Non-Professional Interpreting & Translation

Aguilar-Solano, María. 2015. "Non-professional volunteer interpreting as an institutionalized practice in healthcare: A study on interpreters' personal narratives." Translation & Interpreting 17 (3): 132-148.

Abstract: This article discusses the process of institutionalization of a migrant- oriented NGO where volunteers work as non-professional interpreters and where this had led to the integration of volunteer interpreting services in two hospitals in the Costa del Sol region in southern Spain. It explores the processes of socialization of volunteers and institutionalization of interpreters, leading to the development of an official NGO, drawing on the personal narratives of volunteers collected through focus groups and participant observation. The article begins by looking at the early stages of socialization of volunteers, through which they internalize the field structures and a series of dispositions shaped by empathy and compassion, resulting in volunteers adopting different positions available to them such as interpreters, caretakers and patient advocates. After the initial process of socialization, a process of institutionalization was requested by the regional government for the official establishment of the NGO. Drawing up the constitution of the now official NGO entailed the bureaucratization of the volunteers’ position as interpreters, which provided them with a series of assets and the legitimization of their activity as institutional agents. This study demonstrates how in this particular case volunteer non-professional interpreting became essential for the institutions in which the services are provided. The volunteer interpreters of this NGO are now legitimate institutional agents with a strong degree of professional autonomy that allows them to adopt a series of positions that belong to the domain of intercultural mediators and cultural brokers.

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Albl-Mikasa, Michaela. 2017. "Review. Non-professional Interpreting and Translation." Interpreting 20 (2): 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.129.

Abstract: Review of Antonini, Rachele, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato & Ira Torresi (Eds.). Non-professional interpreting and translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2017. 415 pp. ISBN 978 90 272 5875 5 https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.129

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Álvarez Sánchez, Patricia. 2019. "Review. Non-Professional Subtitling." Target 31 (2): 294-298. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.18154.alv.

Abstract: Motivated by the altruistic intention to disseminate content to an audience that would, otherwise, not have access to it in most cases, non-professional subtitlers and their translation work might be considered to be on the periphery of Translation Studies. Notwithstanding this, the editors of Non-Professional Subtitling, David Orrego-Carmona and Yvonne Lee, manage to present them in a very positive light. In their introduction to the volume, which suffers slightly from some typographical mistakes and repetitions, Orrego-Carmona and Lee promise to provide insight into the study of a sub-discipline of audiovisual translation (AVT) that “seems to have passed unnoticed to the academic community” (Díaz Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez 2006, 37). Indeed, after several compilations on general perspectives of audiovisual translation, such as Di Giovanni and Gambier (2018) and volumes published in the Peter Lang series New Trends in Translation Studies (e.g., Bruti and Di Giovanni 2012; Ghia 2012; McLoughlin, Biscio, and Mhainnín 2011), very few scholars have ventured into the territory of fansubbing.

Ameri, Saeed. 2018. "Review. Non-Professional Subtitling." Babel 64 (5-6): 887-892. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00065.ame.

Amirian, Zahra, and Mohamad J. Baghiat. 2013. "Uncertainty and Uncertainty Management - the Metacognitive State of Problem-Solving of Professional (experienced) Translators and Students of Translation Studies." J-ELTS: International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies 1 (2).

Abstract: Uncertainty is a cognitive state of indecision that may be indicated by a distinct class of behaviors in the process of translation (Angelone and Shreve, 2011). Uncertainty is related to the problem solving of a translator during the translation activity. This explanatory study attempted to investigate differences in Uncertainty and Uncertainty Management (UCM) between one professional translator-a person who has at least ten years of experience in translation activity- and non-professional translators by using two methodologies; screen recording and Think aloud protocols in retrospect. This study marked the substantial differences in encountering and managing uncertainty among different groups of participants: BA Graduated translation studies students of University of Isfahan, MA Graduated Translation studies students of University of Isfahan, and a member of English department of University of Isfahan who has more than 14 years of experience in translating and teaching translation. This study by analyzing interruptions as signs of uncertainty, manifesting in the process of translation activity in pause, cursor movement, clicking, deleting, adding, dictionary looks-up and so on, found that students are more uncertain at word level and at comprehension, transfer level of uncertainty behavior whereas a professional translator is more or less uncertain at text, context level and at production level of uncertainty behavior. A professional translator manages uncertainties at the first and last stages of uncertainty management whereas student translators postpone uncertainty management to the last stages. This paper is one of the first studies concerning metacognitive activity which may be useful in training novice translators.

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Angelelli, Claudia V. 2017. "Bilingual youngsters’ perceptions of their role as family interpreters. Why should their views be measured? Why should they count?" In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation. State of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 260-279. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Abstract: Bilingual youngsters play a crucial role in brokering communication for monolingual adults. The truth is that this role has not been measured. This paper discusses the scientific measurement of bilingual youngsters’ perceptions of their role as family interpreters/translators. After reviewing the relevant literature and the sociological factors that result in bilingual youngsters engaging in language brokering, we discuss the construction, adaptation, and potential administration of a valid and reliable instrument, IPRI Junior. This instrument could reveal important information on bilinguals who have had experiences in language brokering. It is important to obtain this information empirically as various conversations on access, education, and future career may be based on this unique ability that gifted bilinguals possess. Most importantly, learning about the choices that bilinguals make when brokering communication will reveal their perceptions of their agency and talent in detail.

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Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2009. "Translation Style and Participant Roles in Court Interpreting." Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (1): 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00394.x.

Abstract: This paper investigates the translation styles of court interpreters in New York City and the styles social and pragmatic implications for multilingual interactions in court. Interpreters are found to vary between using first or third person to represent the voice of a translated source speaker, thereby varying between adherence to explicit institutional norms that require first person and accommodation to non-professional interpreting practices that favor the use of reported speech. In a quantitative and qualitative analysis, this variation is shown to be influenced by several pragmatic and social factors, and to index the interpreters stances towards source speakers and towardsthe immigrantcourt userswhoare therecipientsof translations from English. It is argued that translation styles have profound consequences for limited English speakers, as the insistence on institutional norms in translating to them is viewed as a gatekeeping behavior that may impede their full participation in the proceedings.

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Antonini, Rachele. 2017. "Through the children’s voice. An analysis of language brokering experiences." In Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation. State of the Art and Future of an Emerging Field of Research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 315-335. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Abstract: Because of the lack of provision of language services and for cultural reasons, immigrants very often choose to entrust their children with the task of translating for them. In this paper, the author will discuss results from a wide-scale study carried out by the In MedIO PUER(I) research group of the University of Bologna aimed at assessing the main attitudes towards and opinions on child language brokering (CLB) held by the primary actors involved in this form of linguistic and cultural mediation: children of immigrant families attending primary and middle schools in the Forlì-Cesena province of the Emilia Romagna region. The analysis of the narratives they produced and submitted will provide a detailed description of the language brokering activities, in which children are involved, and will illustrate their feelings towards CLB, thus providing an insight into the impact that CLB has on their lives.

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Antonini, Rachele, and Chiara Bucaria. 2016. Non-professional interpreting and translation in the media. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Antonini, Rachele, Chiara Bucaria, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato, and Ira Torresi. 2011. Call for papers. First International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation 1. Università di Bologna (Forlì). http://npit1.sitlec.unibo.it/call4papers.asp.

internal-pdf://3172685377/Antonini-2011-Call for papers. First Internati.pdf

Antonini, Rachele, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato, and Ira Torresi. 2017. "Introducing NPIT studies." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 1-26. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This chapter explores the terminology of non-professional interpreting and translation (NPIT), some of the reasons why it is worth investigating, and the contexts where it occurs and is researched.

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Antonini, Rachele, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato, and Ira Torresi, eds. 2017. Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the Art and Future of an Emerging Field of Research. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: In the light of recent waves of mass immigration, non-professional interpreting and translation (NPIT) is spreading at an unprecedented pace. While as recently as the late 20th century much of the field was a largely uncharted territory, the current proportions of NPIT suggest that the phenomenon is here to stay and needs to be studied with all due academic rigour. This collection of essays is the first systematic attempt at looking at NPIT in a scholarly and at the same time pragmatic way. The volume offers multiple methods and perspectives, and covers the diverse contexts in which NPIT takes place.

Baraldi, Claudio, and Laura Gavioli. 2012. Coordinating participation in dialogue interpreting. Vol. 102Benjamins Translation Library. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: Dialogue interpreting, which takes place in institutional settings such as legal proceedings, healthcare contexts, work meetings or media talk, has attracted increasing attention in translation, language and communication studies. Drawing on transcribed sequences of authentic talk, this volume raises questions about aspects of interpreting that have been taken for granted, challenging preconceived notions about differences between professional and non-professional interpreting and pointing in new directions for future research.

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Baraldi, Claudio, and Laura Gavioli. 2016. "On professional and non-professional interpreting in healthcare services: The case of intercultural mediators." European Journal of Applied Linguistics 4 (1): 33-55.

Abstract: A debate that has revolved around the organisation of Italian healthcare interpreting services concerns the choice adopted by most institutions to employ intercultural mediators rather than professional interpreters. Intercultural media- tors do not necessarily have a professional training in interpreting, they are, however, preferred to professional interpreters in that they are considered more competent in mediating the possibly different perspectives of healthcare providers and migrant patients. This preference provides food for thought for reflec- tions on professionalism in interpreter-mediated interaction in healthcare. Draw- ing form a 10-year research on mediator-interpreted interactions in healthcare and a set of data comprising around 250 consultations, our contribution sets out as an attempt to clarify what is involved in this mediating work. Our analysis shows that mediators’ agency is relevant both in providing renditions of partici- pants’ utterances and in promoting their active participation in the interaction. We describe the different ways in which mediators’ agency is displayed in interac- tions and the interactional constraints on mediators’ choices of action. Sugges- tions derived from our analysis may have an impact on the improvement of both mediators’ and interpreters’ professionalism with particular reference to facilitat- ing communication with migrant patients, an aspect that has been recognized as highly problematic in the literature.

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Baraldi, Claudio, and Laura Gavioli. 2017. "Intercultural mediation and “(non)professional” interpreting in Italian healthcare institutions." In Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the Art and Future of an Emerging Field of Research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 83-106. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper analyses interpreting activities performed by intercultural mediators in Italian healthcare services. It proposes a reflection on the type of professionalism that seems to be required in healthcare institutions where the issue of dealing with cultural differences between the patients and the operators is considered of fundamental importance. Our analysis shows that mediators address cultural differences along the lines of one of two orientations. The first treats cultural differences as a plurality of options, thus enhancing patients’ active participation and choice. The second is based on cultural essentialism and treats differences in terms of dos and don’ts, preventing interlocutors’ active participation. We suggest that in order to accomplish the task of dealing with cultural differences “professionally” in healthcare interaction, mediators and interpreters alike may be made aware of the advantages and risks involved in taking each of these two orientations.

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Bauer, Elaine. 2017. "Language brokering: mediated manipulations, and the agency of the interpreter/translator." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: Language brokering is a common phenomenon among children of migrants, whereby the child mediates between a parent and a different language speaker. This paper uses data from a UK study to explore the retrospective childhood experiences of adults who grew up interpreting and translating for their parents. It examines the ways in which children perform as agents during language brokering, converting meanings in one language into meanings in another in order to achieve particular goals. The paper analyses ways in which adults report that they exercised this form of agency in childhood, and how they feel this influenced their adult identities.

internal-pdf://0631704430/Bauer-2017-Language brokering_ mediated manipu.pdf

Cerdá Redondo, Esperanza. 2000. "Tourism industry and translating technology." In Traducción y nuevas tecnologías: herramientas auxiliares del traductor, edited by Carmen Valero-Garcés and Isabel de la Cruz Cabanillas, 173-182. Alcalá de Henares: UAH.

Abstract: The author starts by explaining the important role of travel and tourism on the Internet, which is one of the very first commercial areas on the World Wide Web, and by explaining the kind of contents the best travel sites usually give (products, prices, e-mails, on-line reservations and customer services)... most of them in English. As regards translation, the author contends that this type of texts must be transferred with clear text-type conventions in mind, namely "easy comprehension, accurate and clear written texts, fast accessibility and a visually attractive presentation along with short sentences and very specific and clear vocabulary". The need for very fast translations brings about the use of machine-translation devices and non-professional human translators, with the obvious consequences on mere understandability, not to speak of textual efficiency (as lavishly illustrated in this paper).

Chacón Tornero, María José. 2005. "Estudio comparativo de la actuación de intérpretes profesionales y no profesionales en interpretación social: trabajo de campo." Puentes. Hacia nuevas investigaciones en la mediación intercultural 5.

Abstract: It seems essential for the community interpreter to be a professional and to be trained as an interpreter, and even to have specific training in community interpreting. However, little comparative research has been done to analyse the difference between trained and untrained interpreters. The aim of this study is to try to identify some of the differences that exist between the interpreting produced by trained and untrained interpreters. The hypothesis is that the interpreting of the trained interpreters, even if they do not have specific training in community interpreting, is more satisfactory for communication than that produced by untrained interpreters, specially in those aspects of communication that are potentially conflictive, which are very common in the communicative contexts of community interpreting. This hypothesis is verified by applying a series of parameters of analysis to a corpus of four simulated interviews with interpreters.

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Cirillo, Letizia. 2017. "Child language brokering in private and public settings. Perspectives from young brokers and their teachers." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey on child language brokering (CLB) conducted in junior high schools of Emilia Romagna (Northern Italy). Two questionnaires were drafted to investigate the perceptions of young brokers and their teachers on CLB-related issues. The responses gathered so far contribute to shed light on the who, where, when, and what of CLB in Italy, and generally confirm the results obtained by previous studies at both national and international levels. A comparison between the two sets of responses reveals brokers’ and teachers’ somehow different attitudes toward CLB, which deserve further investigation.

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Cline, Tony, Sarah Crafter, Guida de Abreu, and Lindsay O’Dell. 2017. "Child language brokers’ representations of parent–child relationships." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper reports the analysis of qualitative data from a broader study of young people’s representations of conflicting roles in child development. Just over a quarter of the group, bilingual students who spoke a variety of first languages had had personal experience of child language brokering (CLB). Employing vignette methodology, they were invited to reflect on the implications of an adolescent boy’s language brokering activities for, among other things, his relationships within his family. In this paper, we will present brief case studies to illustrate different positions that members of the group adopted in relation to developmental scripts emphasizing independence and interdependence between young people and their parents (Dorner et al. 2008). Through an analysis of individual CLB case studies, we illustrate various ways in which individual young people reported the balancing of the demands of autonomy and connectedness in their analysis of relationships between young people and their parents.

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Costa, Beverley, Raquel Lázaro-Gutiérrez, and Tom Rausch. 2020. "Self-care as an ethical responsibility: A pilot study on support provision for interpreters in human crises." Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (1).

Abstract: This article presents a pilot research project which examined the effectiveness of remote, formal support, provided by Colleagues Across Borders, for volunteer interpreters in an immigration detention support NGO. We con- sider the occupational stress and susceptibility to vicarious traumatization and burnout for interpreters working in sensitive (e.g., refugee) contexts. It is argued that it is an ethical responsibility to keep oneself fit and well- prepared to perform interpreting assignments to the highest standards. The project offered an intervention of remote support for non-professional interpreters in a detention center who needed professional advice and emo- tional relief. Analysis of pre- and post-intervention focus groups and ques- tionnaires indicates an improvement in self-care, resilience, confidence, and effectiveness after three support sessions, suggesting that a remote yet per- sonal support program can mitigate the effects of vicarious trauma and burnout for non-professional and professional interpreters working in ethi- cally challenging refugee contexts.

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Drugan, Joanna. 2011. "Translation ethics wikified: How far do professional codes of ethics and practice apply to non-professionally produced translation?" Linguistica Antverpiensia 10: 111-127.

Abstract: Translation involves ethical decision-making in challenging contexts. Codes of practice help professional translators identify ethical issue and formulate appropriate, justifiable responses. However, new and growing forms of community translation operate outside the professional realm, and substantial differences exist between the two approaches. How relevant, then, are professional codes in the new contexts? What alternative ‘codes’ (stated or implicit) have been developed by the new groups? The content of professional codes is compared here to a broad range of community approaches to identify themes common across both, and areas where the new community might be making an original contribution. This reveals different priorities in the professional and non-professional codes. Community translation initiatives have found novel solutions to some ethical problems and challenges, particularly in self-regulation and community policing, improved interpretation of code content, an emphasis on shared values rather than individual rights, and strong mentoring.

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Espinal, Isabel. 2014. "El incansable juego / The untiring game / Dominican women writing and translating ourselves." In Feminist Politics of Translation in the Latin/a Américas, edited by Sonia E. Álvarez, Claudia de Lima Costa, Veronica Feliu, Rebecca J. Hester, Norma Klahn and Millie Thayer, 95-106. Durham, London: Duke University Press.

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Evrin, Feyza, and Bernd Meyer. 2016. “Non-professional interpreting and translation: Translational cultures in focus.” Special issue of European Journal of Applied Linguistics 4 (1).

Fallada Pouget, Carmina. 1999. "Are Menu Translations Getting Worse? Problems from Empirical Analysis of Restaurant Menus in English in the Tarragona Area." Quaderns: Revista de Traducció 4: 127-134. http://ddd.uab.es/pub/quaderns/11385790n4p127.pdf.

Abstract: The study of translations of restaurant menus from Catalan or Spanish into English is important for the Catalan restaurant industry and for tourism in general, since an improvement in the quality of the translations may lead to higher standards of service and better socio-cultural exchanges. A sample of 1013 menu items from the Tarragona area suggests that there are differences in function between the menus translated in the 1970s/1980s and those translated in the 1990s. A possible reason for these differences is that all the menus from the 1970s/80s were translated by professional translators, and those from the 1990s, by non-professional translators. The study also suggests that the books on menu translations published by the Catalan government in 1991 did not seem to reach the restaurant owners and that official translation policy in this area has thus had little effect.

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Fallada Pouget, Carmina. 2000. "Are Menu Translations Getting Worse? Restaurant Menus in English in the Tarragona Area." Target 12 (2): 323-332.

Abstract: Translations of restaurant menus from Catalan or Spanish into English are important for the Catalan restaurant industry and for tourism in general, since an improvement in the quality of the translations may lead to higher standards of service and better socio-cultural exchanges. A sample of 1013 menu items from the Tarragona area suggests there are differences in functionality between the menus translated in the 1970s/1980s and those translated in the 1990s. A possible reason for these differences is that all the menus from the 1970s/80s were translated by professional translators, and those from the 1990s, by non-professional translators. The study also suggests that books on menu translations published by the Catalan government in 1991 did not reach the restaurant owners and that official translation policy in this area has thus had little effect.

internal-pdf://0604209675/Pouget-2000-Are Menu Translations Getting Wors.pdf

Fernández Costales, Alberto. 2012. "Collaborative Translation Revisited: Exploring the rationale and the motivation for volunteer translation." Forum 10 (1): 115-142.

Abstract: New technologies allow users to play a proactive role in the creation, modification and distribution of content over the Internet. This article explores the phenomena of crowdsourcing and amateur translation from a Translation Studies perspective, focusing in particular on “volunteer translators”. The goal is to provide an overview of the different contexts and different motivations for collaborative translation and explain the difficulties to define a unique profile for volunteers who carry out these activities. We try to describe some of the most significant initiatives categorized under the label of collaborative translation by paying particular attention to the different objectives of the non-professional translators. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these emerging trends are analyzed from the point of view of the professional translation practice. This article aims to contribute to the understanding that Translation Studies, given its multidisciplinary and multidimensional character, has to deal with globalization.

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Fernández Costales, Alberto. 2013. "Crowdsourcing and collaborative translation: mass phenomena or silent threat to translation studies?" Hermēneus. Revista de Traducción e Interpretación 15: 85-110.

Abstract: This article explores the emerging phenomenon of amateur translation and tries to shed some light on the implications this process may have both for Translation Studies as an academic discipline and for the translation industry itself. The paper comments on the main activities included within the concept of fan translation and approaches the terminological issues concerning the categorization of “non-professional translation”. In addition, the article focuses on the existing differences between collaborative translation and crowdsourcing, and posits new hypotheses regarding the development of these initiatives and the possible erosion of the boundaries which separate them. The question of who-does-what in the industry of translation is a major issue to be addressed in order to gain a clear view of the global state of translation today.

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Flanagan, Marian. 2016. "Cause for concern? Attitudes towards translation crowdsourcing in professional translators’ blogs." The Journal of Specialised Translation 25: 149-173. http://www.jostrans.org/issue25/art_flanagan.php.

Abstract: This paper seeks to identify professional translators’ attitudes towards the practice of translation crowdsourcing. The data consist of 48 professional translator blogs. A thematic analysis of their blog posts highlights three main findings: translation crowdsourcing can enhance visibility of the translation profession, but fails to enhance visibility of the professional translator; ethical concerns are raised regarding translator participation in non-profit translation crowdsourcing, and the shifting of responsibility from the professional to the non-professional translator; professional translators do not openly discuss their motives for differentiating between the various non-profit initiatives, and while there is much discussion on translation crowdsourcing for humanitarian causes, little or no attention is paid to free and open source software projects.

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Fredericks, Cecilia. 1998. "Using Non-Professional Interpreters in a Multi-Ethnic Primary Care Clinic." Critical Link 2.

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Froeliger, Nicolas. 2012. "Un métier nommé désir1 ? – Du désir de traduire à la légitimité du traducteur." Forum.

Abstract: This introduction is a synthesis of the approach we have chosen for this volume. In this day and age, when translation appears to have secured some legitimacy as a profession, the availability of translating tools of all sorts, and the far-reaching evolution of the society at large, have multiplied opportunities for non-professional translating. Some of this translating is rather good and much of it is done collaboratively over a broad range of fields. This situation has prompted us to reflect on the will or desire to translate, among both professional and non-professional translators, in relation to the translator’s perception of truth. This urge to translate, however, must be supported by regulatory structures that can make translation less desirable or creative, but certainly more efficient. The risk of eventually seeing translation without translators is not a real one, but we have still to convince the rest of the world that this is so.

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Garcia, Ignacio. 2011. "Translating by post-editing: Is it the way forward?" Machine Translation 25 (3): 217-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-011-9115-8.

Abstract: Translation memory tools now offer the translator to insert post-edited machine translation segments for which no match is found in the databases. The Google Translator Toolkit does this by default, advising in its Settings window: “Most users should not modify this”. Post-editing of no matches appears to work on engines trained with specific bilingual data on a source written under controlled language constraints. Would this, however, work for any type of task as Google’s advice implies? We have tested this by carrying out experiments with English–Chinese trainees, using the Toolkit to translate from the source text (the control group) and by post-editing (the experimental group). Results show that post-editing gains in productivity are marginal. With regard to quality, however, post-editing produces significantly better statistical results compared to translating manually. These gains in quality are observed independently of language direction, text difficulty or translator’s level of performance. In light of these findings, we discuss whether translators should consider post-editing as a viable alternative to conventional translation.

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Gil-Bardají, Anna. 2020. "The right to truth: The ethical principle of accuracy when interpreting in social settings. Assessing performance of an established profile of non-professional interpreters." Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (1).

Abstract: Accuracy tops most of the codes of ethics for public service interpreting. This dominant position is not accidental, since the lack of truth in the trans- mission of the message may entail a violation of the users’ and providers’ fundamental right to truth. In Catalonia, where intercultural mediators have taken on the role of interpreters for many years, the issue of accuracy becomes even more complex due to their dual roles as professional media- tors and non-professional interpreters. Drawing on more than four hours of video recordings and post-task interviews with study participants, this paper analyzes the accuracy of five intercultural mediators working with Arabic, Spanish, and Catalan when in the role of interpreter.

internal-pdf://1101513346/Gil-Bardají-2020-The right to truth_ The ethic.pdf

Grbić, Nadja. 2017. "Beyond the professional scope?: Sign language translation as a new challenge in the field." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: Traditionally, research on interlingual occurrences of sign language has focused on sign language interpreting. However, social practice has changed, not least as a result of the development in communication technologies and the increasing accessibility of audiovisual media. In this context, sign language translation, i.e. the production of recorded signed texts based on written source texts, has witnessed a steady increase, particularly in translations of websites, tests, literature, etc. This paper begins with a short description of the development of sign language translation, leading to a presentation of some typological questions related to sign language translation with a focus on some of the problems that arise when activities span the supposed boundary between translation and interpreting. The second part of the paper is a presentation of a case study demonstrating the textual and social challenges faced by a team of untrained and inexperienced sign language translators in the course of their first translation assignment. The project in question was the translation of the Austrian Jewish Museum’s website into Austrian Sign Language.

internal-pdf://1911165044/Grbić-2017-Beyond the professional scope__ Sig.pdf

Gustafsson, Kristina, Eva Norström, and Petra Höglund. 2019. "Interpreting or brokering in Swedish public service institutions: The use of children for multilingual communication in public services." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 13-26. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3260.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyse experiences of using children as language brokers in Swedish public services, and the consequences of doing so. We begin by discussing and comparing the two concepts of brokering and interpreting. We then go on to analyse and discuss data obtained by quantitative and qualitative methods, including two online surveys whose respondents worked in health care and social services, and seven group interviews which included persons with experience of language brokering as children. A main result is the existence of discrepancies between how public service staff described their experiences of using children as interpreters, and how child interpreters perceived their situation. The former assert that children are rarely used as interpreters, only in critical situations or for simple assignments, and never on a regular basis. By contrast, interviewees with experiences of language brokering as children declare that they were regularly called on to interpret, every day, and in all kinds of situations. They testify that they were not asked for their consent, nor was their presence ever questioned. Although contradictory, both perspectives are relevant and describe the reality of those who participated in the surveys and group interviews. The discrepancy can be explained by the fact that the parents and relatives of the brokering children may have had encounters with diferent public service institutions several times a week. If all these institutions legitimised the use of children on isolated occasions and in simple and acute situations, this can seem like full-time work from the perspective of the child. Finally, we focus on the consequences for patients and service users in terms of legal certainty and discrimination.

internal-pdf://0304088673/Gustafsson-2019-Interpreting or brokering in S.pdf

Harding, Sue-Ann. 2012. "Making a Difference? Independent Online Media Translations of the 2004 Beslan Hostage Disaster." The Translator 18 (2): 339-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2012.10799514.

Abstract: With increasingly fewer independent media outlets operating in the Russia Federation over the past decade, the Internet is one of the rare remaining sites where alternatives to mainstream news and opinion can be voiced. In spite of repeated government interference and, in some cases, prosecution, fringe media websites connected to non-governmental organizations, grassroots civic movements and separatist factions have developed into persistent, if marginalized, media alternatives. This paper examines the online reportage and translations generated in response to the 2004 hostage-taking in Beslan published by ‘non-professionals’ on two websites, using a case study approach and drawing on socio-narrative theory. It discusses the elements and characteristics of these fringe narratives that distinguish them as significant alternatives to the mainstream, contrasting the Beslan narratives constructed by the two independent sites with those elaborated by a large, mainstream Russian news agency. It then considers the translations of this material into English to determine the extent to which the specific features that characterize the alternative narratives are also present in translation. The study finds that the restricted use of translation on these websites led to the reinforcement of simplistic, reductionist narratives and weakened or eliminated the more complex and multivalent alternative ones that had been present in the Russian originals. It concludes by considering how ‘non-professional’ translators might avoid a similar outcome.

internal-pdf://0680843959/Harding-2012-Making a Difference_ Independent.pdf

Harris, Brian. 2017. "Unprofessional translation. A blog-based overview." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation. State of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 29-43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper will discuss the pros and cons of publication in blog format compared with publication through conventional academic channels. The web blog Unprofessional Translation was started in 2009 as a reaction against the way “mainstream” translation studies and bilingualism studies had continually ignored the important aspects of translation that it focuses on. The declared primary topics of the blog are Natural Translation, Native Translation and Language Brokering. As of 31 July 2012, the blog contained approximately 140,000 words in 234 posts accompanied by illustrations and by 268 comments from readers, of whom 124 were formally registered “Members.” It addresses a non-expert readership, with the explicit aim of convincing them that translating is a quasi-universal human capability and activity which is not confined to trained or highly experienced experts. There are numerous posts for each of the blog topics. However, the blog template displays the posts chronologically, and, as a result, it requires considerable work with the Search function to follow any of the threads coherently. Therefore, this paper brings together a selection of the material thematically.

internal-pdf://3829175729/Harris-2017-Unprofessional translation. A blog.pdf

Heidermann, Werner. 2014. "Ich Möchert Schon Einmal Nach Wien“ – Fug and mold in Franz Xaver Kroetz‘S Oberösterreich (1972) and the brazilian translation from 1979." Cadernos de traduçao: 95-110. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/extart?codigo=4925880.

Abstract: Alta Áustria is the no. 20 of the series Caderno de Teatro Alemão, a series which was published 30 years ago by several Goethe-Institutes in Brazil. The translation itself was created in Curitiba by a group of non-professional translators led by Heidede Emily Liede. We examine the question of to what extent the fatal petit bourgeois in Austria’s Seventies may ever be reproducible for a Brazilian theater audience. The narrowness of the relationship between two people with their escape tendencies will be considered a common social experience? Alta Áustria (Upper Austria) is an example of ambitious Austrian cultural critique? Comprehensive commentary on civilization? Early critique on abusive consuming? To what extent the play’s success expresses a perfidious pleasure regarding the philistinism of the others? In the same series of publication appeared Mensch Meier, Das Nest and others – hence an important part of the theatrical poetry of Franz Xaver Kroetz. The contribution will try to categorize affinities and provocations, as well in view of some aspects of translation theory.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2014v3nespp95Alta Áustria ist das Heft No. 20 der Reihe Caderno de Teatro Alemão, die vor rund 30 Jahren von verschiedenen brasilianischen Goethe-Instituten herausgegeben wurde. Die Kroetz-Übersetzung selbst ist in Curitiba entstanden, eine Gruppe von Übersetzern zeichnet für sie verantwortlich, geleitet wurde das Projekt von Heidede Emiliy Liede. Wir gehen der Frage nach, inwieweit das fatal Kleinbürgerliche im Österreich der Siebziger Jahre überhaupt einem brasilianischen Theaterpublikum vermittelbar ist. Wird die Enge der Zweierbeziehung mit ihren Fluchttendenzen als gemeinsame soziale Erfahrung gewertet? Ist Oberösterreich ambitionierte österreichische Landeskunde? Umfassende Zivilisationskritik? Frühe Konsumismuskritik? Inwieweit steht hinter dem Erfolg des Stücks nicht auch ein perfides Behagen am Spießertum der Anderen? In derselben Publikationsreihe erschienen Mensch Meier, Das Nest, und Wer durch Laub geht – mithin ein bedeutender Teil Kroetzscher Theaterdichtung. Der Beitrag wird nach kulturellen Affinitäten fragen und Provokationen einzuordnen versuchen, auch in übersetzungstheoretischer Hinsicht. Alta Áustria é o título do número 20 da série Cadernos de Teatro Alemão, publicada há 30 anos por vários Institutos Goethe no Brasil. A tradução em questão foi realizada em Curitiba por um grupo de tradutores não profissionais liderados por Heidede Emily Liede. Neste artigo, examinamos até que ponto o fatídico elemento pequeno-burguês austríaco da década de 1970 pode ser reproduzível para uma plateia de teatro brasileira. A estreiteza da relação entre duas pessoas com suas tendências escapistas seriam consideradas como uma experiência social comum? Alta Áustria (Oberösterreich) seria um exemplo de uma crítica cultural ambiciosa à Áustria? Um comentário abrangente sobre a civilização? Uma primeira crítica ao espírito consumista? Até que ponto o sucesso dessa peça expressa o prazer pérfido em relação ao espírito filisteu dos outros? Na mesma série de publicações também surge Mensch Meier, Das Nest – portanto, uma parte importante da obra teatral de Franz Xaver Kroetz. O artigo tentará categorizar afinidades e provocações, tendo em vista também alguns aspectos da teoria da tradução.

Alta Áustria ist das Heft No. 20 der Reihe Caderno de Teatro Alemão, die vor rund 30 Jahren von verschiedenen brasilianischen Goethe-Instituten herausgegeben wurde. Die Kroetz-Übersetzung selbst ist in Curitiba entstanden, eine Gruppe von Übersetzern zeichnet für sie verantwortlich, geleitet wurde das Projekt von Heidede Emiliy Liede. Wir gehen der Frage nach, inwieweit das fatal Kleinbürgerliche im Österreich der Siebziger Jahre überhaupt einem brasilianischen Theaterpublikum vermittelbar ist. Wird die Enge der Zweierbeziehung mit ihren Fluchttendenzen als gemeinsame soziale Erfahrung gewertet? Ist Oberösterreich ambitionierte österreichische Landeskunde? Umfassende Zivilisationskritik? Frühe Konsumismuskritik? Inwieweit steht hinter dem Erfolg des Stücks nicht auch ein perfides Behagen am Spießertum der Anderen? In derselben Publikationsreihe erschienen Mensch Meier, Das Nest, und Wer durch Laub geht – mithin ein bedeutender Teil Kroetzscher Theaterdichtung. Der Beitrag wird nach kulturellen Affinitäten fragen und Provokationen einzuordnen versuchen, auch in übersetzungstheoretischer Hinsicht.

internal-pdf://3717255436/Heidermann-2014-Ich Möchert Schon Einmal Nach.pdf

Hild, Adelina. 2017. "The role and self-regulation of non-professional interpreters in religious settings: the VIRS project." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 177-194. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This chapter presents the results of an ethnographic study of non-professional church interpreters, exploring how they regulate their behaviour in line with their perceived role in religious settings. The Volunteer Interpreters in Religious Settings (VIRS) project combines observational data (field notes, audio and video recordings) with in-depth interviews in order to address questions concerning the motivational structure of native interpreters, the specific strategies they apply in rendering the performative and linguistic aspects of evangelical preaching, the role of social recognition and the process of effecting emotional homeostasis. On the basis of these findings, the paper compares the self-regulation processes of professional and volunteer interpreters and discusses how church interpreters perceive their role as visible co-constructors of meaning in theological discourse.

internal-pdf://3422857246/Hild-2017-The role and self-regulation of non-.pdf

Hokkanen, Sari. 2012. "Simultaneous Church Interpreting as Service." The Translator 18 (2): 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2012.10799512.

Abstract: Although volunteer interpreting in church settings is common throughout the world, there is scant research on this topic in translation and interpreting studies. This article provides a starting point for discussion of this issue through an examination of non-professional, volunteer simultaneous interpreting in a Pentecostal church in Tampere, Finland. The approach to church interpreting at the Pentecostal church is mapped onto Pöchhacker’s (2004) scheme of the dimensions and domains of interpreting theory in order to compare its features to those identified by Pöchhacker. The paper also discusses the volunteer simultaneous interpreting organized at this church in relation to two distinct notions: service and volunteer work. A detailed examination of these two concepts is undertaken in relation to interpreting activity in this specific context. The paper concludes that interpreting is understood within Pentecostalism as service not only to its members but also to God, and that this has important consequences for the type of interpreter training and practice required by church interpreters and valued by the Tampere Pentecostal Church.

internal-pdf://0979884477/Hokkanen-2012-Simultaneous Church Interpreting.pdf

Hokkanen, Sari. 2017. "Simultaneous interpreting and religious experience: volunteer interpreting in a Finnish Pentecostal church." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 195-212. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: In this paper, the author discusses the volunteer simultaneous church interpreting she conducted as a professionally trained interpreter, using autoethnography as methodological approach. The aim is to examine how professional identity and identity as a Pentecostal Christian coexist in this non-professional interpreting context. Pentecostalism emphasizes personal religious experience, defined as encountering God, making it a salient feature of the social context of the volunteer interpreting context. Therefore, Hokkanen studies spiritual and practical levels of preparation related to simultaneous interpreting at church. In addition, she examines the ways in which a personal religious experience, especially “hearing from God,” can take place while interpreting, which speaks of active participation in the interpreted service. This paper thus highlights the dynamics of professional and non-professional interpreting as social contexts carrying meaning over to personal practice.

internal-pdf://0111537609/Hokkanen-2017-Simultaneous interpreting and re.pdf

Tübingen. Interlingual and intercultural communication.

Abstract: The present volume essentially contains the proceedings of an International Symposium on Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies held at the University of Hamburg, Aug. 13-15, 1984. The articles in this book are divided into three main sections. The first deals with text and discourse. The second with interaction and cognition. The third section looks into empirical approaches to accessing the translation process. The topics discussed range from translational competence, the translation of noun-compounds, the linguistic aspects of translation processes to the difficult task of the non-professional interpreter and other topics.

Jääskeläinen, Riitta. 1988. "Automatised processes in professional vs. non-professional translation: a think-aloud protocol study." In Empirical research into translation and interpreting: processes and products, edited by Alexander Künzli, 89-109. Neuchâtel: Université de Neuchâtel.

Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of automatised processing based on the notions Adhoc-block and Rest-block. The authors discuss potentially automatised parts of the translation process. They argue that while some processes become automatised with increasing experience, other processes are evoked into consciousness leading to a heightened awareness of potential problems.

Jääskeläinen, Riitta. 1989. "The role of reference material in professional vs. non-professional translation: a think-aloud protocol study." In Empirical studies in translation and linguistics, edited by Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit and Stephen Condit, 175-200. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.

Abstract: The author describes the student translators' use of dictionaries and other reference works.

Jääskeläinen, Riitta. 1989. "Translation assignment in professional vs. non-professional translation: a think-aloud protocol study." In The translation process, edited by Candace Séguinot, 87-98. Toronto: H.G. Publications.

Abstract: Jääskäinen describes the student translators' reactions to a translation brief.

Jääskeläinen, Riitta. 1999. "Tapping the process: an explorative study of the cognitive and affective factors involved in translating." University of Joensuu.

Abstract: This doctoral dissertation focuses on three main areas: methodology in TAP research, cognition in translation processes (types of knowledge used), and affect in translation processes (personal involvement in the task). The data include TAPs from eight subjects: four professional and four non-professional translators who translated a short English text into the subjects' mother tongue (Finnish). [

Jääskeläinen, Riitta. 2003. "Who said what? A pilot study of the hosts' interpreting performance on Finnish breakfast television." The Translator 9 (2): 307-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2003.10799159.

Abstract: This article reports on a pilot study of three live interviews with non-Finnish-speaking guests on a Finnish breakfast television show, in which the Finnish hosts assume the additional task of translating. The study has both translation-theoretical and translation-political aims. First, the aim is to try to pin down empirically the intuitive impression that the hosts' "translations" occasionally tend to be so ridden with journalistic intervention that it becomes hard to consider them as belonging to the category of "translation/interpreting". The second aim is to raise the issue of professional vs. non-professional interpreting in the media for critical discussion by showing where - and how - non-professional interpreting may fail to fulfil its role.

internal-pdf://1711111531/Jääskeläinen-2003-Who said what_ A pilot study.pdf

Jääskeläinen, Riitta H, and Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit. 1991. "Automatised Processes in Professional vs. Non-professional Translation: A Think-aloud Protocol Study." In Empirical Research in Translation and Intercultural Studies: Selected Papers of the TRANS-SIF Seminar, Savonlinna 1988, edited by Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit, 89-110. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Jensen, Astrid. 2005. "Coping with Metaphor. A cognitive approach to translating metaphor." Hermes. Journal of Language and Communication Studies 35 (11): 183-209.

Abstract: This article focuses on the translation of metaphor by expert translators, young professional translators and non-professional translators. The approach adopted here treats translation of metaphor as a conceptual rather than a purely linguistic phenomenon, based on the framework sometimes referred to as conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), which is based on Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and Lakoff & Turner (1989). The basic assumption behind this study is that translating metaphor requires translator competence, which among other things entails an awareness of the duality of the metaphor as both a mental concept and linguistic expressions. It is further assumed that translation competence is developed through extensive training and translation experience. The study starts with a qualitative analysis of the metaphorical expressions and translation strategies in the sample texts, followed by a quantitative analysis whereby the frequencies of metaphor transference across languages and across groups are counted.

internal-pdf://0708404164/Jensen-2005-Coping with Metaphor. A cognitive.pdf

Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel a. 2013. "Crowdsourcing, corpus use, and the search for translation naturalness: A comparable corpus study of Facebook and non-translated social networking sites." Translation and Interpreting Studies 8: 23-49. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.8.1.02jim.

Abstract: This paper argues that corpus use in translation and the Facebook non-professional crowdsourcing model both aim to create more natural-sounding translations. A number of studies on corpus use support this hypothesis, but, to date, there have been no empirical studies on whether crowdsourcing translations produces texts that comply with the conventions users expect, consequently appearing more natural. After a theoretical discussion on how corpus use and Facebook crowdsourcing both intend to achieve more naturally sounding translations, the empirical study contrasts the crowdsourced Peninsular Spanish version of Facebook to original Spanish social networking sites. The methodology is based on a comparable corpus (Baker 1995) and compares all the interactive segments, such as navigation menus and dialog boxes, in this version of Facebook to a similar corpus extracted from the top 25 social networks locally produced in Spain. The contrastive analyses focus on verbal use and terminological conventions. The results confirm that the linguistic features examined in Facebook and produced through a crowdsourced non-professional model match those found in the corpus of non-translated networking sites.

internal-pdf://2053999930/Jiménez-Crespo-2013-Crowdsourcing, corpus use.pdf

JIménez-Crespo, Miguel Á. 2016. "Collaborative and volunteer translation and interpreting." In Researching Translation and Interpreting, edited by Claudia V. Angelelli and Brian James Baer, 58-70. London, New York: Routledge.

Abstract: Collaboration and volunteerism can be found in all types and modalities of translation and interpreting. In the context of translation research, these two phenomena have recently gained popularity thanks to the emergence of new web-based translation communities. In interpreting, volunteerism represents a key area of research, mostly connected to intrasocial, non-professional and activist contexts. Collaboration is also present in interpreting insofar as simultaneous conference interpreting requires collaboration among the two or more professionals staffing the booth. The two notions under study here are therefore at the core of contemporary TIS research, with translation research focusing mainly on collaborative and volunteer practices mediated through the web, and interpreting research focusing mainly on volunteerism, specifically related to activism and the social turn in Translation Studies. After introducing the theoretical foundations, the author discuss the evolution of research on collaboration and volunteerism in T&I as well as several key studies. Finally, he outlines future directions for this specific research area.

Jonasson, Kerstin. 1998. "Degree of text awareness in professional vs. non-professional translators." In Translators' strategies and creativity, edited by Ann Beylard-Ozeroff, Jana Králová and Barbara Moser-Mercer, 189-200. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper is a preliminary report of a longitudinal study in which five students participating in a translator training programme and three professional translators, who also acted as teachers in the course, were the subjects. They translated a text from French into Swedish (L1). The author's hypothesis is that the differences between students vs. professionals identified at the beginning of the programme would tend to decrease during the course. The article focuses on text awareness which refers to the subjects' reactions, if any, to the origin or purpose of the ST, ST coherence, and the text as a whole.

Jüngst, Heike Elisabeth. 2015. "Sachcomicübersetzung und Laienübersetzung." In Comics – Übersetzungen und Adaptionen, edited by Nathalie Mälzer. Berlin: Frank & Timme.

Abstract: This article approaches the topic of non-professional translation from a sociological approach, with a more specific focus on topical comics about the environment.

Kalina, Sylvia. 2011. "Interpreting and interpreter training: time for reshuffle." In Modelling the field of community interpreting. Questions of methodology in research and training, edited by Erich Prunc, Claudia Kainz and Rafael Schögler, 45-65. Berlin: LIT Verlag.

Abstract: Based on a model of bilingual interpreter-mediated communication, this article looks at interpreting conditions, intercultural interaction and possible interpreter roles in various conditions, comprising conference as well as non-conference settings. It aims at identifying the need for professional interpreting in all these settings, even though in some of them non-professional interpreting is still the rule. This means that interpreter training must generally cover the whole range of interpreting setting and offer specialisations in individual types of interpreting. Professional interpreters should consider themselves as members of one single field of work no matter which type of interpreting they practice.

Kaur, Kulwindr. 2005. "Parallelism between language learning and translating." Translation Journal 9 (3). http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/33edu.htm.

Abstract: Five experienced, non-professional, part-time translators from the University of Malaya were the participants for this think-aloud protocol study involving the translation of scientific texts from English to Malay. They were also interviewed. It was found that all of them used the direct (memory, cognitive and compensation) and indirect (metacognitive, affective and social) language learning strategies proposed by Oxford and O'Malley and Chamot while translating. This study supports the notion put forward by Robinson that translation is actually a language learning process and the translator is always a learner. This study shows why this is so. Also, this study matches the four skills in language learning — listening, speaking, reading and writing to translation behaviour and show that the closest to translation is writing. The author discusses Sager's comparison between translation and writing activities and show how close both these two activities are as they involve similar approaches and features.

internal-pdf://1101513302/Kaur-2005-Parallelism between language learnin.pdf

Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie, and Karlfried Knapp. 1986. "Interweaving two discourses. The difficult task of the non-professional interpreter." In Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies, edited by Juliane House and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 151-168. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with a type of discourse in which two parties converse with each other via a non-professional interpreter/mediator. The authors claim that there are different types of mediating role in such a setting, and that the mediator’s role determines the criteria for what constitutes an adequate interpretation. The authors present an analysis of mediation in a legal advice setting involving a Turkish client and a German legal adviser, and suggest that in this situations there are two discourses running parallel to each other, and that the major difficulty of the mediator’s task consists in managing both, while relating them one to another.

Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie, and Karlfried Knapp. 1987. "The man (or woman) in the middle: Discoursal aspects of non-professional interpreting." In Analyzing Intercultural Communication, edited by Karlfried Knapp, Werner Enninger and Annelie Knapp-Potthoff, 181-212. De Gruyter.

Abstract: As has been demonstrated by the works of Gumperz and his associates, differences in ethnic conversational style which the participants are unaware of very frequently give rise to misunderstandings in intercultural communication. However, lack of knowledge of the respective other culture does not necessarily mean that a conversationalist is trapped in an intercultural face-to-face-encounter without help. Situations of intercultural contact are fairly common in which a third party is present who as an interpreter can assist in overcoming linguistic and cultural barriers of language and conversational style. These situations are characterized by a particular type of discourse, which to our knowledge has so far received only scant attention by researchers in the field of intercultural communication and still less by discourse analysts. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to present an analysis of some discoursal aspects of this type of intercultural communication.

internal-pdf://1101513635/Knapp-Potthoff-1987-The man (or woman) in the.pdf

Koby, Geoffrey S. 2007. "Computer Editing as a Translation Efficiency Skill: Summary Evidence from Keystrokes." Translation and Interpreting Studies 2 (2).

Abstract: Earlier studies have reported on differences in drafting and revising style between professional and non-professional translators. This article presents analysis of keystroke data in order to isolate trends that indicate patterns of final text production. As part of a larger think-aloud study, eight subjects, (a student, two German professors, two translation professors, and three professional translators) translated on computer from German into English while thinking aloud. All keystrokes were logged using a computer deamon. Two styles of translation revision are found: Deletion, immediate revision of errors with little post-translation navigation, and Navigation, post-translation keystrokes to reach and correct errors. Although Deletion is more efficient than Navigation in keystroke use, no evidence was found in this sample that one style is more efficient than the other in terms of overall text production speed. In addition, no division between professionals and non-professionals was evident in this small study. More research is needed on a larger sample.

internal-pdf://3267532471/Koby-2007-Computer Editing as a Translation Ef.pdf

Koehn, Philipp. 2009. "A process study of computer-aided translation." Machine Translation 23 (4): 241-263.

Abstract: The author investigates novel types of assistance for human translators, based on statistical machine translation methods. He developed the computer-aided tool Caitra that makes suggestions for sentence completion, shows word and phrase translation options, and allows postediting of machine translation output. The author carried out a study of the translation process that involved non-professional translators that were native in either French or English and he recorded their interaction with the tool. Users translated 192 sentences from French news stories into English. Most translators were faster and better when assisted by the author’s tool. A detailed examination of the logs also provides insight into the human translation process, such as time spent on different activities and length of pauses.

internal-pdf://0628174439/Koehn-2009-A process study of computer-aided t.pdf

Koskinen, Kaisa. 2017. "Translatorial Action in Non-professional Translation Communities: the Tampere city council in 1875." In Communities in Translation and Interpreting, edited by Kristiina Taivalkoski-Shilov, Liisa Tiittula and Maarit Koponen, 37-61. Montréal: Éditions québécoises de l’œuvre.

Abstract: Justa Holz-Mänttäri’s theory of translatorial action has become a classic in Translation Studies, but it is often considered too tied to its sociocultural and historical context and of limited use for contemporary researchers. This paper aims to demonstrate its continued relevance. Through a theoretically focused rereading of Holz-Mänttäri’s treatise (1984), continually relevant elements are highlighted. The main points are illustrated with the help of examples from an on-going research into the non-professional translation practices of the new Tampere city council (established in 1875).

Kremer, Gerhard, Matthias Hartung, Sebastian Padó, and Stefan Riezler. 2012. "Statistical machine translation support improves human adjective translation." In Crossroads between contrastive linguistics, translation studies, and machine translation, 103-152.

Abstract: In this paper we present a study in computer-assisted translation, investigating whether non-professional translators can profit directly from automatically constructed bilingual phrase pairs. Our support is based on state-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT), consisting of a phrase table that is generated from large parallel corpora, and a large monolingual language model. In our experiment, human translators were asked to translate adjective–noun pairs in context in the presence of suggestions created by the SMT model. Our results show that SMT support results in an acceptable slowdown in translation time while significantly improving translation quality.

internal-pdf://3753391879/Kremer-2012-Statistical machine translation su.pdf

Krings, Hans-Peter. 1987. "The use of introspective data in translation." In Introspection in second language research, edited by Claus Faerch and Gabriele Kasper, 158-176. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Abstract: The article discusses think-aloud methodology on the basis of the experiment reported in full in Krings' PhD. The latter discusses thoroughly the methodological foundations of verbal report methods and describes the translational behaviour of eight subjects. The subjects are all German students of French as a foreign language (FL), i.e. non-professional translators. The data include translation processes into the subjects' mother tongue and into the foreign language. Analyses cover the subjects' use of time and reference books, the nature of the problems the subjects encounter as well as the problem-solving strategies they use.

Krings, Hans P. 1986. Was in den Köpfen von Übersetzern vorgeht. Eine empirische Untersuchung zur Struktur des Übersetzungsprozesses an fortgeschrittenen Französischlernern. Tübingen: Narr.

Abstract: Krings' PhD discusses thoroughly the methodological foundations of verbal report methods and describes the translational behaviour of eight subjects. The subjects are all German students of French as a foreign language (FL), i.e. non-professional translators. The data include translation processes into the subjects' mother tongue and into the foreign language. Analyses cover the subjects' use of time and reference books, the nature of the problems which the subjects encounter as well as the problem-solving strategies that they use.

Krings, Hans P. 1986. "Translation Problems and Translation Strategies of Advanced German Learners of French (L2)." In Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second Language Acquisition Studies, edited by Juliane House and Shoshana Blum-Kulka. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Abstract: This paper is based on the author's PhD, in which he discusses thoroughly the methodological foundations of verbal report methods and describes the translational behaviour of eight subjects. The subjects are all German students of French as a foreign language (FL), i.e. non-professional translators. The data include translation processes into the subjects' mother tongue and into the foreign language. The focus of this paper is on the nature of the problems the subjects encounter as well as the problem-solving strategies they use.

Larchet, Keltoume. 2012. "Le désir de traduire dans la professionnalisation des traducteurs: un regard sociologique." FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 10 (1): 273-300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.10.1.12lar. https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/forum.10.1.12lar.

Abstract: This article aims to find out how translators become professionals by examining their desire to translate. This desire entails an intimate aspect of the translation act. The article investigates the ideas of a professional vocation, professional socialisation and professional legitimacy. The article is based on the experience of the fourth Traductologie de plein champ exercise (Field-grown translation studies) and aims to account for the way in which those involved, professional or non-professional translators, teachers and members of bodies representing the profession – invoke the ideas of quality and desire in the professional rhetoric which they use. It will be shown how this idea of desire is used as a professional criterion and how this comes into conflict with the professional model sought by the professionals themselves.

Lázaro-Gutiérrez, Raquel, and Carmen Valero-Garcés. 2014. "Monitoring quality of interpreting and mediation services in the healthcare setting." International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT2), Germersheim.

Lesch, Harold M, Christine Anthonissen, Claire Penn, Kate Huddlestone, and Ilse Feinauer. 2017. 4th International Conference on Non-Professional Translation and Interpreting. Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (Stellenbosch). http://conferences.sun.ac.za/index.php/NPIT4/npit4.

Lomeña Galiano, María. 2020. "Finding Hidden Populations in The Field of Translating and Interpreting: A Methodological Model for Improving Access to Non-Professional Translators and Interpreters Working in Public Service Settings." FITISPos International Journal 7: 72-91.

Abstract: Translation and interpreting in public services is an activity often performed by practitioners with no background training in translation and interpreting. The challenges in accessing this population of research participants in a previous study (Lomeña Galiano, 2018) led us to label them a hidden population. If these groups mostly known as “non-professionals” remain in the shadows, because of social dynamics, there is a risk that the collection and production of data are biased due to the lack of representativeness of the samples, with respect to a part of the population that is in charge of a large number of translation and interpretation assignments, especially in public service settings. There is, however, a methodological gap and a lack of guidance for those researching in the area as to how to negotiate the framework for the participation “non-professional” translators and interpreters in the most efficient way. To address that issue, this paper presents some tools used in social and human sciences to improve relationships with hidden populations. Specifically, this article focuses on the interaction between researcher and participants and the relevance of the notions of reflexivity and rapport (tuning) in this interaction. The aim of this study is to identify key points in the methodology to approach the population in participatory studies in order to facilitate access and the consequent participation of hidden populations in studies on translation and interpretation in public services.

internal-pdf://3829175427/Lomeña Galiano-2020-Finding Hidden Populations.pdf

Lörscher, Wolfgang. 1991. "Translation Performance, Translation Process and Translation Strategies: A Psycholinguistic Investigation."

Abstract: Based on think-aloud protocol studies, the book describes the oral translation processes (i.e. sight translation) of 52 German learners of English (non-professional translators). Methodological issues are discussed at length within a psycholinguistic framework and a sophisticated method for analysing translation strategies is introduced. The findings indicate, among other things, that foreign language learners prefer a sign-oriented approach in translation, as opposed to sense-oriented translation by professional translator

Lörscher, Wolfgang. 1996. "A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Translation Processes." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 41 (1): 26-32. https://doi.org/10.7202/003518ar. http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/1996/v41/n1/003518ar.pdf.

Abstract: This article, outlines a project in which translation processes are investigated empirically on the basis of a corpus of translations. After a description of the methodology used, a model for the analysis of translation processes is presented followed by a brief comparison of professional and non-professional translation processes. In the concluding section, considerations are made as regards implications of translation process analysis for translation teaching. [Source: abstract in journal]

internal-pdf://3064115037/Lörscher-1996-A Psycholinguistic Analysis of T.pdf

Lörscher, Wolfgang. 2005. "The Translation Process: Methods and Problems of its Investigation." Meta: Journal des traducteurs = translators' journal 50 (2): 597-608.

Abstract: After the introductory remarks about the analysis of mental translation processes (section 1) and an outline of the investigation reported on in this paper (section 2) the methodology used is presented (section 3). It consists of the methods for data elicitation as well as for data analysis and evaluation. Section 4 describes a strategic analysis of translation processes carried out on three levels: the level of the elements of translation strategies (4.1), of the strategies themselves (4.2) and of the translation versions (5). The paper terminates with a brief comparison of professional and non-professional translation processes (section 6).

internal-pdf://3304349069/Lörscher-2005-The Translation Process_ Methods.pdf

Lörscher, Wolfgang. 2009. "Form- and Sense-Oriented Approaches to Translation Revisited." Translation Quarterly 51/52: 1-28.

Abstract: After the introductory remarks three developmental models of translation competence are outlined and critically reviewed: Harris and Sherwood's natural translation, Toury's idea of translation-astransfer and the author's own concept of a rudimentary ability to mediate. As empirical research has shown, an important approach to studying the stages of development of translation competence is process-oriented. It can be sign- or sense-oriented. The former typically occurs with foreign language learners and normally remains with non-professional translators whereas the latter is mostly to be found among professional translators. By way of conclusion, the implications for translation teaching resulting from the development of translation competence are outlined.

Luczaj, Kamil, and Magdalena Holy-Luczaj. 2017. "Those who help us understand our favourite global TV series in a local language: qualitative meta-analysis of research on local fansub groups." Babel 63 (2): 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.2.01luc.

Abstract: The main aim of this article is to critically analyse and systematise the debate concerning non-professional subtitling of TV series and movies in some non-English-speaking countries. Most of the studies on fansubbing deal with a specific problem, and they are based on various theoretical frameworks. This paper attempts to merge them into one coherent framework that can serve as a basis for subsequent research. The article addresses the issue of non-professional translation as a solution to the lack of official translations, but also as an alternative strategy for translating the texts of popular culture. The paper is divided into four parts. The first defines the phenomenon of fansubbing. The second shows how professional and non-professional translations differ. The following two parts, based on different national case studies, answer the questions: who are fansubbers, and what are their motivations?

internal-pdf://3287384980/Luczaj-2017-Those who help us understand our f.pdf

Luczaj, Kamil, and Magdalena Holy-Luczaj. 2017. "Those who help us understand our favourite global TV series in a local language: Qualitative meta-analysis of research on local fansub groups." Babel: Revue Internationale de la Traduction = International Journal of Translation 63 (2): 153-173. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/extart?codigo=6270035.

Abstract: The main aim of this article is to critically analyse and systematise the debate concerning non-professional subtitling of TV series and movies in some non-English-speaking countries. Most of the studies on fansubbing deal with a specific problem, and they are based on various theoretical frameworks. This paper attempts to merge them into one coherent framework that can serve as a basis for subsequent research. The article addresses the issue of non-professional translation as a solution to the lack of official translations, but also as an alternative strategy for translating the texts of popular culture.The paper is divided into four parts. The first defines the phenomenon of fansubbing. The second shows how professional and non-professional translations differ. The following two parts, based on different national case studies, answer the questions: who are fansubbers, and what are their motivations?

Mangerel, Caroline. 2017. "Translating Silence: applying intersemiotic translation to interdisciplinary systems." In Translation Studies beyond the Postcolony, edited by Kobus Marais and Ilse Feinauer, 220-241. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to define a methodological framework for research in interdisciplinary system translation within multilingual environments. It specifically takes into account the fact that the burden of information conversion often rests on the shoulders of non-professional translators or interpreters – the most active of language practitioners in many economic contexts of the Global South – by exploring the silences in translation, their causes and their impacts. The objective of this paper is to propose a comparative study of the Global South and the Global North. Illustrations will be drawn from the South African and Canadian context. In both cases, gaps in translation are the cause of a perpetuation of disenfranchisement in poorer communities, both in the Global South or in the Global North. Exploring this topic will allow to shed light on some fairly obscure processes, somewhat removed from the issues of power that are at the center of postcolonial studies.

Marmaridou, Sophia. 1996. "Directionality in Translation Processes and Practices." Target 8: 49-73. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.8.1.04mar.

Abstract: In this article an attempt is made to systematically approach directionality in translation processes and practices from a cognitive point of view. Within the framework of cognitive semantics, it is argued that translation is an instance of conceptual metaphor, whereby conceptual structures of the target language are mapped onto the source text in order to make it understood by the TL reader. The relevance of this position for the study of translation becomes obvious when considered against existing practices in professional and non-professional translating. Thus, the directionality from target to source is experimentally shown to correlate with another type of directionality, namely, translating from or into one’s mother tongue, and can explain observable facts in the performance of translation tasks.

internal-pdf://4168261829/Marmaridou-1996-Directionality in Translation.pdf

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2014. "Criminals interpreting for criminals: breaking or shaping norms?" The Journal of Specialised Translation 22.

Abstract: The concept of norms has been applied in Interpreting Studies to achieve a greater understanding of the principles regulating this activity in close connection to each particular context and its specific features. In less explored settings, such as prisons, a norm-based analysis can become a useful tool to describe a partially unknown reality. This study aims to explore the degree of compliance to norms by non-professional interpreters in prison settings. For these purposes, the main norms of interpreter behaviour (as defined in codes of ethics) will be examined through the lens of a corpus of 19 interpreted prison interviews, as well as users’ and interpreting experts’ reactions to them. Results will show that, on occasion, non-professional interpreters challenge relevant norms (accuracy, impartiality, confidentiality...) in a conscious or unconscious manner. Such deviations may be due to lack of translational competence, voluntary moves to improve one’s own or a fellow inmate’s face before the prison administration, or adjustment to users’ expectations, among others. The reactions they trigger among users and interpreting experts vary depending on the norm challenged, the role of each stakeholder or their communicative goals.

internal-pdf://2507471562/Martínez-Gómez-2014-Criminals interpreting for.pdf

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2015. "Bibliometrics as a tool to map uncharted territory: A study on non-professional interpreting." Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 23 (2): 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2015.1010550.

Abstract: In this paper, bibliometric methods are used to describe non-professional interpreting as an emerging specialty within Translation and Interpreting Studies. ‘Collective communication efforts’ are used as a token of scholarly interest on this new area and exploited bibliometrically to build a corpus of relevant publications. Publication count methods are applied 268 scientific works (published between 1973-2013) in order to shed light on the evolution of this research front, as well as its main features in terms of creation and dissemination of knowledge. Results point to an early apparition of the topic in the early 1970s, but a delayed growth in scholarly production starting in the early 2000s. Research is spearheaded by a small group of scholars with a continuous interest in the issue and complemented by the research activities of ‘one-timers’ from a wide array of disciplines who tend to collaborate within their discipline rather than across them.

internal-pdf://2053999809/Martínez-Gómez-2015-Bibliometrics as a tool to.pdf

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2015. "Invisible, Visible or everywhere in between? Perceptions and actual behaviours of non-professional interpreters and interpreting users." The Interpreters' Newsletter 20: 175-194.

Abstract: The notion of the invisible interpreter, once – and for long – an uncontested principle, has recently started to be deconstructed in favour of the image of the interpreter as an active third party in the interaction. This study aims to contribute to this process through an analysis of interpreter visibility in a prison setting using a corpus of 19 interpreted interviews and pre-interview surveys. It describes the self-perceptions of non-profession- al interpreters and the expectations of interpreting users about the interpreter role, and contrasts these with actual behaviours during the interpreted event. Results indicate that these interpreters tend to perceive themselves as less visible than they in fact are and that interpreters’ visibility in actual interaction is negotiated by all parties through conversa- tional acceptance and rejection mechanisms.

internal-pdf://3829176342/Martínez-Gómez-2015-Invisible, Visible or Ever.pdf

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2015. "Non-professional interpreters " In The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting, edited by Holly Mikkelson and Renée Jourdenais, 417-431. London and New York: Routledge.

Abstract: Non-professional interpreters are individuals with a certain degree of bilingual competence who perform interpreting tasks on an ad hoc basis without economic compensation or prior specific training. Their awareness of the skills required to perform their interpreting duties correctly and the ethical constraints thereto is shaped by their own intuitions and subject to the expectations expressed by the parties to the encounters they mediate in. Most often they conduct their tasks individually and in isolation, which translates into little visibility, lack of group solidarity and prestige, and lack of public credibility, even if they may receive immediate social recognition by the monolingual speakers for whom they enable communication. In fact, every bilingual individual is a potential non-professional interpreter, as they are selected on the basis of their (apparent) competence in the two languages involved – spoken or signed – and their immediate availability. Non-professional interpreters range thus from relatives or friends or acquaintances – including children – of a person requiring language mediation; to in-house employees at the institution where interpreting is needed; to volunteers belonging to a wide array of civil organizations; to virtually any passer-by. Their presence is evident in the homes of minority-language community members; and it is most frequent in public services, where the interpreting profession is still little institutionalized (in health care centres, welfare and government offices, schools, police stations, prisons, churches, etc). These interpreters are relatively visible in business contexts, especially local ones (banks, post offices, shops), but also in mass media; and their presence is sporadic but crucial in conflict or emergency situations. Non-professional interpreting even occurs in the most professionalized settings (i.e. conference or court interpreting).

internal-pdf://0719885282/Martínez-Gómez-2015-Non-Professional Interpret.pdf

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2016. "Facing face: Non-professional interpreting in prison mental health interviews." European Journal of Applied Linguistics 4 (1): 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2015-0024.

Abstract: Face, or the public self-image that each individual claims for him-/herself, is continuously constructed and negotiated in interaction. In inter- preter-mediated events, the interpreter’s actions may threaten, maintain or en- hance the primary participants’ face, as well as their own. This single case study of a real-life interview between a prison psychologist and a foreign language- speaking inmate, interpreted by another inmate, aims to explore how and why the three members of the triad engage in face-threatening acts (Brown and Levinson 1987) and face-boosting acts (Bayraktaroglu 1991). The transcribed audio record- ing of the interview shows how this non-professional interpreter actively seeks to protect and improve his fellow prisoner’s face, as a potential expression of his in-group loyalty, but ultimately prioritizes his own social image in an attempt to present himself as cooperative and trustworthy before the psychologist. This analysis shows how underlying issues of social distance, power and trust force- fully shape conversational behaviors in the prison environment.

internal-pdf://4229661150/Martínez-Gómez-2016-Facing face_ non-professio.pdf

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2020. "Who defines role? Negotiation and collaboration between non-professional interpreters and primary participants in prison settings." Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (1): 108-131.

Abstract: This article analyzes the communicative behaviors of non-professional interpreters and primary participants in the context of therapy/counseling sessions in a prison setting. It describes the negotiation and collaboration patterns established among all members of the communicative triad in order to co-construct the interpreter’s role dialogically, in a corpus of 26 mental health interviews in a prison setting between therapists/counselors and allophone prisoners, with other inmates as interpreters. Using Goffman’s (1981) concept of footing as the main analytical tool, it sheds light on the conversational strategies that all members of the triad use to initiate, accept, or resist the interpreter’s shifts to different footings, especially those that depart most dramatically from widely accepted “translator” ones.

internal-pdf://0304088485/Martínez-Gómez-2020-Who defines role_ Negotiat.pdf

Massey, Gary, Michaela Albl-Mikasa, Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow, Andrea Hunziker Heeb, Raquel Montero Muñoz, and Christa Stocker. 2015. 3rd International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation. Zurich University of Applied Sciences (Winterthur). https://www.zhaw.ch/en/linguistics/institutes-centres/iued/research/npit3/.

McDonough Dolmaya, Julie. 2020. "Review essay. Recent developments in non-professional translation and interpreting researc." Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (1).

Merlino, Sara. 2012. "Négocier la transition de la parole du traduit au traducteur: l’organisation séquentielle et multimodale de la traduction orale." Université Lumière Lyon II.

Abstract: This thesis focuses on the activity of non-professional interpreting realised in multilingual institutional contexts by bilingual speakers who perform it spontaneously and in an ad-hoc way (“natural translation”, Harris, 1977; Müller, 1989). Adopting a Conversation Analytical (CA) framework, the author focuses on turn-taking and on the mechanisms and resources by which participants coordinate their talk during the activity of oral translation. Research focusing on interpreting inspired by interactional approaches (see “dialogue interpreting”, Wadensjö, 1998; Mason, 1999; Bolden, 2000; Davidson, 2000; Gavioli, 2009; Baraldi & Gavioli, 2012) has highlighted that face-to-face interaction mediated by an interpreter constitutes a specific speech exchange system and that the presence of an interpreter modifies the participatory configuration of the encounter and the sequential order of talk. These studies focus especially on the distribution of turns (the “turn-allocational” component) and less (but see e.g. Apfelbaum, 2004) on the way these turns are formatted from a syntactic, prosodic, semantic, pragmatic and multimodal point of view (the “turn-constructional” component), i.e. how they project and make recognizable a place where transfer of speakership is relevant and possible (Sacks et al., 1974; Couper-Kuhlen & Selting, 1996; Ford et al., 1996; Auer, 2002; Mondada, 2007).

Meyer, Bernd. 2013. Call for Papers. 2nd International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT2). Johannes Gutemberg Universität Mainz (Germersheim). https://ikk.fb06.uni-mainz.de/tagungen/2nd-international-conference-on-non-professional-interpreting-and-translation-npit2/.

Monzó-Nebot, Esther, and Melissa Wallace. 2020. "New societies, new values, new demands.Mapping non-professional interpreting and translation, remapping translation and interpreting ethics." Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (1): 1-14.

internal-pdf://0719884507/Monzó-Nebot-2020-New societies, new values, ne.pdf

Monzó-Nebot, Esther, and Melissa Wallace. 2020. “Ethics of non-professional translation and interpreting.” Special issue of Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (1).

Muñoz Gómez, Estefanía. 2020. "Non-professional translation in an Irish business setting: Considerations for global theory and national policy." Translation Studies: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2020.1745678.

internal-pdf://2639188740/Muñoz Gómez-2020-Non-professional translation.pdf

internal-pdf://0507578704/Muñoz Gómez-2020-Non-professional translation.pdf

Napier, Jemina. 2017. "Not just child’s play. Exploring bilingualism and language brokering as a precursor to the development of expertise as a professional sign language interpreter." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper situates the discussion of child language brokering (CLB) within the wider context of interpreting studies and discussions of bilingualism and professional interpreting, and provides an overview of a groundbreaking international survey study that sought to collect information about CLB experiences of people who have grown up bilingual in the Deaf community using a sign language and a spoken language. In order to contextualize the study, 1 a review of relevant literature will be given, before describing the survey instrument used, the results and implications of the findings will be provided, and a conclusion with recommendations for the sign language interpreting profession and future research will be drawn.

internal-pdf://2474738058/Napier-2017-Not just child’s play. Exploring b.pdf

Norberg, Ulf. 2011. ""Einstürzende Neubauten (betyder ungefär Kollapsande nybyggen)" - om exakthet och gardering vid icke-professionell översättning av enstaka ord och uttryck." In Proceedings of VAKKI Symposium XXXI, University of Vaasa: Language and Ehtics.

Abstract: Non-professional translations (here in the sense of translations done by a person who has not received training as a translator and does not work as one) can be assumed to differ notably from professional translations in several ways. One is the use of hedging markers before translated words or expressions to indicate that the proposed solution is not a completely accurate rendering. This paper compares the use of the marker ”betyder ungefär” (Swedish for ”roughly translated”; literally: ”means roughly”) in non-professional translations, illustrated by examples from Swedish Wikipedia-sites and the website of the Swedish quality newspaper Dagens Nyheter, and professional translations of EU texts. In a concluding discussion the use of hedging markers is related to different models of translation ethics.

NPIT2, ed. 2014. International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT2). Germersheim.

Olshtein, Elite. 1986. "Translating noun-compounds from English into Hebrew." In Interlingual and intercultural communication: discourse and cognition in translation and second language acquisition studies, edited by Juliane House and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 229-242. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Abstract: An exception among the first studies which used thinking aloud in their research design, this study has a narrower focus than the other contributions published in 1986. Think-aloud protocols from five non-specialist bilinguals are used as one source of data about noun-compound translation between English and Hebrew. The other sources include native speaker interpretations of the meaning of the compounds and six written translations produced by non-professional translators.

Orellana, Marjorie Faulstich. 2017. "Dialoguing across diffrences. The past and future language brokering research." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation. State of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 65-80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the research that has been done on language brokering over the last three decades. It identifies the kinds of questions that have been asked and the framings that have driven the work, raising questions about why these and not other directions were pursued. Using this overview of the field, it suggests what is missing and what other kinds of questions could be asked. It also considers how each locus of investigation could be built upon and connected to others, in order to expand and deepen our understanding of the practice and its effects, and suggests what is needed for the next generation of research on this multidimensional topic.

internal-pdf://2550207808/Orellana-2017-Dialoguing across diffrences. Th.pdf

Oreški, Jasmina. 2016. "Der Status der DolmetscherInnen bei internationalen Sportveranstaltungen : eine explorative Fallstudie im Feld einer Angelweltmeisterschaft." MA dissertation, Translation and Interpreting Studies, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz.

Abstract: The professional status of interpreters is a major concern among translation scholars. Despite advances in university education and an increased presence of interpreters in all areas of society, social recognition continues to be a goal rather than a state of affairs for interpreters worldwide. The result is an insecure and unstable market that both interpreters and scholars do not judge fit. Against the background of Bourdieus theory of practice, this MA-thesis deals with the status of interpreters as seen by translation scholars and the causes that have been identified in the literature. It then focuses on the differentiating characteristics of interpreters as professionals to establish distinction from other groups, where special attention is paid on the distinction between professional and non-professional interpreting as represented by natural translators. Sporting events is then taken as a specific setting for interpreting needs and a lack of studies in this area is identified. The study then proceeds to the empirical part, where case studies are introduced and a mixed-methods methodology is outlined. The data were gathered by conducting questionnaires and different semi-structured interviews among the different parties involved in the 61. World Angling Championship, which took place in Croatia in 2014. The views of the different actors regarding the place of and requirements placed on interpreting and interpreters were analyzed. Once described, the results of this MA-thesis provide the basis for formulating new hypotheses derived from the theoretical approach adopted and specifically applied to interpreters working in international sporting events.

internal-pdf://2040651214/Oreški-2016-Der Status der DolmetscherInnen be.pdf

Orrego-Carmona, David. 2014. "Subtitling, video consumption and viewers: The impact of the young audience." Translation Spaces 3: 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.3.03orr.

Abstract: The emergence of international audiences and the activities of prosumers are modifying international media flows. Consumers have become active mediators in the distribution of audiovisual contents through the Internet, overstepping official distribution channels. As an efficient way to overcome linguistic barriers, non-professional subtitling plays an important role within this framework. In order to analyze how the new environment is altering users’ behavior and attitudes, this article looks at the case of video consumption and non-professional subtitling use in Spain. By drawing on questionnaires, interviews and documentary sources on the Internet, the article aims at providing a general picture of current consumption habits of audiovisual material in a globalized society. It explores users’ engagement with audiovisual content, their attitude towards subtitling and non-professional subtitling, and how they manage their expectations and adapt to the new conditions.

internal-pdf://0968338081/Orrego-Carmona-2014-Subtitling, video consumpt.pdf

Orrego-Carmona, David. 2016. "A reception study on non-professional subtitling: do audiences notice any difference?" Across Languages and Cultures 17 (2): 163-181.

Abstract: The audience’s reluctance to wait for the international release of audiovisual products, coupled with the easy access to audiovisual material and subtitling tools on the Internet, has triggered an increase in the production and use of non-professional subtitling. This paper presents the results of a study that explores the audience reception of subtitled TV series using professional and non-professional subtitling. Fifty-two participants were shown three excerpts from The Big Bang Theory with three subtitled versions: the professional version extracted from the Spanish DVD and two non-professional versions produced by two different nonprofessional subtitling communities. Data were collected through questionnaires, eye tracking and interviews. The results show that non-professional subtitles do not necessarily affect audience reception negatively. Further, both eye tracking and self-reported data yielded interesting insights into audience reception. Based on the findings, it is possible to say that there are non-professional translations that are as good as their professional counterparts.

internal-pdf://2511711895/Orrego-Carmona-2016-A reception study on non-p.pdf

Orrego-Carmona, David, and Yvonne Lee, eds. 2017. Non-Professional Subtitling. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Abstract: From fansubbing, fan-generated translation, to user-generated translation, from amateur translation to social translation, non-professional subtitling has come a long way since its humble beginning in the 1980s. The prevailing technological affordance enables and mobilizes the digital generation to turn subtitling into a method of self-expression and mediation, and their activities have made translation a more social and visible activity than ever before. This volume provides a review of the current state of play of this user-generated subtitling phenomenon. It includes projects and research focusing on various aspects of non-professional subtitling, including the communities at work, the agents at play, the production conditions and the products. The perspectives in the book explore the role played by the agents involved in the emerging subtitling networks worldwide, and their impact on the communities is also discussed, based on empirical data generated from observations on active fansubbing communities. The collection demonstrates, from various viewpoints, the ways in which non-professional subtitling connects languages, cultures and communities in a global setting.

Ouyang, Qianhua. 2018. "Review of Antonini, Rachele, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato & Ira Torresi, eds. (2017) Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the art and future of an emerging field of research." Babel 64 (1): 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00027.qia.

internal-pdf://1251300598/Ouyang-2018-Review of Antonini, Rachele, Letiz.pdf

Ozolins, Uldis. 2014. "Descriptions of interpreting and their ethical consequences." FITISPos International Journal 1: 23-41.

Abstract: The current array of descriptions that are given of interpreting outside the conference room has bedeviled the field: from ‘community interpreting’ to ‘dialogue interpreting’ to ‘public service interpreting’ to ‘ad hoc interpreting’ to ‘non-professional interpreting’. Some descriptions avoid ‘interpreting’ altogether – ‘linguistic mediation’, ‘cultural mediation’, etc. Significantly, self-ascription by the practitioners themselves often does not match these imposed descriptions. Yet each description carries with it, implicitly or explicitly, a specific view of ethics, tied closely to perceived roles of interpreters, but often encompassing assumptions about tasks, personal or professional characteristics, or status. This messy terminological terrain is surveyed to reveal some altogether clear distinctions that can help our understanding of differentiating and common elements in interpreting. Building on that, the ethical implications of different descriptions are categorised to show that ethical responsibility in interpreting situations rests not with the interpreters alone, but with other players, particularly institutional players, in contracting language services.

internal-pdf://2426206195/Ozolins-2014-Descriptions of interpreting and1.pdf

Pérez-González, Luis, and Şebnem Susam-Saraeva. 2012. "Non-professionals translating and interpreting. Participatory and engaged perspectives." The Translator 18 (2): 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2012.10799506.

Abstract: Translation studies finds itself today at a stage where its traditional focus on translator and interpreter training and on the advancement of the status of translators and interpreters as professionals is no longer sufficient to address the complexity of real-life situations of translating and interpreting. As increasing numbers of non-professionals translate and interpret in a wider range of contexts and in more diversified forms, their work emerges not only as an alternative to established professional practice, but also as a distinctive phenomenon, which the discipline has yet to recognize as a noteworthy area of study. This article looks into the relatively uncharted territory of non-professional translation and interpreting, drawing mainly on Arjun Appadurai’s conceptualization of global transactions, and offers a number of insights into what these new developments might mean for the discipline at large.

internal-pdf://2728055249/Pérez-González-2012-Non-professionals Translat.pdf

Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2000. "Nema problema, alles paletti...? Community Interpreting aus der Sicht von NGOs. Eine empirische Erhebung der Situation in Graz." TEXTconTEXT 14: 181-210.

Abstract: Based on an overview of the problematic situation in the field of Community Interpreting (CI), this article presents some of the results of an empirical study carried out in 1998 as part of a diploma thesis at the Interpreting Institute of the University of Graz. Community Interpreting - was ist das? The answer was a very striking description by Patricia Burley: "Generally, community interpreting requires a great number of skills, is grossly underpaid and has low status. It is not glamorous but demanding; it involves having a rnissionary spirit and developing a thick skin." (Burley 149). The results of the present survey prove that this is no exaggeration.

Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2001. "Nema problema, alles paletti...? Community Interpreting aus der Sicht von NGOs. Eine empirische Erhebung der Situation in Graz." In Dolmetschen. Beiträge aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxisaching Theology & Religion, edited by Andreas Kelletat, 65-78. Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang.

Abstract: Based on an overview of the problematic situation in the field of Community Interpreting (CI), this article presents some of the results of an empirical study carried out in 1998 as part of a diploma thesis at the Interpreting Institute of the University of Graz. Community Interpreting - was ist das? The answer was a very striking description by Patricia Burley: "Generally, community interpreting requires a great number of skills, is grossly underpaid and has low status. It is not glamorous but demanding; it involves having a rnissionary spirit and developing a thick skin." (Burley 149). The results of the present survey prove that this is no exaggeration.

internal-pdf://2027907664/Pöllabauer-2001-Nema problema, alles paletti.pdf

Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2017. "Issues of terminology in public service interpreting. From affordability through psychotherapy to waiting lists." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This chapter focuses on interpreter-mediated institutional encounters and specialist language. Based on Niska’s (1998a; 1998b) and Valero-Garcés’(2005) taxonomies of strategies for translating specialist terminology, the author analyses instances of specialist language in a corpus of recordings of institutional encounters, and discusses which strategies are used by the interpreters to render specialist terms. The data were collected between 2007 and 2009 as part of an interdisciplinary project called “Community Interpreting and Communication Quality in Social Service and Healthcare Institutions.”

internal-pdf://3617317988/Pöllabauer-2017-Issues of terminology in publi.pdf

Pöntinen, Tuija. 1986. "Professional versus non-professional translator: a think-aloud protocol study."

Abstract: The study compares the translation processes of one professional and one non-professional translator (who is, however, a subject specialist). The findings indicate that the professional translator gleans information from the text as a neutral mediator of information, while the subject specialist tends to be side-tracked by her own views and attitudes. In addition, the non-professional proceeds in a linear fashion, while the professional's process is characterised by numerous backward and forward shifts and concentration on problematic items.

Qianhua, Ouyang. 2018. "Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi (eds). "Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the art and future of an emerging field of research"." Babel: Revue Internationale de la Traduction = International Journal of Translation 64 (1): 169-174. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/extart?codigo=6579125.

Rogl, Regina. 2017. "Language-related disaster relief in Haiti. Volunteer translator networks and language technologies in disaster aid." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: After Haiti was hit by a devastating earthquake in January 2010, the disaster relief community saw the unprecedented response of thousands of spontaneous helpers – among them many multilinguals. Translators and interpreters were urgently needed to help establish communication within the disaster relief community, to assist in coordinating crisis intervention and above all, to provide urgent language services for those affected. Because of the chaotic situation in the aftermath of the earthquake, volunteers were able to mobilize only by massive use of social media and Internet technologies. This paper investigates the efforts of volunteer translators/interpreters to meet the needs of multilingual communication of the international disaster relief community. It explores how language volunteers mobilised and organised in spontaneous networks, what type of (translation) projects they launched and engaged in, which language technologies they used or helped to develop and which challenges they met during their work.

internal-pdf://1869469973/Rogl-2017-Language-related disaster relief in.pdf

Rossato, Linda. 2017. "From confinement to community service. Migrant inmates mediating between languages and cultures." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper presents a spin-off study from the research project In MedIO PUER(I), launched at the University of Bologna in 2007 (see Antonini 2010a; Antonini 2010b; Cirillo et al. 2010; Bucaria & Rossato 2010; Antonini this volume), and sets out to investigate the under-researched phenomenon of language and cultural brokering among migrant inmates. In countries such as Italy, where immigration is still a recent experience and resources for institutional interpreting are scarce even in ordinary public contexts, professional language services are virtually non-existent in secluded environments such as prisons. Foreign inmates and jail personnel face linguistic problems that they tend to handle through spontaneous forms of mediation: a convicted migrant, who is fluent in Italian, may act as a mediator between fellow-country inmates with poor knowledge of the host language and jail officers. This form of language and cultural brokering is a common form of ad hoc interpreting that responds to the communication needs of both inmates and detention institutions. This paper sets out to map the phenomenon and to investigate whether this practice has an impact on inmates’ self-perception and rehabilitation process.

internal-pdf://1960709819/Rossato-2017-From confinement to community ser.pdf

Rovira i Esteva, Sara, Pilar Orero, and Javier Franco Aixelá. 2015. "Bibliometric and Bibliographical Research in Translation Studies." Perspectives 23 (2): 159-160.

Abstract: This special issue of Perspectives will look at a varied assortment of bibliographic and bibliometric issues, from overviews of research in non-professional interpreting to critical views of the way research is valued. Basically, there are two great approaches, which could be termed as metabibliometric and bibliometric proper. The metabibliometric approach attempts to understand the ways in which researchers collect, identify, classify, disseminate, and measure academic production, both within the Translation Studies discipline and from the outside. The bibliometric proper approach mainly focuses on providing diachronic or synchronic pictures of the state of the art, based on empirical analyses of sectorial bibliographies or production centers. The intention of this issue is to provide the opportunity to raise awareness to the existence of TS as a bibliographic entity whose maturity needs careful scrutiny.

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Tesseur, Wine. 2017. "The translation challenges of INGOs: Professional and non-professional translation at Amnesty International." Translation Spaces 6 (2): 209-229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.6.2.02tes. https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/ts.6.2.02tes.

Abstract: In the current climate where the legitimacy of Western-based international Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) is increasingly put under pressure, some NGOs have started to change their approach to translation, often as a consequence of structural changes within the organisation. This article focuses on the translation challenges of one such organisation, namely Amnesty International, and how it has aimed to deal with these. Drawing on ethnographic data, it describes the mission of Amnesty’s Language Resource Centre, which aims to support translation at Amnesty into a variety of languages. The article reveals some of the tensions between the use of professional translators, particularly for languages such as French, Spanish and Arabic, and the continued reliance of smaller Amnesty offices on volunteer translators. It demonstrates that despite the trend towards professionalisation, volunteer translation continues to represent a significant portion of Amnesty’s translation work.

Ticca, Anna Claudia. 2017. "More than mere translators. The identities of lay interpreters in medical consultations." In Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the Art and Future of an Emerging Field of Research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 107-. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: Language brokering is a common phenomenon among children of migrants, whereby the child mediates between a parent and a different language speaker. This paper uses data from a UK study to explore the retrospective childhood experiences of adults who grew up interpreting and translating for their parents. It examines the ways in which children perform as agents during language brokering, converting meanings in one language into meanings in another in order to achieve particular goals. The paper analyses ways in which adults report that they exercised this form of agency in childhood, and how they feel this influenced their adult identities.

internal-pdf://3211441553/Ticca-2017-More than mere translators. The ide.pdf

Tipton, Rebecca. 2017. "Contracts and capabilities: public service interpreting and third sector domestic violence services." The Translator 23 (2): 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1280875.

Abstract: This article evaluates the role played by professional and non-professional volunteer interpreters in the care trajectories and institutional itineraries of survivors of domestic abuse in the third sector and is informed by Nussbaum’s capabilities approach to contractarian theory. Reporting on a case study involving an organisation in the North West of England, it sheds light on how interpreter provision supports survivors in converting capabilities into effective social participation, and the extent to which survivors are able to influence the initial contract position in relation to language services provision. It finds that rather than being used as a replacement for professional interpreting, nonprofessional volunteer interpreters support survivors in ways that help them to achieve a range of service outcomes. Further, it finds that the evolving contractual relation places demands on professional interpreters to limit their role in interaction as the service user prepares to move on independently. The author concludes that the capabilities approach provides a useful theoretical lens for examining service user empowerment in multilingual service spaces. The approach widens the debate about what constitutes socially responsible language services provision in this setting.

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Tipton, Rebecca. 2018. "Interpreters as technologies of care and control? Language support for refugees in Britain following the 1956 Hungarian uprising." Interpreting 20 (2): 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00012.tip.

Abstract: This article investigates aspects of intercultural communication in institutional interaction with refugees in Britain following the 1956 Hungarian uprising. Their arrival, against a backdrop of Cold War politics and the ongoing Suez crisis, constituted Britain’s first test as a signatory to the 1951 UN Convention on the Status of Refugees. While accounts of displaced persons in 20th century Britain mention communication problems, the impact of interpreters on the early phases of refugee reception can be better understood only through systematic research into their lived experiences and those of their interlocutors: this should include social attitudes and recruitment practices. The use of non-professional interpreters in the period concerned is examined in relation to the metaphor of the interpreter as a technology of care and control, which also serves as a broader critique of post-war refugee treatment in Britain. Contributing to the growing body of interpreting scholarship that explores the sociology of agents and structures in the translation process, the article focuses primarily on the actors concerned with translatorial activity in the many reception camps set up at that time. Artefacts from the National Archives and accounts from the field help identify institutional approaches to mass population displacement, and related discourses about (and by) interpreters.

internal-pdf://4032144882/Tipton-2018-Interpreters as technologies of ca.pdf

Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 1989. "Professional Versus Non-professional Translation: A Think-aloud Protocol Study." In The Translation Process, edited by Candace Séguinot, 73-84. Toronto: HG Publications.

Abstract: This analysis focuses on classifying the subjects' decisions and their distribution into different stages in the translation process. The mature student's process contained the highest number of (verbalised) decisions, which also showed a higher reliance on encyclopedic knowledge than did the beginners' decisions.

Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 1990. "Professional Versus Non-professional Translation: A Think-aloud Protocol Study." In Learning, Keeping and Using Language, edited by Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday, John Gibbons and Howard Nicholas, 381-394. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This analysis focuses on classifying the subjects' decisions and their distribution into different stages in the translation process. The mature student's process contained the highest number of (verbalised) decisions, which also showed a higher reliance on encyclopedic knowledge than did the beginners' decisions.

Torresi, Ira. 2017. "Seeing brokering in bright colours. Participatory artwork elicitation in CLB research." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: A recurrent issue in child language brokering (CLB) research is how to best adjust ethnographic methodologies in order to collect data from young children. There are a number of practical considerations in addition to the necessary ethical aspects. Questionnaires and other methods relying on the written word may prove inadequate for first- and second-graders, and even for older bilingual or multilingual children who may not have the same level of literacy in all their languages. Methods relying on the spoken word, such as interviews, focus groups or participant observation, may prove similarly problematic when groups of respondents have mixed language proficiency levels. Artwork elicitation, on the contrary, can be an effective and inclusive way to collect qualitative data about young children’s feelings and perceptions about CLB. It has the potential to elicit visual narratives from large groups of children (e.g. entire classes or schools), while leaving them free to include aspects of the phenomenon being investigated that would otherwise be difficult for them to describe in words. This chapter explores primary school children’s experience of CLB as it emerges from artwork submitted for the “Budding translators” competition described by Antonini (this volume), and proposes an analysis that draws mainly on visual and social semiotics.

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internal-pdf://2260289211/Torresi-2017-Seeing brokering in bright colou1.pdf

Del Torto, Lisa M. 2008. "Once a broker, always a broker: Non-professional interpreting as identity accomplishment in multigenerational Italian–English bilingual family interaction." Multilingua 27: 77-97.

Abstract: This paper explores interpreting in three-generational Italian?English bi- lingual families as a complex language brokering activity. Recent studies approach non-professional interpreting as language brokering in which bi- linguals (often children) interpret for non-bilinguals (adults) in institu- tional settings (Hall 2004; Valde ́s 2003). These studies focus on brokering between minority group ‘insiders’ and majority group ‘outsiders’. My re- search extends these approaches, focusing on brokering in Italian?English bilingual family meal-time conversations. Second-generation family mem- bers have served as interpreters for their parents in institutional contexts since migrating as children over fifty years ago. They extend this practice to the family context, brokering between first- and third-generation family members in two ways. Triggered interpreting occurs when speakers verbally request clarification or when second-generation family members perceive conversational sequence problems. Non-triggered interpreting is neither re- quested nor sequentially triggered. Second-generation family members re- port playing an intermediary role unifying flanking generations. They act to bridge perceived linguistic and cultural gaps between their Italian-domi- nant immigrant parents and their English-dominant Canadian/US-born children. Interpretation in multi-generational conversations is one way through which these bridging roles and identities are accomplished locally in mundane interaction. The analysis includes an examination of spontane- ous conversational data and participants’ metacommentary and retrospec- tive accounts of language brokering.

internal-pdf://0995397550/Torto-2008-Once a broker, always a broker_ Non.pdf

Università di Bologna. 2012. "First International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation." Forlì.

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Valero Garcés, Carmen. 2015. "The impact of emotional and psychological factors on public service interpreters: Preliminary studies." Translation & Interpreting 7 (3): 90-102. https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.107203.2015.a07.

Abstract: The impact of psychological and emotional factors on public service interpreters is widely accepted by those working in the field, yet studies on the matter remain sparse. Drawing on research conducted in the early 21st century, this paper presents various preliminary studies (Master theses) by students of the European Masters in Intercultural Communication, Public Service Interpreting and Translation at the Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain). The main objective of the current review is to determine whether conclusions from previous research are reproducible in new contexts (in particular, the context explored is Spain in the second decade of the 21st century). The subject matter of the studies includes challenges facing non-professional interpreters in different settings; the influence of emotional and psychological factors on conference interpreters, public service interpreters and public service interpreting (PSI) students; interpreting in mental health; and burnout syndrome in PSI. Data for the research has been drawn from interviews and questionnaires. A review of past research on PSI illustrates that interpreters in public services perform their task in challenging settings that are fraught with delicate content, that they are exposed to significant psychological and emotional stress, are expected to perform numerous occupational tasks, and finally, that they are subjected to ever-changing physical, psychological and environmental conditions. The subsequent review of more recent research lends further credibility to past findings and furthermore highlights the need for training in coping with the situations and tensions that have been demonstrated to affect the PSI interpreter's work.

internal-pdf://3829176028/Valero Garcés-2015-The impact of emotional and.pdf

Vasiljevic, Vera. 2016. "ÜbersetzerInnen mit Übersetzungsausbildung oder zweisprachige RechtsexpertInnen? : ein Vergleich zwischen Studierenden der Translationswissenschaft und Studierenden der Rechtswissenschaften beim Rechtsübersetzen mit Blick auf kulturspezifische Rechtsbegriffe." MA dissertation, Translation and Interpreting Studies, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz.

Abstract: This master thesis deals with a jurisdictional struggle in the field of legal translation between translators holding a university degree in translation and bilingual law experts with no formal translation training. The latter are termed ‘non-professional translators in this study (also known as ad hoc, natural and native translators). This jurisdictional struggle will be presented in the context of the Polysystem Theory, where society dictates how translation is defined and agents provide their services offering competing understandings of how translations should be like. In the empirical part of the thesis, the translations of undergraduate translation students (group 1) and bilingual law students (group 2) will be compared taking culture-bound legal terms as the focus of the study. The comparison aims to illustrate potential differences between these two groups, not only as to how they proceed with those terms but also as to how they understand how they should translate. Their translation decisions and the impact of their training will be analysed. It was hypothesized that group 1 would translating paying more attention to the source culture than group 2. The latter, on the other hand, was expected to focus on the target culture when producing equivalents. By using a quantitative method, the first hypothesis was confirmed. It was further hypothesized that group 1 would strongly follow the norms imparted in their undergraduate translation training, that is, that agents participating in the translation process and other translation-related factors would show a clear impact in their decision-making processes. By using a qualitative method, this hypothesis was also confirmed. However, the results of the analysis showed that both hypotheses can only be partly confirmed, as the focus of the subjects on the source or target culture and the bearing of agents expectancies on translation decisions were shown to depend more strongly on their experience with legal texts in translation training and their real-life experience with translation.

internal-pdf://1376709876/Vasiljevic-2016-ÜbersetzerInnen mit Übersetzun.pdf

Whyatt, Bogusława. 2017. "We are all translators: investigating the human ability to translate from a developmental perspective." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation: state of the art and future of an emerging field of researchpp, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 45-64. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Abstract: This paper shares some observations and data about the human ability to translate as described in detail in Whyatt (2012). Setting off from an assumption that the human mind is intrinsically a translating mind, the human ability to translate can be viewed in its developmental continuum from the predisposition to translate to expertise in translation. Choosing this developmental perspective has a number of assets. First, it allows encompassing all the forms and facets of translation as a widespread social phenomenon in today’s multilingual and multicultural communities. Second, it allows seeing the development of the human ability to translate in response to the experience of translation in which external social factors come to interact with cognitive factors within the translating individual. Third, it encourages an all-inclusive approach to the study of translation as a human ability performed by professional and frequently invisible and unacknowledged non-professional translators.

internal-pdf://1687926519/Whyatt-2017-We are all translators_ investigat.pdf

Wilton, Antje. 2009. "Interactional translation." In Translational action and intercultural communication, edited by Kristin Bührig, Juliane House and Jan D. ten Thije. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Abstract: In this chapter, a phatic non-professional interpreting event is investigated involving humorous talk between multilingual interactants at the dinner table. Participants in this event interact with one another and, at the same time, assume the responsibility of interpreting spontaneously, i.e. without any previous arrangement having been made. This constellation is thus characterized by the fact that interactants take on a double role as primary interactants and mediators. The results of the analysis show that the interpreters, in their attempt to create functional equivalence, tend to oscillate between these different roles, leading to role conflicts and problems in interpreting humorous talk.

Zaidan, Omar F., and Chris Callison-Burch. 2011. "Crowdsourcing translation: Professional quality from non-professionals." Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Portland, Oregon.

internal-pdf://3047753155/Zaidan-2011-Crowdsourcing translation_ Profess.pdf

Zambrano, Mayela. 2017. "Intérpretes sin certificación en los tribunales: Estudio de caso." In Les Llengües minoritzades en l’ordre postmonolingüe, edited by Esther Monzó-Nebot and Juan Jiménez-Salcedo, 253-263. Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I.

Abstract: In this paper, I analyze a case of legal discursive practice in a United States court where an unqualified interpreter was used to provide access to an LEP (Limited English Proficiency person), in the case Ponce v. State of Indiana. In 2014 the Indiana Supreme Court overturned a 40-year sentence due to mistranslations of the defendant’s rights. The need to provide adequate access to resources that aid comprehension becomes evident precisely when considering the defendant’s rights. By studying in depth the cultural and linguistic mediation in this particular case, we can gain a better understanding of the syntactic, pragmatic and lexical and semantic choices made by an unqualified interpreter in the courtroom. The analysis will point to common errors in this situation to advocate for the need to truly guarantees equal access to the legal system.

internal-pdf://4120871618/Zambrano-2017-Intérpretes sin certificación.pdf