Company Law: A Guide to Specialism and ELP Teaching Practices and Reference Books." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 15-35.

Brunon-Ernst, Anne. 2015. "The Fallacy of Informed Consent: Linguistic Markers of Assent and Contractual Design in Some E-User Agreements." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 37-58.

Campos, Miguel Ángel, and Shaeda Isani. 2015. "Aspects of Language and the Law: Exploring Further Avenues." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 5-12.

Charret Del-Bove, Marion, and Laurence Francoz-Terminal. 2015. "How Common is the Common Law? Some Differences and Similarities

in British and American Superior Court Decisions." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 59-82.

Filsinger, Gustavo, and Elisa Calvo. 2015. "Baigorri, J. and Russo, M. 2015. La interpretación en entornos judiciales. Monográfico de la Revista TRANS 19(1). (Interpreting in Court Settings. Monograph) Málaga: Universidad de Málaga." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 209-210.

Gotti, Maurizio. 2015. "Aspects of Arbitration Discourse: An Insight into China’s Arbitration Law." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 83-101.

Isani, Shaeda, and Sandrine Chapon. 2015. "A Socio-Cultural Approach to ELP: Accessing the Language and Culture of Law through Fictional Television Series." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 103-118.

Ortega Harráez, Juan Miguel. 2015. "Blasco Mayor, M. J. and del Pozo Triviño, M. 2015. Legal interpreting at a turning point / La interpretación en el ámbito judicial en un momento de cambio. MonTI (Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación), issue No. 7. San Vicent del Raspeig: Publicacions de la Universitat d’Alacant. 293 pages." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 211-218.

Orts, María Ángeles. 2015. "Opacity in International Legal Texts: Generic Trait or Symbol of Power?" Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 119-145.

Riera, Catalina. 2015. "Plain English in Legal Language: A Comparative Study of Two UK Acts of Parliament." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 147-163.

Rodríguez Herrera, José Manuel. 2015. "Shakespeare’s Legal Wit: Evolution of the Translation of Shakespeare’s Legal Puns into Spanish from the 20th to the 21st Century." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 165-181.

Williams, Christopher. 2015. "Changing with the Times: The Evolution of Plain Language in the Legal Sphere." Alicante Journal of English Studies 28: 183-203.

Hunt-Gómez, Coral Ivy, and Paz Gómez-Moreno. 2015. "Reality-based court interpreting didactic material using new technologies." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 188-204.

Abstract: Training for future court interpreters has traditionally been based on role-play exercises, recreations of actual trials or audios based on prototypical communicative situations. In the case of interpreting in court these kinds of simulations are not enough to train future court interpreters, since they do not fully reflect the great complexity of real communication in court. This article is intended to present a new reality-based audiovisual training material specifically devoted to court interpreters training in Spain. The material was inspired by the positive results of the conference interpreting teaching materials developed using real videos at the University of Granada. One of the most interesting aspects of the material presented here is its exclusivity, as it is, to date, the only didactic material for court interpreting training that achieves such a high degree of authenticity, since it works on the basis of real criminal trials. The material takes into account well-known translation subcompetences and it specifically addresses students who have previously received training in conference interpreting.

internal-pdf://3172685270/Hunt-Gómez-2015-Reality-based court interpreti.pdf

Martín Ruano, M. Rosario. 2015. "(Trans)formative theorising in legal translation and/or interpreting: a critical approach to deontological principles." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051767.

Abstract: This article argues for a critical, transformative approach to established principles and recurrent maxims in normative discourses in the training of legal translators and interpreters. It advocates a didactic approach going beyond the socialisation of the student in the norms and deontological principles governing the profession. The role of theorising is defended as an empowering tool for future professionals who will have to work in very diverse settings radically transformed by globalisation and migration. The significance of transformative approaches for a profession that must face unprece- dented challenges is analysed and exemplified focusing on two recurrent principles expected in legal interpreting and translation: equivalence and neutrality.

internal-pdf://3692101078/Martín Ruano-2015-(Trans)formative theorising.pdf

Monzó-Nebot, Esther. 2015. "Understanding legal interpreter and translator training in times of change." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1051766.

Abstract: This article is the guest editor’s introduction to the special issue of The Interpreter and Translator Trainer on ‘Legal Interpreting and Translation’ (LIT). Monzó examines what fluctuations and advances are affecting the contents and methods proposed for training future legal interpreters and translators and argues that the changing legal, social and economic conditions, including an evolving linguascape and law reforms pertaining to LIT, demand professionals who can constantly adapt the services they offer to new settings and new conditions. Trainers need to be aware of the changing nature of the profession to adapt their own roles, and to set learning outcomes for a variety of learning contexts that allow future professionals to thrive in a changing society. As much as translators and trainers need to adapt, so do the curricula themselves. Recent reforms in higher education have introduced substantial changes, purportedly to better correspond to market and States’ needs. As new frameworks and methodologies are enforced and introduced in higher education, several mismatches and inadequacies regarding societal and market needs have to be redressed. Trainers across regions enjoy different policy space regarding planning and delivery but they all face a new genera- tion of citizens, a global citizenship which has been said to be the most qualified generation in history and yet faces unprecedented unemployment rates. Against this background, Monzó questions the ownership of the curricula and examines how trainers themselves struggle with changes impacting their professional discretion and identities.

internal-pdf://2119738958/Monzó Nebot-2015-Understanding legal interpret.pdf

Ordóñez-López, Pilar. 2015. "A critical account of the concept of ‘basic legal knowledge’: theory and practice." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051768.

Abstract: Subject knowledge is, according to most definitions, one of the basic components of legal translation competence. There is widespread agreement that legal translators must have some basic knowledge of the legal systems involved in order to perform satisfactorily. Nevertheless, no concrete proposals have been put forward and no real consensus can be observed with regard to the elements which should be covered by the notion of ‘basic legal knowledge’. In this study, a critical account of this concept is provided through the examination of the undergraduate modules on legal transla- tion taught at Spanish universities, focusing on the legal topics covered as well as the materials included in these modules. The aim of this review is to shed some light on how this concept is incorporated into the teaching of legal translation, in order to identify, by means of a bottom-up approach, which components are considered most central to the blanket notion of ‘basic legal knowledge’.

internal-pdf://0913419433/Ordóñez-López-2015-A critical account of the c.pdf

Rodríguez-Castro, Mónica, and Clare E. Sullivan. 2015. "Rethinking the legal translation classroom: a course for legal translation professionals." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051771.

Abstract: Over the last two decades the translation profession has undergone a significant transformation that has led to increasing volume, often requiring a high level of subject matter expertise. As the demand for legal translation continues to grow, specialisation and task complexity are particularly relevant to translation professionals in the legal domain. Since many changes in the translation profession have occurred over a short span of time, the traditional curriculum needs to be adjusted so as to incorporate additional competences into the course content. This article proposes a graduate course on legal translation that is motivated by four main factors: (a) refining learning outcomes for the legal translation classroom since they differ significantly from general translation curriculum; (b) implementing a task-based methodology; (c) incorporating professional skills that are essential in the current industry; and (d) including a process and product-based approach for portfolio assessment. Furthermore, expert mentoring and a professional legal translation workshop are combined into the curriculum as key enhancements for the new course. The proposed learning outcomes for this course have been piloted with a graduate class at the University of Louisville, and the assessment of some of the learning outcomes is discussed. Preliminary data has been gathered from student portfolios and from a questionnaire completed by the students.

internal-pdf://2779403934/Rodríguez-Castr-2015-Rethinking the legal tran.pdf

Salmi, Leena, and Tuija Kinnunen. 2015. "Training translators for accreditation in Finland." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051772.

Abstract: This article discusses the training of translators in relation to their accreditation to produce legally valid translations. A particular case study is taken – the system currently used in Finland. This grants the translator the right to use the title of ‘authorised translator’ and it is supervised by the Authorised Translators’ Examination Board, operating in conjunction with the Finnish National Board of Education. Accreditation is based on either an examination consisting of translation assignments and a test on professional practices, or a higher university degree in translation studies that includes specific courses in authorised translation. The right is granted for one working language pair at a time; in the latter case, for the language pair included in the degree. Finnish universities decide independently on the education given within their curricula. This article discusses both the pros and cons of this kind of system, reflects on the experiences the authors have collected as university lecturers in courses on authorised translation and assessing the students’ translations, and gives examples of implementing the courses. It focuses on the challenges of evaluating the students’ competence within the field of authorised translation and on the authors’ responsibility as teachers in educating qualified translators.

internal-pdf://2324548432/Salmi-2015-Training translators for accreditat.pdf

Solová, Regina. 2015. "The Polish sworn translator: current training profile and perspectives." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051773.

Abstract: The article offers a description of the training profile of Polish sworn translators based on two surveys that compare their education background before and after new legisla- tion was introduced in the country for the accreditation of sworn translators. Past and present training possibilities for translators in Poland are also described. The article analyses the results of introducing new legislation (2004): an increasing number of translators undertake professional training, which they treat as preparation for the state examination or as an element of professional training. Although university courses for future translators hardly ever take into consideration the legal translation/interpreting training and despite the fact that some specialist training courses do not guarantee an appropriately high level of instruction, the observed trends and changes are positive and show the increased importance given to training among future sworn translators and the increased amount of specific training possibilities in Poland.

internal-pdf://3646099282/Solová-2015-The Polish sworn translator_ curre.pdf

Wallace, Melissa. 2015. "A further call to action: training as a policy issue in court interpreting." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer: 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051769.

Abstract: This article gathers research from three studies conducted by industry stakeholders in US court interpreting – research which provides a blueprint for prioritising quality in courtroom language access and which concretely links court interpreter training to policy decisions in the areas of language access and interpreter certification testing. The first study examines training experiences of Spanish/English court interpreters in one US state (Wisconsin); the second surveys practising court interpreters in the same state to demarcate specific skill domains and content in which court interpreters wish to receive training; and the third study examines failure rates on the state-level oral court interpreting exams on a national level over a 15-year period, suggesting some key strategies to mitigate such failure. In light of the aforementioned studies, as well as in response to the National Center for State Court’s recent publication entitled A National Call to Action, this article represents a further call to action, beseeching educators and policymakers to create meaningful training opportunities, to acknowl- edge the relationship between lack of training and widespread oral exam failure, and to reward and incentivise training and credentialing through proactive policy decisions.

internal-pdf://0081598332/Wallace-2015-A further call to action_ trainin.pdf

Brannan, James. 2017. "Identifying written translation in criminal proceedings as a separate right: scope and supervision under European law." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 43-57.

Čavoški, Aleksandra. 2017. "Interaction of law and language in the EU: Challenges of translating in multilingual environment." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 58-74.

Chiocchetti, Elena, Tanja Wissik, Vesna Lušicky, and Michael Wetzel. 2017. "Quality assurance in multilingual legal terminological databases." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 164-188.

Hara, Michał. 2017. "Ensuring quality in legal translation by 3 parties – governments, courts and translators." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 10-20.

Kockaert, Hendrik J., and Winibert Segers. 2017. "Evaluation of legal translations: PIE method (Preselected Items Evaluation)." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 148-163.

Krogsgaard Vesterager, Anja. 2017. "Explicitation in legal translation — a study of Spanish-into-Danish

translation of judgments." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 104-123.

Paolucci, Sandro. 2017. "Translating names of constitutional bodies in legal texts: Italian translation of names of Slovenian constitutional bodies in different types of legal texts." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 75-103.

Phelan, Mary. 2017. "Analytical assessment of legal translation: a case study using the American Translators Association framework." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 189-210.

Ross, Dolores, and Marella Magris. 2017. "The European Arrest Warrant: some pragmatic and translation aspects." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 124-147.

Scarpa, Federica, and Daniele Orlando. 2017. "What it takes to do it right: an integrative EMT-based model for legal translation competence." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 21-42.

Kammerhofer, Jörg. 2017. "Taking the Rules of Interpretation Seriously, but Not Literally? A Theoretical Reconstruction of Orthodox Dogma." Nordic Journal of International Law 86 (2): 125-150. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602005.

Abstract: For international lawyers, the Vienna Convention rules of treaty interpretation are ‘the only game in town’; they have had the whip-hand for several decades now. Yet is this belief in the power(s) of the Vienna rules justified? Behind the claim that they are the law lies a theoretically much more interesting, yet fundamentally unsustainable second argument. It is that rules of interpretation are somehow independent of – and replace – the legal epistemic process, the ascertainment of the law’s meaning-content. These rules are seen as serving a different function, i.e. to regulate the process of the applicative construction of meaning by the organs of international law. They are doc- trine’s attempt to control how treaties are construed by tribunals. However, as a matter of legal theory there are severe limits to what such rules can do. Given these limits, we will reconstruct the possible meanings and uses of the Vienna Convention rules.

internal-pdf://2450388835/Kammerhofer-2017-Taking the Rules of Interpret.pdf

Linderfalk, Ulf. 2017. "Introduction: Language and International Law." Nordic Journal of International Law 86 (2): 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602008.

internal-pdf://1354575018/Linderfalk-2017-Introduction_ Language and Int.pdf

Del Mar, Maks. 2017. "Metaphor in International Law: Language, Imagination and Normative Inquiry." Nordic Journal of International Law 86 (2): 170-195. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602002.

Abstract: This article investigates the role and value of metaphor in normative inquiry, offer- ing both a general framework and applying it to the theory and practice of customary international law. Metaphor is defined as the practice of supposing relations between images from a perspective. The second part of the article unpacks each of these el- ements, i.e. supposition, relating, image-making and perspective-taking. It considers what role each of these elements plays in metaphorical cognition and why that role is valuable (epistemically and politically). The third part of the article turns to meta- phors in customary international law, focusing on metaphors of the path, ripening and crystallisation. It is argued that the shift in metaphorical practice from that of the path to crystallisation is part of what both constitutes and enables a change from a state- practice heavy approach to an opinio-juris weighted one.

internal-pdf://1838177146/Mar-2017-Metaphor in International Law_ Langua.pdf

Pirker, Benedikt, and Jennifer Smolka. 2017. "Making Interpretation More Explicit: International Law and Pragmatics." Nordic Journal of International Law 86 (2): 228-266. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602004.

Abstract: Building on earlier research, the present article integrates linguistics and pragmatics into the study of interpretation of treaties in international law. This approach aims to make the reasoning of interpreting agents and their appeals to interpretive canons more explicit and transparent. This is consequently demonstrated with a number of practical examples in which the process of legal interpretation and its accommodation of the mentioned norms of interpretation can be adequately described and modelled. At the same time, it is shown that legal language possesses certain particularities, but nevertheless ultimately follows the basic pragmatic rules of communication. Nonethe- less, linguistics and pragmatics can only provide an ultimately descriptive account of interpretation, so that evaluative judgements on the normative questions of how to respect the norms of international law still need to be made and – from a normative perspective – the rules of international law are not replaced or abrogated.

internal-pdf://2953659666/Pirker-2017-Making Interpretation More Explici.pdf

Zysset, Alain. 2017. "The Heart of Human Rights, written by Allen Buchanan." Nordic Journal of International Law 86 (2): 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602006.

Abstract: Review of Allen Buchanan The Heart of Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; isbn: 978-0-19 -932538-2 336 pages; price gbp 30.

internal-pdf://0094097156/Zysset-2017-The Heart of Human Rights, written.pdf

Biel, Łucja. 2017. "La recerca en traducció jurídica: un marc que combina diverses perspectives i metodologies per a la traducció jurídica." Revista de llengua i dret (68): 76-88.

Abstract: Aquest article té com a objectiu proposar un marc de recerca que combina diverses perspectives i metodologies per a la traducció jurídica, mitjançant la configuració de dimensions i factors clau aplicables a la traducció jurídica. Com a conseqüència de l’expansió dels estudis de traducció jurídica vigents, aquest camp experimenta un desenvolupament metodològic que eixampla la nostra visió sobre el camp de la traducció jurídica. L’article proposa quatre postulats per al marc de recerca esmentat, que són la transdisciplinarietat, la multidimensionalitat, la bidireccionalitat i la multimetodologia. Aquest marc, a més, comprèn un contínuum de quatre dimensions que són primordials en traducció, com ara, el producte mateix, el context de producció textual i recepció, els procediments i els participants, que es configuren segons els factors, els components i les metodologies de recerca associades, que hi predominin. La segona part de l’article investiga, a tall d’exemple, com les metodologies basades en corpus interactuen amb el marc polifacètic proposat. En les conclusions, sostenim que és possible que la recerca en el camp de la traducció jurídica creixi cada vegada més i que es dugui a terme en equips per tal d’ajustar les diverses perspectives en l’objecte d’estudi.

internal-pdf://4063147873/Biel-2017-La recerca en traducció jurídica_ un.pdf

Engberg, Jan. 2017. "Developing an integrative approach for accessing comparative legal knowledge for translation." Revista de Llengua i Dret (68): 5-18. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i68.2017.3014.

Abstract: In this paper, a multi-perspectivist approach to translation-relevant comparative law is presented. The approach is conceptually oriented and joins three lenses with relevance for the study of meaning construction and development in the field of law: National cultural influences, influences from systemic-functional epistemic aspects, and influence from interpersonal knowledge communication. Focus in the article is upon the argumentative grounding of the three perspectives and upon possible methods with special relevance for the different lenses. In order to present the backdrop against which the approach is developed, the paper starts out with an overview of recent developments and suggestions in the field of comparative law, especially for the purposes of legal translation.

internal-pdf://2044897212/Engberg-2017-Developing an integrative approac.pdf

Font i Mas, Maria. 2017. "Llenguatge jurídic europeu i els reglaments de dret internacional privat: problemes pràctics juridicolingüístics." Revista de llengua i dret (68): 19-32.

Abstract: En el marc del multilingüisme integral de la Unió Europea, la proliferació de reglaments en matèria de dret internacional privat està incidint en la construcció d’un llenguatge jurídic europeu en vint-i-quatre llengües. L’objectiu és l’aplicació uniforme dels preceptes continguts en aquests reglaments però sorgeixen problemes juridicolingüístics. La traducció dels reglaments a les diferents versions lingüístiques resulta una tasca difícil per al traductor que ha de neutralitzar el seu dret i llenguatge intern, a favor del propi europeu; cal que cerqui la coherència horitzontal entre les diferents versions lingüístiques i la coherència vertical amb la resta de normes vinculades a l’àrea. En la construcció del llenguatge jurídic europeu hi participa activament el Tribunal de Justícia de la Unió Europea, que proporciona interpretacions autònomes aplicables a tots els estats membres. En aquest context, en ocasions s’apliquen de forma distinta les mateixes normes perquè els operadors nacionals llegeixen i interpreten els preceptes dels reglaments en un sentit intern i no europeu.

internal-pdf://0988992210/Font i Mas-2017-Llenguatge jurídic europeu i e.pdf

Font i Mas, Maria. 2017. "European Legal Language and the Rules of Private International Law: Practical legal-linguistic problems." Revista de llengua i dret 68: 19-32.

Abstract: In the framework of the European Union’s comprehensive multilingualism, the proliferation of private international law regulations is having an impact on the construction of a European legal language in 24 languages. The objective is the standard application of the precepts contained in these regulations. Yet legal-linguistic problems arise. Translation of regulations into the various linguistic versions is a challenge for translators, who must neutralise their home country’s legal framework and their own internal language in favour of those inherent to Europe. The translator needs to achieve horizontal consistency among the diverse linguistic versions, and vertical consistency with all other rules associated with the area. The Court of Justice of the European Union actively participates in the construction of European legal language, as they provide autonomous interpretations applicable to all member states. In this context, the same rules can be applied differently because the national operators read and interpret the precepts of the regulations in an internal, not European, manner

internal-pdf://1599300131/Font i Mas-2017-European Legal Language and th.pdf

Jiménez Salcedo, Juan. 2017. "L’ús distintiu de la majúscula en llengua catalana: anàlisi d’un corpus de fonts convencionals aplicable a la redacció juridicoadministrativa." Revista de llengua i dret (68): 117-142.

Abstract: La llengua catalana disposa d’un corpus important d’obres sobre convencions gràfiques. La recerca s’ha centrat en el buidatge de fonts que contenen convencions relatives a l’ús de les majúscules, convencions susceptibles d’ésser emprades en l’àmbit de la redacció juridicoadministrativa. Les fonts analitzades estan en molts casos relacionades directament amb aquest tipus de redacció, però s’han estudiat igualment obres de referència general i llibres d’estil. Els resultats han estat classificats en els tipus de designacions següents: tractaments protocol·laris, càrrecs i dignitats, designació de persones fora de la documentació protocol·lària, entitats o organismes formalment constituïts, institucions, normes jurídiques i documentació administrativa. La discussió dels resultats presenta alguns elements de reflexió analitzats al corpus: l’ús de l’antonomàsia conceptual i l’aplicació del principi de singularitat semàntica com a regles d’escriptura dels noms de càrrecs, la problemàtica de la constitució formal dels organismes i entitats i les seves repercussions en l’ús de la majúscula, el paper desenvolupat per les excepcions de designació (els correferents, les designacions abreujades o incompletes i els plurals aglutinadors), l’ambigüitat del concepte d’institució i les seves conseqüències gràfiques i les diferències entre les fonts pel que fa a la denominació dels instruments jurídics.

internal-pdf://3659141730/Jiménez Salcedo-2017-L’ús distintiu de la majú.pdf

Jiménez Salcedo, Juan, and Javier Moreno-Rivero. 2017. "Al voltant de la jurilingüística: principis i aplicacions de la recerca sobre llengua i dret." Revista de llengua i dret 68: 1-4.

Abstract: Aquest article introdueix la secció monogràfica "De la traducció a la jurilingüística". En destaca que les contribucions que s’hi publiquen reflecteixen un marc interdisciplinar estable de relacions entre llengua i dret, des de paràmetres com ara la traducció, la interpretació, la formació, l’autopercepció professional, la recerca teòrica o l’elaboració terminològica, alhora que recullen algunes de les noves tendències en la matèria i revisen de manera crítica els paradigmes existents. Conclou que les aportacions publicades fan palesa la pertinència de la jurilingüística com a paradigma ampli i dinàmic a partir del qual poder pensar les relacions entre llengua i dret.

internal-pdf://2307482861/Jiménez Salcedo-2017-Al voltant de la juriling.pdf

Jiménez Salcedo, Juan, and Javier Moreno-Rivero. 2017. "On Jurilinguistics: The principles and applications of research on language and law." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld. i68.2017.3064.

Abstract: Aquest article introdueix la secció monogràfica "De la traducció a la jurilingüística". En destaca que les contribucions que s’hi publiquen reflecteixen un marc interdisciplinar estable de relacions entre llengua i dret, des de paràmetres com ara la traducció, la interpretació, la formació, l’autopercepció professional, la recerca teòrica o l’elaboració terminològica, alhora que recullen algunes de les noves tendències en la matèria i revisen de manera crítica els paradigmes existents. Conclou que les aportacions publicades fan palesa la pertinència de la jurilingüística com a paradigma ampli i dinàmic a partir del qual poder pensar les relacions entre llengua i dret.

internal-pdf://0304088653/Jiménez Salcedo-2017-On Jurilinguistics_ The p.pdf

Jiménez-Salcedo, Juan, and Javier Moreno-Rivero. 2017. "Presentació. Al voltant de la jurilingüística: principis i aplicacions de la recerca sobre llengua i dret." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i68.2017.3064

Abstract: Aquest article introdueix la secció monogràfica "De la traducció a la jurilingüística". En destaca que les contribucions que s’hi publiquen reflecteixen un marc interdisciplinar estable de relacions entre llengua i dret, des de paràmetres com ara la traducció, la interpretació, la formació, l’autopercepció professional, la recerca teòrica o l’elaboració terminològica, alhora que recullen algunes de les noves tendències en la matèria i revisen de manera crítica els paradigmes existents. Conclou que les aportacions publicades fan palesa la pertinència de la jurilingüística com a paradigma ampli i dinàmic a partir del qual poder pensar les relacions entre llengua i dret.

internal-pdf://0158535326/Jiménez-Salcedo-2017-Presentació. Al voltant d.pdf

Orozco Jutorán, Mariana. 2017. "Anotación textual de un corpus multilingüe de interpretación judicial a partir de grabaciones de procesos penales reales." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 33-56.

Abstract: This article provides a detailed look at one of the phases of the TIPp (Traducción e Interpretación en los Procesos penales, Translation and Interpretation in Criminal Proceedings) research project, which examines the realities of court interpreting in Spain’s criminal courts. The phase studied in this contribution is the development of an oral corpus annotation system, created on an ad hoc basis in order to provide an accurate description of the current practice of court interpreting in Spain. It is based on a representative oral corpus compiled using real criminal proceedings held in Barcelona’s criminal courts in 2015. The annotation system is divided into two main categories: ‘interaction’ and ‘textual’, with this article examining textual annotation, which includes a series of indicators, both generic and specific, to be able to describe the accuracy of the conveying of a message during the interpreting process. It provides specific examples taken from the oral corpus and provides some initial results obtained from the practice of court interpreting in three language combinations: English–Spanish, French–Spanish and Romanian–Spanish.

internal-pdf://0061535680/Orozco Jutorán-2017-Anotación textual de un co.pdf

Scott, Juliette R. 2017. "The Pernicious Effects of Terms Used for and by the Legal Translation Profession." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 57-75. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i68.2017.2969.

Abstract: This paper posits that the terminology used for and by the legal translation profession is not without significance, and may affect perceived status, professionalization, empowerment, and even remuneration. Serious signalling issues in the translation profession as a whole were brought to the fore in a study by Pym et al (2012), while Katan (2011a) reported on a widespread perception of low status by translators themselves. Facilitators and barriers to translators’ professionalization and empowerment have been investigated extensively (e.g., Dam & Koskinen, 2016; Dam & Zethsen, 2010; Sela-Sheffy, 2011), while in recent years there has been a discernable downward pressure on the amount that clients seem willing to pay for legal translation. It would appear, however, that there is little discussion in the literature of the actual terms used within the legal translation procurement process and for the actors involved. As a short illustration in English: we may establish a cline going from “asset”, “resource”, “vendor”, “freelancer”, “supplier”, and “provider” to “professional” or “practitioner”, and consider how such terms are applied to the translation and legal professions and the very different signals that are transmitted (Scott, 2015). Further examples from a recent global survey of stakeholders in the outsourced legal translation market (Scott, 2016a) are also examined.

Conclusions will be drawn regarding the potential of concepts such as occupational branding (Ashcraft et al., 2012), and the implications of terminological awareness for legal translator training programmes, professional bodies, and for individual legal translators.

internal-pdf://3829175806/Scott-2017-The Pernicious Effects of Terms Use.pdf

Zarco-Tejada, M. Ángeles, and Antonio Lazari. 2017. "Los modelos de semántica de marcos para la representación del conocimiento jurídico en el derecho comparado: el caso de la responsabilidad del estado." Revista de Llengua i Dret 67: 237-254. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i67.2017.2892.

Abstract: This article offers an in-depth analysis, and proposes a representation of the legal knowledge underlying the concept of State responsibility from a multilingual and comparative law perspective. To this end, it recommends increasing information on frame semantics (hereinafter, frames) through the semantic types in the FrameNet system, with the double purpose of acting as an interlingual representation of legal knowledge and formalising the causes for lexical and conceptual imbalances in legal systems. The article studies the principle of State responsibility in the Spanish, English, French and Italian models and shows how a more detailed description of legal knowledge through the linking of the frame elements (hereinafter designed by the acronym FE) of the frames with the semantic types [±sentient], makes it feasible not just to use these as an interlingual representation, but also to try to explain the divergences/ convergences of the various approaches to the concept of the State responsibility that are rooted in sociocultural contexts of a different tradition. This proposal demonstrates the advantages of this formalisation as a model to explain the dynamic process of divergence/convergence in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (referred to hereinafter by the acronym CJEU).

internal-pdf://3289099539/Zarco-Tejada-2017-Los modelos de semántica de.pdf

Monteoliva García, Eloísa. 2017. "La relevancia de las secuencias de interpretación en entrevistas policiales con interpretación en stand-by." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 100-116. https://doi.org/10.2436/. http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rld/article/view/10.2436-rld.i68.2017.2938/n68-Monteoliva-es.pdf.

Abstract: En aquest article explorem dues entrevistes policials fetes en anglès a detinguts hispanoparlants en les quals la interpretació s’usa de manera selectiva i intermitent o en stand-by (Angermeyer, 2008). La modalitat d’interpretació en stand-by es caracteritza per la integració d’interacció monolingüe sense interpretació i seqüències locals d’interpretació, i aquest article se centra, precisament, en l’anàlisi d’aquestes seqüències. Els detinguts en qualitat de sospitosos per tinença i tràfic de drogues eren usuaris d’anglès com a segona llengua i una intèrpret professional va interpretar en les dues entrevistes. L’anàlisi se centra en l’inici de les seqüències d’interpretació, la seva localització temporal en l’entrevista (fase), les característiques del context local, el responsable de l’inici, la freqüència d’inici per fase i interlocutor i, per últim, en els indicis contextuals de les seqüències d’interpretació. Els resultats il·lustren la naturalesa col·laborativa de la interpretació en stand-by, la rellevància d’aspectes multimodals en la gestió dels torns i la indexació de les accions dels diferents interlocutors segons els aspectes formals del gènere (entrevista policial), el seu paper en l’entrevista i els objectius tant generals com específics de cada fase. Després d’explorar els indicis de contextualització que apunten a les causes que sembla que motiven els episodis d’interpretació en la modalitat en stand-by, proposem l’aplicació del concepte de metarellevància en dos sentits diferents, que tenen relació directa amb el gènere discursiu analitzat.

internal-pdf://3172685393/Monteoliva Garc-2017-La relevancia de las secu.pdf

Wallace, Melissa, and Carlos Iván Hernández. 2017. "Language Access for Asylum Seekers in Borderland Detention Centers in Texas." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 143-156. http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rld/article/view/10.2436-rld.i68.2017.2940.

Abstract: Extreme gang violence in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras has prompted thousands of mothers and children to seek refuge in the United States. In response to the 2014 migrant crisis, the United States’ use of family detention centers represents one of the most controversial aspects of the Obama administration’s political response. For-profit detention centers located in Karnes, Texas and Dilley, Texas, are currently housing thousands of asylum-seeking mothers and children beyond capacity (García-Ditta 2015: n.p.). The gravity of the current refugee crisis is only exacerbated by language barriers – one of the direst obstacles to avoiding swift removal processes. A crucial step in the asylum-seeking process is the credible fear interview (CFI), an immigration proceeding in which a person must demonstrate credible fear of returning to his or her home country or be subject to deportation. This article directly locates language mediation in non-criminal immigration proceedings as a human right to which institutional compliance is still unresponsive and ineffectual. The authors aim to offer a descriptive analysis of US immigration proceedings with a brief final discussion which contemplates the unexplored aspects of the legal and ethical grey zone of language access in borderland detention centers.

internal-pdf://3285743265/Wallace-2017-Language Access for Asylum Seeker.pdf

Gez, Yonatan N., and Michal Schuster. 2018. "Borders and Boundaries: Eritrean Graduates Reflect on Their Medical Interpreting Training." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 821-836. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492810.

Abstract: This article examines the professional boundaries and obstacles encountered by Eritrean graduates of a medical interpreter course in Israel. Through a series of personal interviews held about a year after their graduation, we identified professional and personal boundaries as a recurring theme. Drawing on the inspiring work of Erving Goffman, we discuss the tension between their “normative roles” and “typical roles.” By deploying two heuristic two-way typologies—in reference to the service provider or the patient, and in reference to formal or informal interpreting settings—we propose that the tension between the normative and the typical manifests most clearly within formal interpreting settings and vis-à-vis the service providers, and is least present outside formal settings and vis-à-vis the patients. Recognizing that the role of the interpreter tends to extend well beyond its formal setting, we conclude by reflecting on how the circumstances of marginalization and lack of support—incurred by the Israeli government’s intention to frustrate asylum seekers and thwart their struggle for recognition as refugees—compels the graduates to extend their services and serve as brokers, counsellors and guides in trying to help their compatriots navi- gate the ostensibly inhospitable system they confront.

internal-pdf://4087447943/Gez-2018-Borders and Boundaries_ Eritrean Grad.pdf

Rosendo, Lucía Ruiz. 2018. "Translating in extremis." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 857-862. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1486111.

Abstract: Review of Interpreting in Nazi Concentration Camps, edited by Michaela Wolf, New York,

Bloomsbury, 2016, ix + 232 pp., $30.99 (paper)

internal-pdf://2489630210/Rosendo-2018-Translating in extremis.pdf

Sabar, Galia, and Shiri Tenenboim. 2018. "“We must do something instead of just watch”: The First Medical Interpreter Training Course for Eritrean Asylum Seekers in Israel." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 804-820. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1499206.

Abstract: This article analyzes the outcomes of the first medical interpreter vocational training course for Eritrean asylum seekers in Israel. Our study draws on the work of Phyllis Butow et al. on medical inter- preters’ perceptions of their role, including the challenges they face; on Elena Ragazzi’s call for a flexible evaluation of vocational training outcomes; and on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of “cultural capital” as an empowering tool for change. The course was initiated in 2013 in response to difficulties experienced by medical personnel and Eritrean asylum seekers regarding the provision of health services for refugees. The outcomes of the course led to four main conclusions: (1) it was a positive learning endeavor that led graduates to better jobs; (2) it was an empowering experience that enabled graduates to better care for themselves and their loved ones, and enhanced their understanding of their rights as asylum seekers; (3) it was perceived as a project of inclusion that created a safe and reassuring environment within the otherwise hostile reality of state-orchestrated exclusion, yet it also induced a sense of frustration in that it had no impact on the unjust social structure in which the asylum seekers live; and (4) the course was helpful in developing the graduates’ understanding of their com- plex role as medical interpreters.

internal-pdf://2305619724/Sabar-2018-“We must do something instead of ju.pdf

Schuster, Michal, and Lluís Baixauli-Olmos. 2018. "A Question of Communication: The Role of Public Service Interpreting in the Migrant Crisis—Introduction." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 733-737. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492812.

internal-pdf://3126071288/Schuster-2018-A Question of Communication_ The.pdf

Skaaden, Hanne. 2018. "Remote Interpreting: Potential Solutions to Communication Needs in the Refugee Crisis and Beyond." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 837-856. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1499474.

Abstract: Remote interpreting (RI), where the interpreter communicates with the interlocutors via technological solutions across geographical distance, enhances the availability of trained interpreters in the public sector and institutional discourse in general. In refugee crises, where new unexpected language needs may arise, access to skilled interpreters presents a particular challenge. RI is an apt solution in such cases. Yet, although the professionals who are in need of interpreting services within the legal and health systems embrace the option of RI, the interpreters themselves seem less enthusiastic. They report to experience more challenges and stress in RI than in onsite interpreting. Research suggests that for RI to succeed, the interpreters’ working conditions require special atten- tion and caution. Lending ears to the interpreters is therefore worthwhile in trying to identify what aspects should receive spe- cial attention during RI.

Approaching RI in an action research mode, this article reports on interpreting students’ reflections on their experiences with RI via Skype in an online classroom setting, as well as their reflections on their real-life experiences with RI in legal and healthcare set- tings. The qualitative analysis draws on logs from text-only chat sessions, in which the students describe challenges with feedback signals, turn-taking and information overflow, leading to increased stress during RI. However, they also offer suggestions as to what can be done by those in charge of institutional encounters to address these challenges and improve the quality of the Remote interpreting.

internal-pdf://0631704364/Skaaden-2018-Remote Interpreting_ Potential So.pdf

Souza, Izabel E. T. de V. 2018. "Interpreters of Occupation: Gender and the Politics of Belonging in an Iraqi Refugee Network." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 863-865. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1507190.

Abstract: Review of Interpreters of Occupation: Gender and the Politics of Belonging in an Iraqi Refugee Network, by Madeline Otis Campbell, Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, 2016, xix + 229 pp., $34.95 (paper)

internal-pdf://3182432836/Souza-2018-Interpreters of Occupation_ Gender.pdf

Valero-Garcés, Carmen. 2018. "Interpreting and Translating in the Spanish Asylum and Refugee Office: A Case Study." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 773-786. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492813.

Abstract: In recent years, with Europe witnessing its worst refugee crisis since the Second World War, the process of applying for asylum in a foreign country has become the focus of numerous studies and research programs. The aim of the present article is to explore the subject through a case study of the issues and complexities surrounding the interpreting and translation services offered by the Spanish Asylum and Refugee Office (OAR). The data is based on two surveys: the first focused on the professionals’ views of the role of translators and interpreters, and the second on translators and interpreters working in the field of international protection. The findings obtained from these studies may prove useful for improving the various interpreting and translation training pro- grams and services that are crucial for managing the refugee crisis and the multiple problems associated with it.

internal-pdf://4022819424/Valero-Garcés-2018-Interpreting and Translatin.pdf

Vargas-Urpi, Mireia. 2018. "Judged in a Foreign Language: A Chinese-Spanish Court Interpreting Case Study." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 787-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492814.

Abstract: Recent legislation in Spain has transposed Directive 2010/64/EU, which recognises interpretation as an essential tool for safeguard- ing fairness in criminal proceedings, in particular, for preventing any state of defencelessness. Previous research, however, has suggested important deficiencies in court interpreting in this country. This article analyses court interpreting from Chinese to Spanish, based on a case study of a recording of a criminal trial that took place in Barcelona in February 2015. The trial was transcribed verbatim and annotated in accordance with Cecilia Wadensjö’s distinction between “talk as text” and “talk as activity.” The analysis focuses on examples of errors of interpretation (non- translated speech acts, omissions, and additions), speech style and non-renditions. The results are compared with those of a corpus of 55 court proceedings in which the interpretation was from Spanish to English and from French to Romanian. The article concludes with a discussion of the factors—such as lack of specialised train- ing, lack of deontological codes or general unawareness of the interpreter’s role—that may have affected the quality of the inter- pretation in the trial analysed. The low proportion of interpretation during that court session (only 17.6% of the total duration) is perhaps the most striking result of the case study.

internal-pdf://3006967720/Vargas-Urpi-2018-Judged in a Foreign Language_.pdf

Gallez, Emmanuelle. 2018. "Foreigners and Refugees Behind Bars: How Flemish Prisons Tackle Linguistic Barriers." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 738-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492809. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492809.

Abstract: As a result of intensive mobility and migration over the last twenty-five years, multiculturalism and multilingualism have become a reality in European prisons. This ?superdiversity? poses a serious challenge to the various stakeholders who need efficient and reliable communication. Yet this topic has been underresearched. According to statistics for the year 2014 issued by the Council of Europe, Belgium has a high rate of foreign inmates (41%). Against this background, the aim of this exploratory research is to describe how the Flemish penitentiary system tackles this linguistic challenge. Data were gathered through qualitative research methods such as desktop research and in-depth interviews with 8 stakeholders (prison directors, prison staff, social workers, and interpreters). Due to the scarcity of financial resources and the presence of organizational hurdles, the Ministry of Justice rarely assigns jobs in prison to interpreters; instead, they are replaced by cheaper and immediately available alternatives. The results suggest that linguistic isolation of foreign detainees leads to social isolation and may jeopardize their release and social reintegration.

internal-pdf://1020406623/Gallez-2018-Foreigners and Refugees Behind Bar.pdf

Kerremans, Koen, Laurent-Philippe De Ryck, Vanessa De Tobel, Rudi Janssens, Pascal Rillof, and Marianne Scheppers. 2018. "Bridging the Communication Gap in Multilingual Service Encounters: A Brussels Case Study." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 757-772. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492811. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492811.

Abstract: The massive influx of refugees into Europe in the past few years has given rise to different kinds of challenges among which is the challenge to successfully communicate with newly arrived immigrants. In this article, we will focus on the public service provision sector where quality of service is to a large extent determined by the capability of a service provider and his or her ?client? to understand one another. The article centres on a study involving public organisations providing asylum services or (mental) healthcare services in the multilingual and multicultural city of Brussels. Several interviews were conducted to gain insight into the communication problems such organisations face, as well as their communication requirements and solutions when providing services to people of different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. We will focus on the types of bridging functions commonly deployed by these organisations in multilingual service encounters and on the motivations for using them. In addition, we will discuss the subject of technology-enabled communication in the context of public service provision. Finally, in presenting the results of our study we will formulate specific recommendations on how to improve the use and integration of bridging functions into common service practice.

internal-pdf://4206390981/Kerremans-2018-Bridging the Communication Gap.pdf

Matulewska, Aleksandra. 2019. "Legal and LSP Linguistics and Translation: Asian Languages’ Perspectives." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-019-09602-x.

Abstract: This essay opens the Special Issue of the International Journal for the Semiotics of Law dedicated to Asian Languages, entitled “Legal and LSP Linguistics and Trans- lation: Asian Languages’ Perspectives”. It focuses on revealing the principal issues discussed in the volume, by positioning the contributors’ works into the general theoretical semiotic perspectives which shape legal languages, legal translation and public discourse over languages spoken in Asia. This volume of the International Journal for the Semiotics of Law is composed of nine articles which may be grouped into four categories of problems. The first group in general refers to problems con- nected with legal communication both from interlingual and intralingual perspec- tives. Thus it encompasses four papers dealing with legal translation as well as communication in legal and political settings (Cao in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–16, 2018; Mannoni in Int J Semiot Law 32(1), 2018; Koptseva and Sitnikova in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–28, 2018; Alwazna in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–20, 2018). The second theme focuses on legal interpretation problems in Hong Kong (Leung in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–22, 2017) and is an important contribution due to the fact that the right to the interpreter and to communication in a language one understands in court proceedings is one of human rights nowadays and as the real life cases indicate is one of the rights which may be easily abused and no one apart from the victim and the interpreter actually may realise that that human right is not properly observed. Furthermore, the consequences of such abuse may have dire consequences for legal communication participants. The next paper, constituting a separate, third theme, is devoted to teaching legal translation and developing legal translators’ competences from the very beginning (Halimi in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–8, 2018). The last category encompasses three papers devoted to the semiotic analysis of words and images aimed at achieving a specific persuasive result or proper understanding of similar but not identical concepts which may frequently be considered universal despite vital differences resulting from different historical, social or political evo- lution of societies and states (Xu in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–9, 2018; Abbas and Kadim in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–20, 2018; Haider and Olimy in Int J Semiot Law 32(1):1–32, 2018).

internal-pdf://0945116962/Matulewska-2019-Legal and LSP Linguistics and.pdf

Leung, Ester S. M. 2019. "The Jurisprudence and Administration of Legal Interpreting in Hong Kong (1966–2016)." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-017-9535-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-017-9535-8.

Abstract: Legal interpreting and translation are some of the oldest and most frequently practised bilingual activities in Hong Kong. The principles and operation of the bilingual legal system actually impinge on the legal interpreting services and the practices of legal interpreting services also in ways impact on the system itself. This study adopts a historical approach to analyse the jurisprudence and administration of legal interpreting in Hong Kong courts from 1966 to 2016 (half a century), across the 1997 dividing line between British colonial rule and the return of Hong Kong to the government of mainland China. It focuses on the opinions of judges and other participants in courtroom proceedings as recorded in Hong Kong case reports. It is discovered that the jurisprudence of having an interpreter to interpret for participants who do not speak the language of the court is clearly indicated and well versed in the precedents. However, there is a gap between the jurisprudence and the actual interpreting services, mainly caused by the malpractices of the concerned administration department(s) and some of the law enforcement agents working in the frontline.

internal-pdf://1927495861/Leung-2019-The Jurisprudence and Administratio.pdf

Haider, Ahmad S., and Saleh Olimy. 2019. "The Representation of Laji’een (Refugees) and Muhajireen (Migrants) in the Headlines of Jordan News Agency (PETRA)." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 155-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9550-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9550-4.

Abstract: This paper explores the representation of Laji’een (Refugees) and Muhajireen (Migrants) in Jordan News Agency (PETRA). It uses the headlines of a 2.5 million word corpus of Arabic news articles in a time span of 5 years from 2012 to 2016. Chronologically analyzing the headlines shows a change in the representation of and attitudes towards refugees and migrants over the investigated period. The analysis of the headlines shows that 2012 starts with providing the assistance to the refugees then at a later stage of 2012 and in 2013 and 2014, the language is shifted to calling for assistance to the country to contribute to solving the problem. In 2015, the language is changed to be more alerting about the scarce in funding. In 2016, the headlines have changed the focus to Europe due to the migration of the refugees. This motivates the National News Agency of Jordan to highlight the suffering of Europe because of the refugees despite having the capacity and resources to host the migrant refugees. The paper concludes that language in general, and the language of media in particular can change the attitudes of people and governments toward critical issues and phenomena like migration and asylum.

internal-pdf://4265905513/Haider-2019-The Representation of Laji’een (Re.pdf

Mannoni, Michele. 2019. "Hefa Quanyi: More than a Problem of Translation. Linguistic Evidence of Lawfully Limited Rights in China." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9554-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9554-0.

Abstract: This essay addresses the legal meanings of the phrase hefa quanyi (lawful or legitimate rights and interests), an important Chinese legal phrase that is frequently found in many Chinese laws and legal documents, and whose interpretation is claimed by various scholars to affect the alienability of people’s rights. It first challenges the existing translations of the phrase into Italian and English. It secondly delves into its history and etymology, studying the legal meanings that the phrase has had in the various texts of the Constitution of China. It is suggested that hefa quanyi is not the semantic and legal equivalent of Western ‘rights and interests’, but rather that the phrase retains its etymological meaning of ‘power and negatively-connoted profit’. It is further argued that the adjective hefa (lawful) in the phrase is used to impose constraints on the rights and interests that the Chinese people are entitled to.

internal-pdf://3259267421/Mannoni-2019-Hefa Quanyi_ More than a Problem.pdf

Abbas, Ali Haif, and Enas Naji Kadim. 2019. "Crimes of Terrorism on Innocent Iraqis from (2014) to (2016): A Semiotic Study." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9557-x. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9557-x.

Abstract: Terrorist organisations have increased and widened in Iraq in particular and the world in general in recent years. People have suffered a lot from these terrorist organisations due to their thirst for killing innocent civilians. The study aims to convey the suffering of innocent Iraqis caused by terrorist acts to the world. In order to achieve the aim, the research adopted Barthes’s (1964) framework to analyse the selected photographs. The researchers have selected (13) iconic photographs for the analysis. The photographs are taken from the main websites of the local, Arabic, and foreign media. The study found out that terrorism is the brutal enemy of all Iraqi societies including Sunnis, Shia, Kurds, Christians, and Yazidis. This research is a clear example that shows the world the extent of the suffering, pain, and fear Iraqi people are facing because of terrorism.

internal-pdf://4005446029/Abbas-2019-Crimes of Terrorism on Innocent Ira.pdf

Koptseva, Natalia P., and Alexandra A. Sitnikova. 2019. "The Historical Basis for the Understanding of a State in Modern Russia: A Case Study Based on Analysis of Components in the Concept of a State, Established Between the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 47-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9564-y. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9564-y.

Abstract: Using semiotic and historical methods, the article recovers the ancient Russian concept of ‘state’, which appeared and gained a foothold in the Russian social and cultural space in the fourteen and fifteenth centuries. In the authors’ opinions, this content has determined the basic features for understanding the State in modern post-Soviet Russian society to date. Accordingly, it is important to reassemble the main conceptual threads in the ‘state’ concept during the epoch of Ivan the Terrible, the Muscovite Tsar, the epoch when the ‘state’ concept gained a foothold in Russian political culture. To re-establish the content of the ‘state’ concept, a historical description, an etymological and comparative analysis of this concept, as well as content analysis of the first epistle from Tsar Ivan the Terrible to Duke Andrei Kurbsky were employed. As a result, it was possible to recover the aspects of the ‘state’ concept that continue to be reproduced in post-Soviet Russian culture and predetermine certain elements of modern Russia’s political outlook. This concerns the central role of the ‘sovereign ruler’ in the State, the ideal of the ideological unity, the State’s mission of mediation between man and God, the hierarchy of the State and the sacral role of the ruler at the peak of this hierarchy.

internal-pdf://1782280390/Koptseva-2019-The Historical Basis for the Und.pdf

Cao, Deborah. 2019. "Desperately Seeking ‘Justice’ in Classical Chinese: On the Meanings of Yi." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9566-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9566-9.

Abstract: This essay sets out to search for an equivalent Chinese word to the English word ‘justice’ in classical Chinese language, through ancient Chinese philosophical texts, imperial codes and idioms. The study found that there does not seem to be a linguistic sign for ‘justice’ in classical Chinese, and further, yi resembles ‘justice’ in some ways and has been used sometimes to translate ‘justice’, but yi is a complex concept in traditional Chinese philosophy with multiple meanings and it is dissimilar to ‘justice’ in their semantic and pragmatic meanings in Chinese and English legal culture. While ‘justice’ is a keyword and fundamental to Western law, yi is not a legal word or concept in classical Chinese in traditional China. Given its complexity, yi does not have a one-to-one equivalent in English. It sometimes carries a sense of ‘righteousness’ and occasionally ‘justice’, but yi and ‘justice’ are not equivalent. In view of these, it becomes understandable that the translations of yi in contemporary Chinese usage vary ranging from ‘friendship and justice’ to ‘greater good’, among others. The meaning of yi is still uncertain and context sensitive as it was two thousand years ago.

internal-pdf://3194224735/Cao-2019-Desperately Seeking ‘Justice’ in Clas.pdf

Halimi, Sonia Asmahène. 2019. "Rethinking the English–Arabic Legal Translation Course: Restructuring for Specific Competence Acquisition." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9568-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9568-7.

Abstract: The standards for translating texts in specialized fields have become particularly rigorous with the increasing complexity of material and growing demand for its translation. While translations simply aimed at communication and produced by machine translation are proliferating, the need for reliable and high-quality translations is also increasing. The demand for expert-dependable legal translation is higher than ever, requiring competence-based training in the field of legal translation. This paper describes a guided-task framework for developing subject area competence at the earliest stage of an English–Arabic legal translation course. It presents the three most problematic phases of concept processing in legal translation in terms of: (a) legal systems; (b) branches of law; and (c) genre-based phraseology. The approach presented below is part of a more general study that aims to describe the first course in a series of three graduate courses on legal translation, each of them motivated by a guided-task framework that has the aim of developing three specific competences in legal translation: (a) legal concept processing => subject area competence; (b) documentary research => instrumental competence; and (c) legal rhetorics => communicative and textual competence. In this paper we intend to focus on the first course of legal concept processing as a key prerequisite for legal knowledge development. We illustrate the relevance of addressing specific variables (legal systems, branches of law and genre-based phraseology) when analysing legal concepts in the text that is to be translated, before proceeding to the information search and communication, according to established formulae and conventions.

internal-pdf://1682085144/Halimi-2019-Rethinking the English–Arabic Lega.pdf

Xu, Youping. 2019. "Scolding “Brothers” and Caring “Friends”: Discursive Construction of the Identity of Mediation Helpers in China." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9574-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9574-9.

Abstract: Despite the increasing popularity of the call for specialized and professionalized mediators worldwide, the importance of mediation helpers who are non-mediators but invited to assist the mediation in China can never be underestimated. Different from the western style of co-mediation that involves two or more mediators, China has the tradition to invite mediation helpers such as family members, neighbors, friends and working unit leaders, to help the mediator settle disputes for parties. Nowadays, in one innovative form of people’s mediation, TV mediation, warm-hearted people who are unfamiliar with the parties are also invited to be mediation helpers. This paper, based on the socio-cultural linguistic framework of identity proposed by Bucholtz and Hall (Discourse Stud 7(4–5):585–614, 2005), intends to analyze how “stranger” mediation helpers discursively construct their identities as scolding “brothers” and caring “friends” in China’s TV mediation. The data used in this paper consists of transcripts of 10 episodes of TV mediation programs on divorce disputes in China. Data analysis shows that unlike the mediator who is supposed to be neutral, mediation helpers often align/disalign themselves with parties, discursively construct such an identity as scolding “elder brothers” and caring “friends”, and achieve additional favorable effects that would otherwise be normally impossible by the neutral mediator. This paper concludes that due to the socio-cultural traditions in China, this seemingly peculiar phenomenon to the west is actually an innovation of mediation and is the very secret that makes mediation in China vigorous and effective.

internal-pdf://1858721730/Xu-2019-Scolding “Brothers” and Caring “Friend.pdf

Alwazna, Rafat Y. 2019. "Translation and Legal Terminology: Techniques for Coping with the Untranslatability of Legal Terms between Arabic and English." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9580-y. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-018-9580-y.

Abstract: The issue of untranslatability of legal terms, particularly between originally unrelated languages, like legal Arabic and legal English, has long been a real challenge in legal translation. It stems from the conceptual incongruency between legal terms of different legal languages, which are derived from different legal cultures and legal systems. Such conceptual asymmetry is owing to the fact that law has no universal reference and that legal language is what determines the degree of difference in conceptual correspondence. The present paper argues that although conceptual asymmetry, which is the main reason for the issue of untranslatability of legal terms, cannot be denied in legal translation, there exist certain translation techniques which, if properly adopted, would resolve the issue of untranslatability of legal terms and therefore achieve acceptable legal translation. Such translation techniques are primarily controlled by legal, cultural and linguistic criteria that stand as a basis for choosing the appropriate technique(s) in Arabic–English legal translation.

internal-pdf://1566288681/Alwazna-2019-Translation and Legal Terminology.pdf

Adams, Heather, and Paula Alonso Rodríguez. 2019. "Linguistic and interpreting needs of security forces in Gran Canaria: a preliminary study." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3299 . https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3299 .

Abstract: This article investigates the interpreting needs of Spanish security personnel, their perceptions of their interactions with non-Spanish speakers, and considerations regarding the role of interpreters in their work for the various security forces in Spain. The contextual framework summarises the responsibilities of the Spanish security forces, examines the area of law enforcement as a public service sector in which interpreting is required, and explores legal issues in this field. An indication of the number of potential users of interpreting services in the security forces in the specific region studied (the Canary Islands) is followed by a description of the methodology used. We then present the results of our study, which was conducted by means of a questionnaire, drawn up and administered by the authors, on how members of the Civil Guard and the Spanish National and local police forces perceive their language and interpreting needs, as well as their experiences in these fields. As part of this preliminary study, survey respondents were encouraged to share difficulties they had encountered in relation to language mediation, thereby enabling the authors to present an overview of the interlinguistic and intercultural communication difficulties that need to be overcome in these services, as well as service professionals’ impressions of the reality of working with interpreters.

internal-pdf://2426206084/Adams-2019-Linguistic and interpreting needs o.pdf

Aguirre Fernández Bravo, Elena. 2019. "Interpreter role (self-)perception: A model and an assessment tool." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 62-72.

Abstract: Ongoing discussion continues to debate the role interpreters should embrace, whether the interpreter should be an impartial agent or whether impartiality can be demanded from a human agent at all. The current discussion favours the idea that roles are negotiated through interaction and that the ideal of impartiality may be compromised in specific situations or settings. This negotiation, far from constituting an academic discussion, is determined by the parties to the communicative situation. It is therefore relevant to be able to assess interpreters’ and users’ views as to what a particular situation requires of the interpreter. Based on a content analysis of the existing literature on the interpreter’s role, we developed a model to account for opposing perceptions of what interpreters are and should do in their professional practice, and represent those views as possibilities on a continuum rather than as opposing and excluding options. This paper presents a tool based on that model which allows perceptions to be made explicit and discussed. The model and preliminary experiences of the application of the tool in interpreting teaching and in one professional context are presented.

internal-pdf://1101513517/Aguirre Fernánd-2019-Interpreter role (self-)p.pdf

Gustafsson, Kristina, Eva Norström, and Petra Höglund. 2019. "Interpreting or brokering in Swedish public service institutions: The use of children for multilingual communication in public services." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 13-26. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3260.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyse experiences of using children as language brokers in Swedish public services, and the consequences of doing so. We begin by discussing and comparing the two concepts of brokering and interpreting. We then go on to analyse and discuss data obtained by quantitative and qualitative methods, including two online surveys whose respondents worked in health care and social services, and seven group interviews which included persons with experience of language brokering as children. A main result is the existence of discrepancies between how public service staff described their experiences of using children as interpreters, and how child interpreters perceived their situation. The former assert that children are rarely used as interpreters, only in critical situations or for simple assignments, and never on a regular basis. By contrast, interviewees with experiences of language brokering as children declare that they were regularly called on to interpret, every day, and in all kinds of situations. They testify that they were not asked for their consent, nor was their presence ever questioned. Although contradictory, both perspectives are relevant and describe the reality of those who participated in the surveys and group interviews. The discrepancy can be explained by the fact that the parents and relatives of the brokering children may have had encounters with diferent public service institutions several times a week. If all these institutions legitimised the use of children on isolated occasions and in simple and acute situations, this can seem like full-time work from the perspective of the child. Finally, we focus on the consequences for patients and service users in terms of legal certainty and discrimination.

internal-pdf://0304088673/Gustafsson-2019-Interpreting or brokering in S.pdf

Pérez Senra, Belén. 2019. "La interpretación en lengua de signos: una cuestión de rol. La percepción de las intérpretes de lengua de signos de la Comunidad Valenciana de su rol ante el tribunal." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 73-87. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3300 .

Abstract: In this study we present the results of a survey conducted with sign language interpreters on their perception of their role as professional interpreters in the courts of the Autonomous Community of Valencia. The study highlights the imbalance of social and personal power which is generated in the courtroom between agents of the court and other agents well- versed in courtroom communication and culture, and members of the deaf community who frequently have no knowledge of such matters. Within this framework, we describe the expectations of interpreter users with regard to sign language interpreting. Having explained the problem of the broad array of perspectives on the limits of the interpreter’s role, the article explains the methodology employed for the design and administration of the questionnaires and presents the results thereof. From the starting point of the dissonance between what different interpreter users demand of their interpreters, we present solutions adopted by the interpreters themselves and argue for the need to define a congruent set of values for public service interpreting that can guide professional interpreters in their work as well as offer the flexibility they need to adapt their role according to the different contexts in which they work.

internal-pdf://3516616342/Pérez Senra-2019-La interpretación en lengua d.pdf

Salaets, Heidi, and Katalin Balogh. 2019. "Interpreter-mediated questioning of minors (ImQM): the voice of the children and their rapport with the interpreter." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 27-44. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3257.

Abstract: This paper focuses on interpreter-mediated interviews with victims, suspects and witnesses under the age of 18 who are vulnerable because of their age, native language and country of presence, with particular emphasis on how to provide the necessary information, support and protection for this group. The paper reports on the results of the European project Cooperation in Interpreter-Mediated Questioning of Minors (CMIQ). As the name suggests, cooperation and teamwork among stakeholders are of paramount importance in interpreter-mediated questioning of minors (ImQM). This contribution will focus on semi-structured interviews conducted by Belgian researchers with twelve Flemish children, boys and girls aged five to 17, of which 11 were hearing and one was deaf. Based on the outcomes of twelve semi-structured interviews with minors, results point to specific perceptions of the interpreter reported by children: the interpreter seems to be the person they turn to when speaking and the person they trust most. Since codes of ethics prescribe, among other things, neutrality and often even ‘invisibility’ on the part of the interpreter, reflection on this topic is necessary. Based on the paramount importance of rapport-building with the child, this paper argues that the role of interpreters should be discussed not only during a briefing, but also in joint interprofessional training. In this way, all stakeholders improve their knowledge of their respective professional roles in ImQM situations, which helps to further tackle contradictory expectations with regard to the role of the interpreter.

internal-pdf://2442185774/Salaets-2019-Interpreter-mediated questioning1.pdf

Valero Garcés, Carmen. 2019. "Training public service interpreters and translators: Facing challenges." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 88-105.

Abstract: Public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) is helping societies deal with the challenges posed by migration. Its consolidation as a professional practice is still a controversial subject. A number of advances can be identified across territories and settings, including the use of English when providing interpreting and translation services in lesser- used language contexts, the increasing availability of training courses for public service interpreters and translators, the modest development of trainer training courses, or the rising awareness among stakeholders of the importance of relying on competent professionals when communicating with individuals who are less than proficient in the contact language or languages. However, these vital improvements are only visible in some instances and institutions in certain countries. In others, conditions in PSIT practice are far from professional. Education and training are fundamental tools for raising the status of PSIT. In this paper we take stock of experience accrued by PSIT researchers, practitioners and trainers to highlight challenges and advances in the area of PSIT training in tertiary education. After identifying successful initiatives, we single out underexplored areas, including the missing focus on translation in both training programmes and research agenda.

internal-pdf://0628174648/Valero Garcés-2019-Training public service int.pdf

Wallace, Melissa, and Esther Monzó Nebot. 2019. "La traducció i la interpretació jurídiques en els serveis públics: definició de qüestions clau, revisió de polítiques i delimitació del públic de la traducció i la interpretació jurídiques en els serveis públics." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 1-12.

Abstract: This monographic section of the Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law presents the findings of six critical perspectives on translation and interpreting policies and practices in modern societies that pose challenges for public institutions. Taking a critical and empirical stance, the papers provide data and reflections on how language access is critical to fulfilling fundamental rights and ensuring the ability of institutions to implement their mandates effectively. The introductory article reviews the role of public services in present-day multilingual societies and of translation and interpreting in relation to the policies governing language access. It goes on to review conflicting implicit theories of translation and interpreting by providing a brief discussion of the roles prescribed and described for translators and interpreters. Finally, it proceeds to present the papers, which are constructed around two axes: (a) an examination of practices capable of providing evidence for policy redesign and reform; and (b) a fundamental review of the role of public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) itself, conducted by means of comparative studies which examine the needs and perceptions of PSIT in various domains, and the challenges of training in the face of emerging realities.

internal-pdf://0719884712/intro CA v1.docx

internal-pdf://2044897232/Wallace-2019-La traducció i la interpretació j.pdf

Wallace, Melissa, and Esther Monzó-Nebot. 2019. "Legal translation and interpreting in public services: Defining key issues, re-examining policies, and locating the public in public service interpreting and translation." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 1-12.

Abstract: This monographic section of the Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law presents the findings of six critical perspectives on translation and interpreting policies and practices in modern societies that pose challenges for public institutions. Taking a critical and empirical stance, the papers provide data and reflections on how language access is critical to fulfilling fundamental rights and ensuring the ability of institutions to implement their mandates effectively. The introductory article reviews the role of public services in present-day multilingual societies and of translation and interpreting in relation to the policies governing language access. It goes on to review conflicting implicit theories of translation and interpreting by providing a brief discussion of the roles prescribed and described for translators and interpreters. Finally, it proceeds to present the papers, which are constructed around two axes: (a) an examination of practices capable of providing evidence for policy redesign and reform; and (b) a fundamental review of the role of public service interpreting and translation (PSIT) itself, conducted by means of comparative studies which examine the needs and perceptions of PSIT in various domains, and the challenges of training in the face of emerging realities.

internal-pdf://1687926452/intro CA v1.docx

internal-pdf://3829175594/Wallace-2019-Legal translation and interpretin.pdf

Bestué, Carmen. 2019. "A matter of justice: Integrating comparative law methods into the decision-making process in legal translation." In Research Methods in Legal Translation and Interpreting. Crossing Methodological Boundaries, edited by Łucja Biel, Jan Engberg, M. Rosario Martín-Ruano and Vilelmini Sosoni, 134-151. London: Routledge.

Monjean-Decaudin, Sylvie, and Joëlle Popineau-Lauvray. 2019. "How to apply comparative law to legal translation: A new juritraductological appraoch to the translation of legal texts." In Research Methods in Legal Translation and Interpreting: Crossing Methodological Boundaries, edited by Łucja Biel, Jan Engberg, M. Rosario Martín Ruano and Vilelmini Sosoni, 115-129. London: Routledge.

Monzó-Nebot, Esther. 2019. "Interviewing legal interpreters and translators: Framing status perceptions, interactional and structural power." In Research Methods in Legal Translation and Interpreting: Crossing Methodological Boundaries, edited by Łucja Biel, Jan Engberg, M. Rosario Martín Ruano and Vilelmini Sosoni, 189-211. London: Routledge.

Andrews, Maggie. 2018. "Commemorating the First World War in Britain: A Cultural Legacy of Media Remembrance." Journal of War & Culture Studies 12 (3): 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2018.1544766.

Abstract: One of the often-overlooked legacies of the First World War is how the conflict established the media’s role in remembrance. In the years that have followed, media’s circulation of iconic images of national and local commemoration have enabled individuals to engage with public remembrance. This article takes a historical approach to First World War remembrance in Britain, looking at how the practices and meaning of remembrance became established, although they were never fixed but instead constantly shifting, reinvented and contested. They are also gendered, in remembrance, as in war, women, are often seen as to be playing supportive roles; yet within media texts, women have always found spaces to exert influence over who is remembered and how, as memories jostle for prominence.

internal-pdf://1504569767/Andrews-2018-Commemorating the First World War.pdf

Baker, Catherine. 2019. "Language Intermediaries and Local Agency: Peacebuilding, Translation/Interpreting and Political Disempowerment in ‘Mature’ Post-Dayton Bosnia–Herzegovina." Journal of War & Culture Studies 12 (3): 236-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644413.

Abstract: The peace negotiations ending the 1992–95 Bosnian war established a consti- tutional system of ethnic power-sharing giving international peacebuilding a significant role in post-conflict Bosnia’s governance and economy. This inde- finite mission depended – like any other intervention where foreigners work across linguistic boundaries – on interlinguistic mediation by locally-recruited translators/interpreters, an aspect of knowledge production that even current research into peacebuilding’s micropolitics often neglects. On an individual level, their frequently-overlooked agency was integral to peacebuilding practice. Yet theorizing their agency must also acknowledge the macrosocial level, where critics argue the post-war constitution has stripped Bosnians of political agency, foreclosing political participation as anything but ethnic sub- jects corresponding to three institutionalized ethnic identities. The entrenched, growing disconnect between political elites and the public, expressed through social protest in 2014, foregrounds agency and dis/empow- erment in Bosnian society more sharply than pre-2014 research accounted for, revealing further interlinkages between international peacebuilding and dom- estic political contestation.

internal-pdf://3422857223/Baker-2019-Language Intermediaries and Local A.pdf

Delgado Luchner, Carmen, and Leïla Kherbiche. 2019. "Ethics Training for Humanitarian Interpreters Working in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings." Journal of War & Culture Studies 12 (3): 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644412.

Abstract: Numerous interpreters work in conflict zones, not as military interpreters, but as civilians working for humanitarian organizations. These interpreters face complex ethical dilemmas in mediating encounters between aid workers and beneficiaries. In this paper, we describe some of these dilemmas, and the pedagogical tools we have developed in order to better equip humanitarian interpreters to solve them. Our approach relies on a hybrid set of ethical prin- ciples derived simultaneously from codes of ethics for interpreters and Inter- national Humanitarian Law. However, given the complexity of interactions in the humanitarian field, any training is itself subject to ethical challenges and constraints.

internal-pdf://3264626079/Delgado Luchner-2019-Ethics Training for Human.pdf

Gallai, Fabrizio. 2019. "Interpreting Ethics in Fragile Environments." Journal of War and Culture Studies 12 (3): 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644414.

Abstract: The work on legal interpreting can shed new light on or revisit the concept of interpreters’ professional rights and duties when they are operating in fragile environments (e.g. war and conflict zones). In particular, it helps explore the extent to which interpreters’ institutional and professional boundaries have been challenged in ethical terms. Drawing on Wadensjö’s (1998. Interpreting as Interaction. London/New York: Longman) framework and Sperber and Wilson’s (1986/1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford/ Malden, MA: Blackwell) Relevance Theory, my analysis shows that legal interpreters’ frequent pragmatic shifts are evidence of their pronounced involvement impacting on their neutrality and, ultimately, on the fairness and effec- tiveness of the legal process. This approach leads to better understanding of how the concept of ethics fades away on a spectrum from legal settings to war and conflict zones. In particular, it highlights what adjustments need to be agreed upon between the authorities and interpreting professionals in order to facilitate communication and create a new ethical approach to interpreting.

internal-pdf://4073712429/Gallai-2019-Interpreting Ethics in Fragile Env.pdf

Tesseur, Wine. 2019. "Translating and Interpreting in Danger Zones." Journal of War & Culture Studies 12 (3): 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644417.

Abstract: The role of languages in contexts of war and conflict has previously generated some interest in the cultural turn in War Studies, particularly through research conducted as part of the AHRC-project ‘Languages at War’, led by Hilary Footitt and Michael Kelly (Footitt & Kelly, 2012a, 2012b; Kelly & Baker, 2013). The project’s contri- butions to this very journal have helped to establish a place for languages in cultural analyses of war and conflict (Baker, 2010; Footitt, 2010, 2016; Tobia, 2010), yet the process of translation has not yet found a central place in war and conflict research. Footitt (2016), in this journal, argued that because the on the ground encounters of war take place in ‘transnational spaces’, War and Culture Studies should place the notion of ‘translation’ at its core to be able to fully understand the cultural products found in these inevitably multilingual spaces. Translation Studies, Footitt argued, should become a leading contributor to War and Culture Studies, and the key notion of translation should be incorporated in analyses of war and culture, because translation in the linguistic sense ‘is not an optional extra, something useful to have in selected areas, but a project central to our future understanding of war and culture’ (2016: 218).

internal-pdf://3080593709/Tesseur-2019-Translating and Interpreting in D.pdf

Tesseur, Wine. 2019. "Communication Is Aid — But Only if Delivered in the Right Language: An Interview with Translators without Borders on Its Work in Danger Zones." Journal of War & Culture Studies 12 (3): 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644416.

Abstract: This contribution aims to shed further light on the role of languages and trans- lation in danger zones through an interview with Ellie Kemp, the Head of Crisis Response at Translators without Borders (TWB), a non-profit organization that provides language assistance in disaster settings. In the humanitarian sector, TWB is well-known for its work in amongst others the West Africa Ebola crisis, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the Rohingya refugee response in Bangladesh, and the recent cyclone responses in Mozambique. Next to providing translations, the organization trains local translators and interpreters, researches the language needs of crisis-affected people, and raises awareness of language barriers in crisis contexts. TWB is thus active in a number of danger zones that have not been explored fully in other contributions to this special issue, such as health emergencies. This contribution firstly introduces TWB and its activities in more detail, and then shares TWB’s responses to a number of questions related to the role of languages and translation in danger zones.

internal-pdf://3594751120/Tesseur-2019-Communication Is Aid — But Only i.pdf

Tesseur, Wine, and Hilary Footitt. 2019. "Professionalisms at War? Interpreting in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations." Journal of War & Culture Studies 12 (3): 268-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2019.1644415.

Abstract: This article examines the ways in which the situational and institutional con- texts of interpreting in war and in post-conflict development bring interpreting into close proximity with alternative and dominant forms of professionalism which serve to condition the work and status of the interpreters involved. By drawing on evidence from conflict situations, the professional interpreting association AIIC, and research interviews, the article questions traditional notions of what constitutes the ‘profession’ of interpreting. It argues that in the context of war, military professionalism has tended to allow little space for key tenets of professional interpreting, but that recent conflicts have led to an interrogation of how such competing professionalisms might begin to coexist. In post-conflict development, on the other hand, the traditional models of ‘development professionals’ have largely concealed the role of language mediation, and this relative invisibility has meant that a similar interrogation on competing professionalisms has yet to take place.

internal-pdf://2306742974/Tesseur-2019-Professionalisms at War_ Interpre.pdf

Aguilar-Solano, Maria. 2020. "Triangulation and Trustworthiness —Advancing Research on Public Service Interpreting through Qualitative Case Study Methodologies." FITISPos International Journal 7: 31-52.

Abstract: This paper discusses a research methods approach to investigate phenomena in interpreting studies based on a triangulation of qualitative methods. It discusses the concept of triangulation, as developed in the social sciences by Campbell and Fiske (1959), with an emphasis on the process of combining and integrating multiple methods. It reviews previous applications of triangulation in translation and interpreting studies and describes the advantages of systematic triangulation for empirical research. The implications of this approach for future research in public service interpreting concerning the trustworthiness of the interpretative nature of qualitative inquiry are also discussed. To demonstrate the practical application of triangulation in public service interpreting settings, this paper draws on a case study conducted by the author where triangulation of participant observation, focus groups and audio-recorded interaction was employed. The integration of the different research methods utilized, as well as the findings derived by triangulation, are illustrated through examples from this study.

internal-pdf://0719884553/Aguilar Solano-2020-Triangulation and Trustwor.pdf

Herring, Rachel E., and Elisabet Tiselius. 2020. "Making the Most of Retrospective Process Tracing in Dialogue Interpreting Research." FITISPos International Journal 7: 53-71.

Abstract: Retrospective verbal process tracing is a popular research method in Interpreting Studies, employed by a growing number of scholars, particularly in studies of conference interpreting, but, to date, it has not been widely employed in studies of dialogue interpreting. This paper begins by introducing process-tracing methodologies, defining types of verbal process tracing, and presenting a brief critical review of publications employing this research methodology. The bulk of the article provides concrete, practical information and guidance for scholars of dialogue interpreting who are interested in employing retrospective process tracing in their research. We discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the method, methodological considerations that must be taken into account in the design and procedure of such studies, data analysis and reporting on the basis of retrospective process tracing, and recommendations for best practices.

internal-pdf://3172685261/Herring-2020-Making the Most of Retrospective.pdf

Lomeña Galiano, María. 2020. "Finding Hidden Populations in The Field of Translating and Interpreting: A Methodological Model for Improving Access to Non-Professional Translators and Interpreters Working in Public Service Settings." FITISPos International Journal 7: 72-91.

Abstract: Translation and interpreting in public services is an activity often performed by practitioners with no background training in translation and interpreting. The challenges in accessing this population of research participants in a previous study (Lomeña Galiano, 2018) led us to label them a hidden population. If these groups mostly known as “non-professionals” remain in the shadows, because of social dynamics, there is a risk that the collection and production of data are biased due to the lack of representativeness of the samples, with respect to a part of the population that is in charge of a large number of translation and interpretation assignments, especially in public service settings. There is, however, a methodological gap and a lack of guidance for those researching in the area as to how to negotiate the framework for the participation “non-professional” translators and interpreters in the most efficient way. To address that issue, this paper presents some tools used in social and human sciences to improve relationships with hidden populations. Specifically, this article focuses on the interaction between researcher and participants and the relevance of the notions of reflexivity and rapport (tuning) in this interaction. The aim of this study is to identify key points in the methodology to approach the population in participatory studies in order to facilitate access and the consequent participation of hidden populations in studies on translation and interpretation in public services.

internal-pdf://3829175427/Lomeña Galiano-2020-Finding Hidden Populations.pdf

Mellinger, Christopher D. 2020. "Positionality in Public Service Interpreting Research." FITISPos International Journal 7: 92-109.

Abstract: Research on public service interpreting employs a number of methods to examine a range of variables, from specific linguistic and paralinguistic variables to spatial positioning, agency, and ethics. These methods, however, require explicit recognition of the researcher’s positionality in order to ensure appropriate data analysis and interpretation of results. This article examines the unique aspects of the interpreting studies research that requires reflection when conducting work in this area. Two specific types of bias, namely social desirability bias and the Hawthorne effect, are discussed in detail to illustrate the type of reflective practice required to ensure valid, reliable, and credible results. The article concludes with a brief reflection on how positionality may be a starting point for discussion surrounding the agency of the researcher.

internal-pdf://0304088526/Mellinger-2020-Positionality in Public Service.pdf

Vuori, Jaana, and Sari Hokkanen. 2020. "Empirical Designs in PSIT Studies." FITISPos International Journal 7: 110-137.

Abstract: This article examines the types of research designs used in empirical studies on public service interpreting and translation (PSIT). Our data consists of 81 journal articles, articles published in collected volumes, and doctoral dissertations published in English or German in 2009-2018, derived from the Translation Studies Bibliography. Our analysis is structured according to the main data used in the research design (interactional data, interviews, textual data, questionnaires, ethnographic observations, and multi-data designs). We describe what kinds of research questions are posed, which data are used, and how the analysis is portrayed. The objects of study are categorized on a methodological metalevel into (1) facts, (2) views, (3) cultural meanings and practices, (4) experiences, (5) social relations, and (6) interaction. In addition, we discuss whether the overall aim of the studies is to analyze the researched phenomenon from a factual perspective or from a social-constructivist perspective emphasizing cultural meanings. The most frequent object of study is interpreted interaction, and it seems to be the most nuanced from an analytical perspective as well. The other meta-level objects of study are either more varied in terms of analytical depth or not equally recognized for their possible research value in PSIT. Most studies in our data take a factual perspective, and studies on cultural meanings attached to PSIT seem rare. Our results indicate a need for further development in empirical designs in PSIT research.

internal-pdf://2044897080/Vuori-2020-Empirical Designs in PSIT Studies.pdf

Monzó-Nebot, Esther, and Melissa Wallace. 2020. "Research methods in public service interpreting and translation studies: Epistemologies of knowledge and ignorance." FITISPos International Journal 7: 15-30. https://fitisposij.web.uah.es/OJS/index.php/fitispos/article/view/261/pdf_1.

Abstract: How disciplines approach their objects of inquiry is a result of their epistemological traditions, which include decisions about what they choose to examine and what they decide to ignore. As an interdiscipline, Interpreting and Translation Studies (ITS) was born to overcome the limits of discipline-specific approaches to translation and interpreting, and when observing complex real-life phenomena, examining issues through an interdisciplinary lens can reveal things that approaches from single disciplines on their own would miss. This feature article reviews how ITS has shaped Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT), focusing specifically on the advantages and vulnerabilities that its interdisciplinary nature yields as regards research methods. Three distinctive features and their impact on research methods are examined: (1) the complexity of the object of inquiry, (2) the novelty of the disciplinary field that aims to scrutinize and to explain PSIT, and (3) the changes that the social sciences in general have undergone and are currently undergoing, opening up new opportunities for research practices and methodological reflections. Contemplations of these features reveal issues identified and the efforts undertaken to tackle them in relation to the internal and external validity of research studies as well as unexplored strengths and roadblocks in the path towards achieving a critical mass of studies that can adequately represent the relevance of PSIT in contemporary societies.

internal-pdf://3829175432/Monzó-Nebot-2020-Research methods in public se.pdf

Engberg, Jan. 2020. "Comparative Law for Legal Translation: Through Multiple Perspectives to Multidimensional Knowledge." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2).

Abstract: With this paper, I suggest a multiperspectivist approach for assessing conceptual legal knowledge with relevance for the translation of legal terms in translation between two or more different legal systems. The basic quest is to present a set of categories and analytical approaches for legal translators to generate (collect) and classify knowledge necessary for their professional conceptual needs. In this paper, I will focus on the translational, juridical, and cognitive basics of such an approach. In order to cope with the broad range of possible translational purposes in different translational situations and choose relevantly between alternative formulations, translators need methods and strategies in order to construct the necessary conceptual knowledge. This presupposes a broad knowledge structured in ways that enable the translator to recognize relevant characteristics of legal systems and relevant differences between different legal systems. Concerning translational theory, the basis is the functional theory of translation as adapted to legal translation, based upon the idea of translation as choice between alternatives and distinguishing between documentary translation, at one end of a scale, and instrumental translation, at the other. This basis and the distinction presuppose relevant knowledge from comparative law. Hence, existing approaches and fundamental tenets concerning comparative law inside and outside of translation are presented. In order for knowledge to be presented in a manageable way with relevance to translators, I work with the approach of concept frames as basic unit of knowledge gathering and categorization. This way of presenting knowledge is embedded more generally in a knowledge communication approach, focusing on knowledge asymmetry. Within this general framework, the multiperspectivist approach combines insights from cultural studies (especially the study of law-as-culture), law as a disciplinary social system, and communicative interaction generating meanings in legal communication, also across national borders.

internal-pdf://0661761027/02 Engberg.docx

Goźdź-Roszkowski, Stanisław. 2020. "Communicating Dissent in Judicial Opinions: A Comparative, Genre-Based Analysis." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2).

Abstract: To date, there has been surprisingly little research on separate opinions in legal linguistics literature. Scarce attention has been paid to the linguistic and communicative aspects of how judges frame their disagreements. This paper serves as one of the early attempts to examine the institution of votum separatum, or separate opinion, from a comparative, cross-language perspective using a linguistic methodology. The evidence indicates a clear similarity in terms of how separate opinions are integrated within the respective macrostructures of the US SC opinions and the Constitutional Tribunal judgments. This study demonstrates how judges tend to employ highly formulaic expressions to signal their disagreement despite the absence of clear guidelines to communicate such stances. The analysis of their frequent phraseology demonstrates that declaring votum separatum and providing its justification are two different acts, not only legally but also linguistically, especially in terms of their formulaicity. The Polish and American justifications differ in the degree to which the frequent phraseology reveals peculiarities of judicial argumentation in addition to the presence of strong evaluative concerns.

internal-pdf://2803342228/07 Gozdz.docx

Jiménez-Salcedo, Juan. 2020. "Le débat autour du bilinguisme des juges à la Cour suprême du Canada : analyse de la doctrine et des débats parlementaires." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2).

Abstract: Il n’existe aucune disposition législative ou constitutionnelle qui oblige les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada à maîtriser le français, pourtant l’une des deux langues officielles du pays. Ceci est d’autant plus surprenant que ces juges doivent déterminer la constitutionnalité de décisions liées à des causes parfois débattues en français auprès d’instances inférieures, ou encore être capables d’interpréter la législation bilingue du Canada. Ils doivent également être capables de lire l’abondante doctrine québécoise en matière de droit civil, majoritairement publiée en français. Pour résoudre ce problème, plusieurs projets de loi ont été déposés à la Chambre des communes depuis 2008, leur but étant de rendre obligatoire le bilinguisme des juges. Ils ont été longuement débattus à la Chambre et au Sénat, produisant un vaste corpus de discours. Parallèlement, la doctrine juridique francophone s’est emparée du débat et a avancé des arguments intéressants. Ces deux sources – les débats parlementaires et la doctrine – constituent un ensemble cohérent que nous analyserons dans cet article au moyen de trois fils conducteurs : le droit à être compris par un juge comme un droit linguistique, la considération du bilinguisme comme une compétence juridique, de même que la définition du degré de bilinguisme nécessaire pour remplir les obligations de juge à la Cour suprême.

internal-pdf://2643543554/05 Jimenez Salcedo edits.docx

Lind, Hans, Christina Mulligan, Michael Douma, and Brian Quinn. 2020. "Translation Approaches in Constitutional Hermeneutics." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2).

Abstract: In this article, we suggest an alternate approach to interpreting the US Constitution, using founding-era translations. We demonstrate how both symmetries and asymmetries in structure and vocabulary of the languages involved can help in deciding nowadays’ problems of constitutional interpretation. We select seven controversial passages of the US constitution to illustrate our approach: Art. I, § 8, cl. 3 (“to regulate commerce”); Art. II, § 1, cl. 5 (“natural born Citizen”); Art. II, § 2, cl. 3 (“recess”); Art. I, § 6, cl. 1 / Art. I, § 8, cl. 10 / Art. IV, § 2 (“felony”); and Art. IV, § 2, cl. 1 (“privileges and immunities”). Since these passages have recently been debated by constitutional scholars, reassessing them using our method can establish the additional value of our approach to constitutional practice. We presume that our approach is not limited to interpreting the US constitution, but suggest that constitutional hermeneutics in general could profit from adding a translation approach to the toolkit.

internal-pdf://2577736939/04 Hans.docx

Methven, Elyse. 2020. "Commodifying justice: Discursive strategies used in the legitimation of infringement notices for minor offences." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2).

Abstract: This article examines discursive strategies used by police and politicians to describe and justify the application of penalty notices to minor criminal offences. Using critical discourse analysis as an analytical tool, I show how neoliberal economic thinking has informed the prism through which infringement notices have been rationalised as a legitimate alternative to traditional criminal prosecution, while also highlighting the contradictions inherent in neoliberalism as an ideology through which to view the embrace of legally hybrid powers in the criminal justice system. Discursive strategies identified in the article include the use of ideological keywords ordinarily associated with free market economics and managerial efficiency; the adoption of militaristic vocabulary and metaphors in representations of policing and space; the strategies of assimilation and formulation to represent police views as uniform and coherent; and the use of nominalisations to trivialise infringement notices and the offences to which they apply. I show how the logic of—and language ordinarily associated with—the domain of private business, the ‘free market’, and deregulation has infiltrated the criminal justice sphere. I ultimately argue that the naturalisation of neoliberal economic discourse in political and police representations of criminal infringement notices produces and sustains important ideological effects, by disguising the ways in which the expanded use of administrative sanctions in public order policing intensifies state power at the expense of due process of law.

internal-pdf://1192707434/06 Methven.docx

Monzó-Nebot, Esther, and Javier Moreno-Rivero. 2020. "Jurilinguistics: Ways Forward Beyond Law, Translation, and Discourse." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2): 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09721-w.

Abstract: This is the guest editors’ introductory paper to the special issue “Situating jurilin- guistics across cultures using translation and discourse approaches.” The introduc- tion showcases the interdisciplinary vocation of jurilinguistics from its conception almost forty years ago. It is argued that jurilinguistics has achieved its current matu- rity by diversifying the disciplinary lenses of the originally contributing disciplines of legal translation and legal studies while keeping faithful to its original princi- ples—facing practical problems with a rigorous outlook, venturing into any new domains that may prove enlightening, and combining professional and academic perspectives. The authors highlight how the series of conferences “Jurilinguistics: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Language and Law” have been instru- mental in enhancing the scope of jurilinguistics. Finally, the articles gathered in this special issue are presented and their contributions in advancing the knowledge available for practitioners and scholars meeting at the interface between law and lan- guage are underscored.

internal-pdf://0552910127/01 Introduction.docx

internal-pdf://2426205928/Monzó-Nebot-2020-Jurilinguistics_ Ways Forward.pdf

Solan, Lawrence. 2020. "Corpus Linguistics as a Method of Legal Interpretation: Some Progress, Some Questions." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 33 (2).

Abstract: Corpus linguistics is becoming a respected method of statutory and constitutional interpretation in the United States over the past decade, yet it has also generated a backlash from a group of scholars that engage in empirical work. This essay attempts to demonstrate both the contributions and the risks of using linguistic corpora as a primary tool in legal interpretation. Its legitimacy stems from the fact that courts routinely state that statutory terms, when not defined as a matter of law, are to be given their ordinary meaning. Judges have responded to this challenge, with the assistance of the linguistics community, by using corpora to determine which meanings are ordinary. However, legal analysts have not determined exactly what makes one meaning ordinary and another not ordinary. This gap has led to a level of disagreement in the field. Moreover, while linguists who engage in corpus linguistic analysis typically emphasize the importance of context, the legal application is peculiarly context-free, in keeping with legal philosophies that eschew reliance on reference to a law’s purpose and the intent of the legislature that enacted it. This move adds a political dimension to corpus analysis as a means of legal interpretation. Yet, the article concludes that by relying on a blend of general and specialized corpora, the legal system can substantially reduce the problem of contextualization, as some linguists and practitioners have already recognized.

internal-pdf://2383132683/03 Solan.docx

Biel, Łucja, and Dariusz Koźbiał. 2020. "How do translators handle (near-) synonymous legal terms? A mixed-genre parallel corpus study into the variation of EU English-Polish competition law terminology." Estudios de Traducción 10: 69-90. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68054.

Abstract: Terminological variation, i.e. synonymy at the term level, is regarded as a recurrent problem in EU law. Working with a parallel-comparable corpus of EU English-Polish legislation, soft law and judgments in the area of competition, this study explores how source-language synonymy is handled in translation across institutional genres. The findings show that synonyms may be reflected symmet- rically or asymmetrically, with variation being eliminated, partly reduced, mirrored, or increased in translation. It is quite frequent for translators to introduce additional variation and cross-variation. This is affected by: genre, source and target asymmetries, complexity of a semantic field, low termness and microdiachronic shifts. The study confirms that synonymy is one of the causes of variation in transla- tion and calls for more conceptual clarity at the drafting stage.

internal-pdf://3172685187/Biel-2020-How do translators handle (near-) sy.pdf

Campos Pardillos, Miguel Ángel. 2020. "Sentencing remarks as a legal subgenre: 'R v Darren Osborne'." Estudios de Traducción 10: 17-33. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68057.

Abstract: In the common law system, sentencing remarks are a legal subgenre where, once the verdict has been rendered by a jury, judges present the reasons for the sentence imposed. From the linguistic point of view, both the medium (oral) and the addressees (offenders, but also society) make these texts extremely attractive, as an instance of expert-lay communication, which combines clarity with rhetoric and persuasion. In our study, we shall analyse the sentencing remarks subgenre with a special focus on R v Darren Osborne, a terrorist case where religious hatred was an important component and the judge was perfectly aware that the audience was not only the accused or the victims, but society at large. The result of our analysis will be a characterization of the sentencing remarks as a defined subgenre, both concerning textual moves and, most importantly, the stylistic devices deployed.

internal-pdf://0304088457/Campos Pardillo-2020-Sentencing remarks as a l.pdf

El-Farahaty, Hanem, and Abdelhamid Elewa. 2020. "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Deontic Modality of Obligation and Prohibition in Arabic/English Constitutions." Estudios de Traducción 10: 107-136. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68334.

Abstract: It is argued that legal language should be formal, precise and clear to avoid ambiguity and/ or misunderstanding. As rights and duties are communicated through modals, clarity and precision in drafting and translating them is crucial. Otherwise, there is a possibility of conveying loose messages in the source text or different and/or inconsistent messages in the target text. However, the drafting of Arabic modal expressions does not follow clear guidelines, and their translation differs from one translator to another. This paper investigates how deontic modality of obligation and prohibition is used in The Leeds Annotated Parallel Corpus of Arabic-English Constitutions in comparison to The Leeds Monolingual Corpus of English Constitutions. More specifically, the paper presents a classification of these modal ex- pressions and investigates the different lexical variants expressed in a Corpus of Arabic Constitutions. The paper uses corpus-based tools to analyse the different lexical forms used for deontic modality of obligation and prohibition in Arabic and how they are rendered into English. Results of such analysis are compared to a non-translated Corpus of English Constitutions to find out whether the deontic meaning of the modals is comparable to the set of deontic modals used in the constitutions originally drafted in English. The corpus-based analysis gave a detailed classification of a variety of modal expressions used in the Arabic Corpus. It also showed that the translation of deontic modals of obligation and prohibition from Arabic into English is influenced by the source text lexical variations; however, the corpus techniques employed in the study managed to capture some comparable modals in both corpora.

internal-pdf://0945116873/El-Farahaty-2020-A Corpus-Based Analysis of De.pdf

Kozobolis, Stavros. 2020. "A corpus-based study on deontic modality in Competition Law: Insights from the English-Greek language pair." Estudios de Traducción 10: 91-106. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68096.

Abstract: This study investigates deontic modality, the grammatical category through which legal texts express mainly obligation and permission, in an English-Greek bilingual corpus composed of legisla- tive texts related to European Union (EU) Competition Law. More specifically, the study is based on Biel’s discussion on deontic modality, i.e. deontic obligation and deontic permission (Biel 2014: 158). The analysis of the data is mainly quantitative, while a small-scale qualitative analysis is also carried out when necessary. The results of the study are compared with the specific guidelines proposed by the EU Institutions for English and Greek, i.e. the Joint Practical Guide of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission for persons involved in the drafting of European Union legislation (2015), the English Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission for English (2018) and the Greek Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission for Greek (n.d.), as well as with those of earlier studies on legislative texts.

internal-pdf://4146382041/Kozobolis-2020-A corpus-based study on deontic.pdf

Monzó-Nebot, Esther. 2020. "Translating genres, creating transgenres: Textual 'betweens' as situation-based systemic innovations." Estudios de Traducción 10: 51-67. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.71633.

Abstract: This paper works on the notion of transgenre (Monzó-Nebot 2001a, 2002a, b), its uses and possibilities in the study of translation as mediating intercultural cooperation. Transgenres are discursi- ve patterns that develop in recurring intercultural situations and are recognized and used by a commu- nity. Based on the reiteration of communicative purposes and individuals’ roles in translated situations, interactions are conventionalized to streamline cooperation between cultural and social groups, thereby engendering a distinctive set of taken-for-granted assumptions and meaning-making mechanisms and signs which are particular to a translated event. The paper will first argue how this concept takes a step beyond the existing proposals from cultural, social, and linguistic approaches, especially the third spa- ce, the models of norms and laws of translation, and universals and the language of translation (transla- tionese), by focusing on the situatedness of textual, interactional, and cultural patterns and providing a means to model and measure the development of translation as a discursive practice, as such influenced by historical, cultural, social, cognitive, ideologic, and linguistic issues. Then existing applications of the concept and new possibilities will be identified and discussed. The results of existing studies show translations build a third space of intercultural discursive practices showing tensions with both source and target systems. The legal translator is at home in this third space, resulting from their own cultural practices, which are linked to translators’ specific function in a broader multicultural system.

internal-pdf://0719884473/Monzó-Nebot-2020-Translating genres, creating.pdf

Moreno Rivero, Javier, and Juan Jiménez-Salcedo. 2020. "La jurilingüística como marco de la traducción jurídica: géneros, corpus y formación." Estudios de Traducción 10: 9-16. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.72082.

Abstract: In this article, we explore the emerging trends in the field of jurilinguistics in relation to legal translation research and practice. Since the term jurilinguistics was firstly used almost forty years ago, it has served as an umbrella to analyse the relationship between language and law. Although it was initially framed within legal discursive and terminological research, the globalisation of legal relations and social changes have resulted in an interest shift towards broader disciplinary limits, including forensic linguistics, pragmat- ics, anthropology and sociology, among others (Jiménez-Salcedo & Moreno-Rivero 2017). In translation studies, jurilinguistics has adopted a new meaning, far from a purely microlinguistic perspective, so it defines translation as a situated practice (Monzó-Nebot & Moreno-Rivero 2020). Under the framework of jurilin- guistics, this paper explores three main axes in legal translation: firstly, we will review current research trends on legal genres and how to translate them; secondly, we will examine the synergies between corpus linguis- tics and legal translation; and thirdly, we will suggest methodological issues in legal translation training.

internal-pdf://2044897008/Moreno Rivero-2020-La jurilingüística como mar.pdf

Pontrandolfo, Gianluca. 2020. "Nuevas fronteras de la traducción jurídica: los blogs de y para traductores." Estudios de Traducción 10: 171-201. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68060.

Abstract: The present study reflects upon a specific category of legal translation tools, i.e. blogs by and for legal translators, from a double perspective. From a theoretical perspective, the research focuses on some key notions of Translation Studies (translation unit, problem, error, method, strategy, technique and equi- valence) and how they change in these virtual environments. On the other hand, it explores the co-cons- truction and sharing dynamics in action in the posts written by and for communities of legal translators. The paper presents paradigmatic examples of some of the most followed blogs of legal translators (especially in the Spanish-English combination), focusing on a specific case study: the blog of Rebecca Jowers. The analysis is carried out through a prism of different perspectives, exploring concepts from different methodological angles (documentation in legal translation, specialised lexicography, popula- risation and mediation of law, marketing and the sociology of professions).

internal-pdf://2442185568/Pontrandolfo-2020-Nuevas fronteras de la tradu.pdf

Sanz Moreno, Raquel. 2020. "El jurista, colaborador necesario en la traducción jurídica. Reflexiones sobre su intervención en el proceso de traducción." Estudios de Traducción 10: 155-170. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68076.

Abstract: In this article we present the results of a collaborative project between jurists and students of translation at Universitat de València. According to the results, the specialist, who has been involved from the beginning of the translation process, plays a prominent role in the comprehension phase. Consulta- tion with the expert is not only limited to terminological issues, but also to the textual genre, the readers and the purpose of the texts. The intervention in the translation phase is more anecdotal, gaining special prominence in the revision phase of the final translations. The project contributed to forge students’ self- efficacy, understood as “the confidence they have in their own ability to translate” (Haro Soler 2017) as linguistic experts. However, the need to train in the development of interpersonal skills also became ap- parent: teamwork and the implementation of alternative strategies are some of the shortcomings observed, so it is important to insist on them so that students can integrate effectively in the labor market.

internal-pdf://3289099328/Sanz Moreno-2020-El jurista, colaborador neces.pdf

Vigier-Moreno, Francisco Javier. 2020. "Análisis pretraslativo multinivel del 'escrito de acusación'. Elementos relevantes para su traducción al inglés." Estudios de Traducción 10: 35-49. https://doi.org/10.5209/estr.68053.

Abstract: La legislación española vigente establece el derecho a la traducción de los documentos que resulten esenciales para garantizar el ejercicio del derecho a la defensa de todo alófono inmerso en un procedimiento penal, entre los que se encuentran las resoluciones que acuerden la prisión del investiga- do, el escrito de acusación y la sentencia. Mientras que la sentencia ha sido objeto de numerosas inves- tigaciones (Holl 2011; Orts Llopis 2017; por citar algunos ejemplos), el escrito de acusación ha recibido escasa atención por parte de la Traductología. Siguiendo un modelo metodológico que combina los enfoques textuales con el estudio jurídico comparado, en esta contribución exponemos los resultados de un análisis pretraslativo multinivel del género escrito de acusación a partir de un corpus ad hoc de documentos reales como ejercicio previo a su traducción al inglés.

internal-pdf://1374343623/Vigier-Moreno-2020-Análisis pretraslativo mult.pdf