Interpreting in police settings

"Federal Court of Justice (BGH) Convicts Foreigner for Internet Posted Incitement to Racial Hatred." 2001. German Law Journal 2 (8): 1.

internal-pdf://3285121793/_-2001-Federal Court of Justice (BGH) Convicts.pdf.

"International Court of Justice Rules in Favor of Germany and Against the United States in the LaGrand Case." 2001. German Law Journal 2 (12): 2.

internal-pdf://0981766420/_-2001-International Court of Justice Rules in.pdf.

Adams, Heather, and Paula Alonso Rodríguez. 2019. "Linguistic and interpreting needs of security forces in Gran Canaria: a preliminary study." Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3299 . https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3299 .

ABSTRACT: This article investigates the interpreting needs of Spanish security personnel, their perceptions of their interactions with non-Spanish speakers, and considerations regarding the role of interpreters in their work for the various security forces in Spain. The contextual framework summarises the responsibilities of the Spanish security forces, examines the area of law enforcement as a public service sector in which interpreting is required, and explores legal issues in this field. An indication of the number of potential users of interpreting services in the security forces in the specific region studied (the Canary Islands) is followed by a description of the methodology used. We then present the results of our study, which was conducted by means of a questionnaire, drawn up and administered by the authors, on how members of the Civil Guard and the Spanish National and local police forces perceive their language and interpreting needs, as well as their experiences in these fields. As part of this preliminary study, survey respondents were encouraged to share difficulties they had encountered in relation to language mediation, thereby enabling the authors to present an overview of the interlinguistic and intercultural communication difficulties that need to be overcome in these services, as well as service professionals’ impressions of the reality of working with interpreters.

internal-pdf://2426206084/Adams-2019-Linguistic and interpreting needs o.pdf.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2000. "Interpreting for the police: Issues in pre-trial phases of the juridical process." Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 7: 213-237.

ABSTRACT: During the investigative phase of the judicial process, interpreting for those who do not speak the language of the courts is often carried out either by bilingual police officers and other employees of the police department, or by relatives and friends of suspects or detainees. In any of these cases, the norms of professional court interpreting can easily be violated. A review of appellate cases coming from California, Florida and New York reveals that when the police make use of unqualified interpreters during their investigative interviews or interrogations, frequently the Miranda rights of detainees are jeopardized. Issues of hearsay also arise in such cases. The use of ad hoc interpreters in police investigative work is questioned by the author.

internal-pdf://3616003364/Berk-Seligson-2000-Interpreting for the police.PDF.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2009. Coerced Confessions: The Discourse of Bilingual Police Interrogations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

ABSTRACT: The book presents a discourse analysis of police interrogations involving U.S. Hispanic suspects accused of crimes. The study is unique in that it concentrates on interrogations involving suspects whose first language is not English and police officers who have a rudimentary knowledge of Spanish. The volume examines the pitfalls of using police officers as interpreters at custodial interrogations.

internal-pdf://4059243367/Berk-Seligson-2009-Coerced Confessions_ The Di.pdf.

Biernacka, Agnieszka, and Monika Kanigowska. 2019. "Interpretación en el ámbito policial en Polonia: estudio de caso." Sendebar: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación (30): 301-334.

ABSTRACT: Public service interpreting in Poland is carried out by sworn translators and interpreters. In general it is professionals certified by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Poland who appear at police stations to render interpreting services, although the Act on the Profession of Sworn Translator of November 25, 2004 provides for a possibility to call an interpreter from outside the official register. In light of a small number of scholarly studies concerning interpreting in police settings in Poland, this article aims at presenting the results of a survey conducted in two police stations in Warsaw which show that policemen frequently take advantage of the services provided by interpreters, pay attention to ethical principles obeyed by interpreters, as well as appreciate their collaboration with interpreters and consider it necessary. / La interpretación en los servicios públicos en Polonia la realizan los traductores e intérpretes jurados. Por lo general en las comisarías comparecen los profesionales certificados por el Ministerio de Justicia de la República de Polonia, aunque la Ley de la profesión de traductor e intérprete jurado del 25 de noviembre de 2004 establece que las entidades de la administración pública podrán en algunos casos citar a los intérpretes no incluidos en el registro oficial. Ante los pocos estudios académicos concernientes a la interpretación en el ámbito policial en Polonia, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de una encuesta realizada en dos comisarías de Varsovia que muestran que los policías con frecuencia sacan provecho de los servicios de interpretación, están atentos a los principios de ética profesional de los intérpretes, aprecian la colaboración mutua y consideran necesaria la asistencia de los intérpretes.

internal-pdf://1376538994/Biernacka-2019-Interpretación en el ámbito pol.pdf.

Blasco Mayor, María Jesús. 2020. "Chapter 6. Legal translator and interpreter training in languages of lesser diffusion in Spain: A case study about participants’ perceptions." In Interpreting in Legal and Healthcare Settings, edited by Eve Ng and Ineke H. M. Crezee, 133-163. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This chapter describes the first continuing education course on legal trans- lation and interpreting in Spain for languages of lesser diffusion following guidelines established in EU projects. The course filled the formative gap for legal translators and interpreters who can act in police and court proceedings respecting the due process of law in the region of Valencia (Spain). In this pa-per we will analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the blended format for both instructors and students, with special emphasis on the diffi- culties encountered by professionals in active employment as interpreters of languages of lesser diffusion in the legal settings, without academic training or professional accreditation. The results of questionnaires administered both to instructors and students in order to measure their satisfaction with the course are presented and discussed so that they can serve as a guide for improvement in future editions and for institutions willing to offer such training in the European Area of Justice.

internal-pdf://2699320478/Blasco Mayor-2020-Chapter 6. Legal translator.pdf

Blasco Mayor, María Jesús, and Maribel del Pozo Triviño. 2015. "Legal interpreting in Spain at a turning point." MONTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación (7): 41-71.

ABSTRACT: The publication in the European Union of Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings has been a turning point in a great number of aspects related to court and police interpretation. The main objective of the Directive is to ensure quality legal interpretation throughout the process, as part of the right to defence and to a fair trial. Spain, as a Member State of the EU, has the obligation to transpose this European Directive into its domestic law. Therefore, this is a historic moment in which two main factors converge: the need to change the legislation to bring it in line with the new Directive and the need to implement measures to ensure compliance with new mandates. This paper reviews the present state of legal interpretation in Spain from the point of view of legislation and that of service provision and analyses the measures that Spain should take to ensure that court and police interpretations are carried out with due guarantees. These measures include the training of interpreters and legal operators, the creation of accreditation systems and records, as well as the consolidation of the professional profile of interpreters.

internal-pdf://1734574896/Blasco Mayor-2015-Legal interpreting in Spain.pdf.

Böser, Ursula. 2013. "“So tell me what happened!”: Interpreting the free recall segment of the investigative interview." Translation and Interpreting Studies 8 (1): 112-136. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.8.1.06bos.

ABSTRACT: This article investigates the impact of interpreting within the discursive frame of the free recall element in forensic interview formats. The delivery of a prompted free recall has been shown to yield evidence of a better quality than that obtained through elicited accounts; free recall, therefore, constitutes a central technique in investigative interviewing. Police institutional discourse associates specific discursive behavior and conversational resources with free recall. Drawing on experimental data, this paper analyzes several effects of interpreting on achiev- ing and maintaining free recall. The following topics are feature in this paper: the frame transition from the interviewer-led opening section to the delivery of a free narrative; the meta-talk that arises regarding interpreting; and the segmentation of the interpreted free recall and the coordination of turn-taking. The article discusses instances of misalignment between the functional goals of free recall and the interpreting-related strategies the interviewer and the interpreter adopt. This analysis demonstrates the contextual nature of “quality” as defined in institutional face-to-face interpreting and highlights discursive expertise as a central component in the professionalization of Public Service Interpreting.

internal-pdf://2577737062/Böser-2013-“So tell me what happened!”_ Interp.pdf.

Braun, Sabine. 2018. "Video-mediated interpreting in legal settings in England: interpreters’ perceptions in their sociopolitical context." Translation and Interpreting Studies 13 (3): 393-420.

ABSTRACT: The increasing use of videoconferencing technology in legal proceedings has led to different configurations of video-mediated interpreting (VMI). Few studies have explored interpreter perceptions of VMI, each focusing on one country, configuration (e.g., interpreter-assisted video links between courts and remote participants) and setting (e.g., immigration). The present study is the first that draws on multiple data sets, countries, settings and configurations to investigate interpreter perceptions of VMI. It compares perceptions in England with other countries, covering common configurations (e.g., court-prison video links, links to remote interpreters) and settings (e.g., police, court, immigration), and considers the sociopolitical context in which VMI has emerged. The aim is to gain systematic insights into factors shaping the interpreters’ perceptions as a step toward improving VMI.

.

Butler, Ian, and Lesley Noaks. 1992. "Foreign Language Interpreters and the Police."

.

Cambridgeshire Constabulary. 1988. "Notes of Guidance for Interpreters and Police Officers."

.

Cayón Sáez, Luis Javier. 2013. "Población extranjera, tipologías delictivas y práctica de la interpretación judicial y policial en la provincia de Málaga: estudio de caso." Entreculturas: revista de traducción y comunicación intercultural (6): 143-166.

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the practice of Court and Police Interpreting in Malaga. The importance of the practice of interpreting in this Andalusian province is closely related to the volume of foreign population living, temporarily o permanently, in this geographic area of the South of Spain. This is the reason why we have made a study on population which will offer us the possibility to stablish a relationship between three complementary elements: the volume of foreign population in Málaga, the importance of this for the practice of Court and Police Interpreting in this province and the typology of the most common offenses and crimes committed, indicating, if possible, which are the more relevant foreign communities involved and how those offenses and crimes are named in the slang used by the police. / Este artículo versa sobre la práctica de la interpretación judicial y policial en la provincia de Málaga. La importancia de estas prácticas en esta provincia andaluza están íntimamente relacionadas con el volumen de población extranjera que reside, de forma temporal o permanente, en esta zona geográfica del sur de España. De ahí que hayamos procedido a realizar un estudio de población que nos permite poner en relación tres elementos complementarios entre sí: el volumen de población extranjera en Málaga, la importancia que esto tiene para la práctica de la interpretación judicial y policial en esta provincia y las tipologías delictivas más frecuentes, indicando, cuando esto es posible, cuáles son los colectivos extranjeros más implicados y como se denomina, en la jerga de la policía, a estos delitos.

internal-pdf://2657127212/Cayón Sáez-2013-Población extranjera, tipologí.pdf.

Cobos López, Ingrid, and Aurora Ruiz Mezcua. 2010. "La importancia de la terminología jurídica en la interpretación de los Servicios Públicos: un caso empírico de interpretación social español-francés." Anales de Filología Francesa (18): 103-107.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of using the accurate terminology when working as an interpreter for the public services, especially when dealing with Court or Police station matters. For this reason, its teaching and understanding is vital for a quality translator and interpreter training.This article provides a reflection on the importance of juridical terminology and a text typology analysis. Besides, we study a form based on our own experience as community interpreters in Córdoba´s Police station. We extract specific terminology and translation problems. Finally, we compile a glossary, and we include a translation proposal of the above mentioned document into French.

internal-pdf://2550207484/Cobos López-2010-La importancia de la terminol.pdf.

de Mas, Sarah. 2001. "The EU, Translation, Interpreting and Legal Rights: The Law and Reality." Critical Link 3. Third International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings.

Abstract: FTA is a European NGO concerned with citizens’ rights to justice when outside their own country. Our concerns are not theoretical, but the practical enforcement of fundamental rights in police stations and courts throughout the world in accordance with international law. Set in the context of a growing rate of crime across Europe, there is an increased commitment by law enforcement agencies to introduce more forceful crime prevention measures. However, for the European Council crime prevention must work in parallel with guarantees for the citizen. In October 1999, the Council stated that 'The European Council is determined to develop the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice'. Mr. Vitorino then stated that 'It is necessary to guarantee that any citizen who is in another member state and has a judicial problem is entitled to the same access to justice as a citizen of that state… '. Thus interpreting and translation are confirmed as crucial tools for the protection of legal rights and civil liberties. But does the average non-native speaking citizen benefit?

internal-pdf://1025020172/de Mas-2001-The EU, Translation, Interpreting.pdf

Defrancq, Bart, and Sofie Verliefde. 2018. "Interpreter-mediated drafting of written records in police interviews." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 30 (2): 212-239. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.16141.def.

internal-pdf://0628174643/Defrancq-2018-Interpreter-mediated drafting of.pdf.

Dhami, Mandeep K., Jane Goodman-Delahunty, and Saoirse Desai. 2017. "Development of an information sheet providing rapport advice for interpreters in police interviews." Police Practice and Research 18 (3): 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1291580.

ABSTRACT: The present paper reports the development of an information sheet designed to aid interpreters in police interviews in recognizing, conveying and inadvertently obstructing rapport-building efforts by police interviewers. The contents of this sheet were informed by past research defining rapport, and rapport uses in police interviews. We used a mixed experimental design to test the information sheet. One group (Intervention, n = 35) was randomly assigned to read an information sheet before responding to short vignettes of police interviewing foreign non-English speaking suspects about international crimes, while another (Control) group (n = 37) simply responded to the vignettes. Perceptions of rapport cues by the intervention group exceeded that of the control group. However, the groups performed equally well at identifying appropriate methods to convey/avoid obstructing rapport. Feedback from the intervention group on the helpfulness of the information sheet was largely positive. The findings were used to improve the information sheet which can be used to alert interpreters to the importance of rapport in suspect interviews.

internal-pdf://1708302538/Dhami-2017-Development of an information sheet.pdf.

Donna, Walter. 2010. "Questions to ask potential interpreters."

.

Eades, Diana. 2003. "Participation of second language and second dialect speakers in the legal system." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190503000229.

ABSTRACT: Manipulation of language is the key to all participation in the legal system. While linguists, especially sociolinguists, have been researching legal contexts for some two decades, there is still a considerable paucity of research on what happens when second language (L2) and second dialect (D2) speakers come into contact with the 'language' of the law. This chapter overviews the current state of theory and research on this topic. As with studies of L1 speakers, most of the studies have analyzed language in courtrooms, where access to data is much easier than in other legal settings, such as police interviews, mediation sessions or lawyer-client interviews. Most such research addresses one or more of the following questions, with the greatest concentration of research on the second and third of these: (a) What are the interpreting needs of second language speakers? (b) How are these needs being addressed? (c) What are the challenges to the provision of language services to second language speakers? And (d) How do dialectal differences affect the participation of second dialect speakers? The discussion concludes by highlighting a number of questions of crucial legal concern that need to be addressed by applied linguistics research.

internal-pdf://2511711643/Eades-2003-Participation of second language an.pdf.

Fernández Rodríguez, Irene. 2015. "La Interpretación en el Ámbito Policial. Comparación de la Situación en España con la del Reino Unido." FITISPos International Journal 2.

internal-pdf://1572276956/Fernández Rodrí-2015-La Interpretación en el Á.pdf.

Filipovič, Luna, and Alberto Hijazo-Gascón. 2018. "Interpreting meaning in police interviews: Applied Language Typology in a Forensic Linguistics context." Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics 15: 67-103.

ABSTRACT: The main aim of this paper is to raise awareness about the importance of language contrasts in legal interpreting contexts. The semantic typology of motion events put forward by Talmy (1991, 2000) and its implications for discourse and narrative (Slobin 1991, 1996, 2004, 2005) are used as an example of how an applied typology approach can be useful for the analysis of language contrasts in a forensic linguistics context. Applied Language Typology (Filipović 2008, 2017a, b) is used here to analyse transcriptions of police interviews that were mediated by an English-Spanish interpreter in California (USA) and an English-Portuguese interpreter in Norfolk (UK). The results of this analysis demonstrate that certain differences in semantic components of motion such as Manner, Cause and Deixis can lead interpreters to add, omit or modify the content of a message in the process of translation. This leads us to conclude that professional practices such as the production of bilingual transcripts and use of control interpreters, together with the inclusion of Applied Language Typology in interpreting training, would improve the quality of interpreting practices in legal contexts.

internal-pdf://0719884814/Filipovič-2018-Interpreting meaning in police.pdf.

Foulquié Rubio, Ana Isabel. 2002. "El intérprete en las dependencias policiales: perspectivas de los abogados y estudiantes de Derecho en Granada." PhD diss., Universidad de Granada.

.

Foulquié Rubio, Ana Isabel. 2002. "La interpretación en la policía: ¿un derecho o un privilegio?" In Traducción e Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos: nuevas necesidades para nuevas realidades, edited by Carmen Valero Garcés and Guzmán Mancho Barés, 93-98. Madrid: Universidad de Alcalá.

Foulquié Rubio, Ana Isabel. 2012. "The Lawyer and the Interpreter in Police Settings." In Translation and the reconfiguration of power Relations, edited by Beatrice Fischer.

internal-pdf://0719885176/Foulquié Rubio-2012-The Lawyer and the Interp.pdf

Fowler, Yvonne. 1998. "No Role Plays Please–We’re British: Devising Workshops on Working through an Interpreter for Police, Social Workers and Probation Officers." Critical Link 2.

Abstract: This paper describes some of the difficulties faced in enabling public service organisations to face up to their responsibilities when working through an interpreter. It recognises the crucial communicative role played by the Service Provider and urges a process model of in-service training. Whilst recognising that Police Officers, Social Workers and Probation Officers are all working in different environments and may have conflicting agendas, the model can be adapted to suit each context provided that 5 main principles are observed. The paper concludes that becoming skilled in providing a service to non-English speaking background service users is to provide a better service to all, whether English speaking or not.

internal-pdf://1431742587/Fowler-1998-No Role Plays Please–We’re British.pdf

Fowler, Yvonne, Martin Vaughan, and Jacqueline Wheatcroft. 2016. "The Interpreter-Mediated Police Interview." In Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts: Integrated Approaches from Forensic Psychology, Linguistics and Law Enforcement, edited by Gavin Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Tim Grant and Rebecca Milne, 315-333.

ABSTRACT: This chapter examines the interpreter-mediated police interview from the perspective of the linguist, the psychologists and the police officer. We document the problems experienced by the police when an interview involves an interpreter and exposes myths and misunderstandings associated with the interpreting process. The chapter examines interpretation research and from this standpoint makes a number of recommendations as to how to better manage a variety of types of interpreter-mediated interview and also highlights the needs for more detailed and sustained police training in this area.

internal-pdf://1376710057/Fowler-2016-The Interpreter-Mediated Police In.pdf

Gallai, Fabrizio. 2016. "Point of view in free indirect thought and in community interpreting." Lingua 175-176: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.08.012.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, I apply Blakemore’s (2010, 2011) relevance-theoretic analysis of the role of discourse markers in free indirect thought representations to the use of similar expressions by police interpreters. Interpreting is analysed within relevance theory as a special case of attributive use (cf. Gutt, 1991/2000; Sperber and Wilson, 1986/1995). However, the role of discourse markers in the representation of a point of view that is not the interpreter’s shows that this account must be modified in order to explain how interpreters suppress their voices to maintain an impression of mutuality between hearer and original speaker. My data from interpreter-mediated police interviews shows that interpreting practice is variable with respect to the inclusion of discourse markers. In particular, renditions may include discourse markers not found in the original but which are understood as attributed to the original speaker. While the addition of discourse markers might be regarded as evidence for a mediating interpreter, and hence as contrary to public authorities’ Codes of conduct, such additions are justified by the aim of providing a rendition that achieves relevance by increasing the sense of mutuality between hearer and original speaker. Thus, the interpreter’s ‘interference’ may (paradoxically) contribute to the impression of the interpreter’s invisibility required by public institutions.

internal-pdf://4059243042/Gallai-2016-Point of view in free indirect tho.pdf.

Gallai, Fabrizio. 2017. "Pragmatic competence and interpreter-mediated police investigative interviews." The Translator 23 (2): 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2017.1327317.

ABSTRACT: This article investigates discourse markers in interpreter-mediated police investigative interviews. Drawing on Goffman’s participation framework and Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory, I show how pragmatic alterations of discourse markers in interpreters’ rendi- tions impact on contemporary police interviewing techniques and procedures. The discussion draws on analysis of authentic inter- preter-mediated interviews and sheds light on the ways in which interpreting can disempower the interviewee as a result of substan- tive pragmatic interference. The article builds on earlier discussions about the interpreter’s purported invisibility in legal interpreting and considers the role played by discourse markers in creating the illusion of an invisible mediator. I conclude that effectiveness of interrogation is affected by the extent to which interpreters and officers understand interpreters’ pragmatic competence and call for greater attention to its development in police and interpreter training, and recognition in Codes of Practice.

internal-pdf://3516616440/Gallai-2017-Pragmatic competence and interpret.pdf.

Gamal, Muhammad Y. 2017. "Police interpreting: The facts sheet." Semiotica 2017 (216): 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0110.

ABSTRACT: Interpreting for the police is the backbone of legal interpreting. Yet it is grossly overshadowed by the more visible and more public court interpreting. This paper describes the setting of police interpreting, highlighting some of the major issues and challenges in the field that place a lot more than linguistic pressure on the interpreter. It examines the task of interpreters working within the Australian police setting and casts light on three prevailing practices that tend to challenge the interpreter. The practices relate to the selection, briefing, and training of interpreters working for law enforcement investigations. The paper argues that the current training, instructions, and perception of the role of the police interpreter are inadequate. It further argues that for police inter- preting to become professional, formal training in the context of police investi- gations and pre-committal proceedings is required.

internal-pdf://3254152268/Gamal-2017-Police interpreting_ The facts shee.pdf.

Hale, Sandra, Jane Goldman, and Natalie Martschuk. 2019. "Interpreter performance in police interviews. Differences between trained interpreters and untrained bilinguals." The Interpreter and translator trainer 13 (2): 107-131.

ABSTRACT: In most countries, it is not compulsory to be trained to work as an interpreter in community settings. A comparison across jurisdictions reveals that different requirements exist, from a simple self-evaluation of language competence, to passing a certification or accreditation test. Even in countries where certification or accreditation systems exist, such as the USA and Australia, there is no legislation to prevent any bilingual from working as interpreter. In legal settings, this situation has led to a lack of clear guidelines regarding interpreter recruitment, and to many examples of incompetent interpreting that have impacted legal outcomes. Little research has been conducted to systematically assess the value of training on interpreter performance. This paper presents results of a live experimental study conducted in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, showing significant differences between the performance of trained interpreters and untrained bilinguals in simulated police interviews. The study is one of a few to compare performance based on interpreter background, using a large sample and a sophisticated method to assess performance.

internal-pdf://3211441239/Hale-2019-Interpreter performance in police in.pdf.

Hale, Sandra, and Erika González. 2017. "Teaching legal interpreting at university level: a research-based approach." In Teaching Dialogue Interpreting: research-based proposals for higher education, edited by Letizia Cirillo and Natacha S.A. Niemants, 200-216. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: Legal Interpreting (LI) can be considered a specialised branch of Community Interpreting (CI). It encompasses interpreting in all legal settings, such as lawyer-client interviews, immigration-related interviews, police-related matters, tribunal hearings and court hearings and trials. In addition to a high level of bilingualism, legal interpreters need to possess specialist knowledge of the relevant legal systems, of the goals of the institutions concerned and of the discourse and language of their participants. Interpreters also need to understand their role and the way they can influence proceedings, have a solid theoretical underpinning to substantiate their choices and possess high level interpreting skills in order to perform to the required standard. Competent interpreting is crucial for the fair administration of justice, as inadequate interpreting can lead to juridical errors. Legal interpreters, therefore, require specialised education and training in order to become qualified to work in this setting. This chapter will present an overview of the education and training in interpreting in legal settings offered at the University of New South Wales, Australia, where the authors work. The course is part of a suite of post-graduate programmes but can also be taken by students who are external to the university as a stand-alone course, including practitioners seeking professional development opportunities. The course draws on the theories and research into forensic linguistics and LI as well as on practical experience from those who teach it.

internal-pdf://1927495796/Hale-2017-Teaching legal interpreting at unive.pdf

Hale, Sandra B., Jane Goodman-Delahunty, and Natalie Martschuk. 2018. "Interpreter performance in police interviews. Differences between trained interpreters and untrained bilinguals." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 13 (2): 107-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2018.1541649.

ABSTRACT: In most countries, it is not compulsory to be trained to work as an interpreter in community settings. A comparison across jurisdic- tions reveals that different requirements exist, from a simple self- evaluation of language competence, to passing a certification or accreditation test. Even in countries where certification or accred- itation systems exist, such as the USA and Australia, there is no legislation to prevent any bilingual from working as interpreter. In legal settings, this situation has led to a lack of clear guidelines regarding interpreter recruitment, and to many examples of incompetent interpreting that have impacted legal outcomes. Little research has been conducted to systematically assess the value of training on interpreter performance. This paper presents results of a live experimental study conducted in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, showing significant differences between the performance of trained interpreters and untrained bilinguals in simulated police interviews. The study is one of a few to compare performance based on interpreter background, using a large sample and a sophisticated method to assess performance.

internal-pdf://1916237888/Hale-2018-Interpreter performance in police in.pdf.

Hara, Michał. 2017. "Ensuring quality in legal translation by 3 parties – governments, courts and translators." The Journal of Specialised Translation 27: 10-20.

ABSTRACT: Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings stipulates that EU Member States should introduce safeguards ensuring that translation provided in the course of criminal proceedings is of a sufficiently high quality. This can be achieved by various means by governments, courts and translators: through enacting a legal framework regulating the position, rights and obligations of translators by governments, through appropriate practical arrangements introduced and followed by courts and other judicial and law enforcement authorities and finally by translators themselves through specialisation and targeted improvement of qualifications. Each of the aforementioned groups has different tools and opportunities at their disposal. It seems however clear that an effective system of quality assurance requires the cooperation of all three of them so that the measures enacted complement and support each other, rather than operate in a legal void.

internal-pdf://0687506456/Hara-2017-Ensuring quality in legal translatio.pdf.

Heaton-Armstrong, Anthony. 1983. "Use of Notebooks in Court by Metropolitan Police Officers." LAG Bulletin (Legal Aid Group): 64.

.

Hlavac, Jim, and Zhichang Xu. 2020. ​Chinese-English interpreting and intercultural communication. London: Routledge.

ABSTRACT: Chinese and English are the world's largest languages and the number of interpreter-mediated interactions involving Chinese- and English-speakers has increased exponentially over the last 30 years. This book presents and describes examples of Chinese-English interpreting across a large number of settings: conference interpreting, diplomatic interpreting, media interpreting, business interpreting, police, legal and court interpreting, and healthcare interpreting. Interpreters working in these fields face not only the challenge of providing optimal inter-lingual transfer, they also need to fully understand the discourse-pragmatic conventions of both Chinese- and English-speakers.This innovative book provides an overview of established and contemporary frameworks of intercultural communication and applies these to a large sample of Chinese-English interpreted interactions. The authors introduce the Inter-Culturality Framework as a descriptive tool to identify and describe the strategies and footings that interpreters adopt. This book contains findings from detailed data with Chinese-English interpreters as experts not only in inter-lingual exchange, but cross-linguistic and intercultural communication. As such, it is a detailed and authoritative guide for trainee as well as practising Chinese-English interpreters.

internal-pdf://1402586465/Hlavac-2020-​Chinese-English interpreting and.pdf.

Homeland Security. n.d. Working with Interpreters: Job Aid for Law Enforcement.

internal-pdf://2863818094/Homeland Securi-Working with Interpreters_ Job.pdf

Howes, Loene M. 2018. "Community interpreters’ experiences of police investigative interviews: how might interpreters’ insights contribute to enhanced procedural justice?" Policing and Society 29 (8): 887-905. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2018.1447572.

ABSTRACT: Procedural justice refers to fairness in police dealings with members of the public. By facilitating communication between the police and people with whom they do not share a common language, interpreters assist policing organisations to provide fair and equitable services for all members of the community. Yet research findings suggest that interpreters’ presence, behaviour, and interpreting choices can negatively impact the fairness of police investigative interviews. To contribute to enhanced procedural justice in interpreted investigative interviews, this study explores the under-researched topic of interpreters’ perceptions of such interviews. Twenty community interpreters from diverse languages participated in interviews, in line with the procedural justice concept of voice. Inductive thematic analysis of transcripts revealed interpreters’ perception that effective interpreting is impeded both by systemic issues arising from the structure of the interpreting profession and situational aspects of the police interview. Interpreters’ accounts urged police interviewers to develop familiarity with this developing profession and elaborated on what is helpful to them in interpreted police interviews whether on site or via telephone. Practical strategies for police interviewers to assist interpreters include familiarising them with interview rooms, giving advance briefings to prepare for emotional content, allowing time to check infrequently used words, and debriefing at the conclusion. Overall, the findings indicate some practical ways in which the procedural justice goals of neutrality, respectful treatment, and trustworthiness may be enhanced in interpreted investigative interviews. Further research is needed to assess the impacts of these suggestions on procedural justice outcomes in practice.

internal-pdf://1170023074/Howes-2018-Community interpreters’ experiences.pdf.

Komter, Martha. 2005. "Understanding Problems in an Interpreter-Mediated Police Interrogation." In Ethnographies of Law and Social Control, In Sociology of Crime Law and Deviance, 203-224.

internal-pdf://1838549454/Komter-2005-Understanding Problems in an Inter.pdf

Krouglov, Alexander. 1999. "Police interpreting: Politeness and sociocultural context." The Translator 5 (2): 285-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1999.10799045.

ABSTRACT: Police interpreting is somewhat unjustly neglected by most recent linguistic studies. As an act of necessary and therefore in­ tense interpersonal and intercultural communication, police interpreting provides an excellent example of the way in which an interpreter deals with colloquialisms and hedges, as well as forms of address and other forms of politeness. This paper is based on the analysis of four short extracts from interviews with Russian witnesses conducted at a police station by English speaking detec­ tives and interpreted by four d(fferent interpreters. The findings suggest that interpreters often avoid or change colloquialisms and hedges, which could provide evidence of pragmatic intention. The extracts also confirm that interpreters tend to misrepresent the speaker by introducing more polite forms, which in turn can make the testimony of a witness either less certain or more definite. A brief analysis of some in-group terminology in interpreting is also offered.

internal-pdf://2621977503/Krouglov-1999-Police Interpreting.pdf.

Lai, Miranda, and Sedat Mulayim. 2013. "Interpreter linguistic intervention in the strategies employed by police in investigative interviews." Police Practice and Research 15 (4): 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.809929.

ABSTRACT: Police interviews are high-stakes activities that bear legal consequences when the cases move to court proceedings. A wide range of literature exists on police interviewing strategies aiming to obtain complete information from the interviewee; however, this literature focuses primarily on monolingual settings only. This paper reports on an empirical study examining the word choices made by interpreters of 11 selected languages in three scripted police interview excerpts. The study found that considered verbal strategies deliberately employed by police in investigative interviewing may be interfered with by the interpreter in a bilingual setting. The authors discuss the implications of such linguistic intervention for police interview outcomes and propose improvements for the training of interpreters and police.

internal-pdf://3442649879/Lai-2013-Interpreter linguistic intervention i.pdf.

Lee, Jieun. 2017. "A case study of interpreter-mediated witness statement: police interpreting in South Korea." Police Practice and Research 18 (2): 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2016.1248840.

ABSTRACT: Interpreters play an important role in police interviewing witnesses from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. In the cases where interpreters lack professional attributes such as interpreting competence and impartiality, it is very likely that the interpreted evidence and statement will not be a faithful reproduction of original utterances. If attention is not paid to possible alterations by interpreters to the original utterances of the witness and duty of care is lacking in the procedure of obtaining statement from witnesses through such interpreters, the official legal record may not be an accurate one. Drawing on the data of a video-recorded interpreter- mediated police interview in South Korea, this paper examines issues arising from the lack of understanding of the role of interpreters, which may have implications for criminal proceedings. The findings indicate that in addition to interpreter training, more efficient police training in the adoption of best practice guidelines in interviewing through interpreters is required.

internal-pdf://0034829830/Lee-2017-A case study of interpreter-mediated.pdf.

Leung, Ester S M. 2003. "Rights to be Heard and the Rights to be Interpreted." Babel: Revue internationale de la traduction/International Journal of Translation 49: 289-301. https://doi.org/http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=YR8DCFJ1CR32GUUHC8EM.

ABSTRACT: The principle that during police interviews people who do not speak English should have access to interpreters has long been established in legal practice in the UK. However, very little is known about the extent to which or how this principle is actually applied. The aim of this study was to provide a close look at current legal interpreting practices in different types of legal encounter in the UK. What was actually going on in these events; what were the specific problems associated with interpreting in legal settings; and what were the problems associated with interpreting between Cantonese and English? What can the close study of interpreters as they interpret tell us about the process of interpretation in legal settings? An ethnographic approach was adopted to collect and analyze the data. I observed and audio-recorded four interpreting events which involved Chinese interpreters. The main finding emerging from this study is that legal interpreting services in the UK is greatly hampered by the ways that the services are organized. Interpreters performance are also greatly influenced by the practices of the legal institutions as well as the cultural and linguistic differences between Chinese and English. Résumé Le principe lors des interrogatoires de police, selon lequel les personnes qui ne parlent pas l'anglais devraient être assistés interprètes, est acquis depuis longtemps dans la pratique juridique au Royaume-Uni. Cependant, très peu d'élemements sont connus à propos de l'ampleur avec laquelle et comment ce principe est réellement appliqué L'objet de cette étude est de présenter un examen approfondi des pratiques d'interprétation courantes en matières juridiques dans diverses situations judiciaires au Royaume-Uni. Que ce passait-il réellement lors de ces interventions; quels étaient les problèmes spécifiques associés à l'interprétation dans un cadre juridique; et quels étaient les problèmes associés à l'interprétation entre la langue cantonnaise et la langue anglaise? Que peut nous révéler une étude approfondie des interprètes lors de leur interprétation dans des environnements de justice? Une méthode ethnographique a été adoptée pour rassembler et analyser les données J'ai observé et enregistré quatre intventions d'interprétation auxquelles participaient des interprètes chinois. Le résultat essentiel de cette étude est que les services d'interprétations juridiques au Royaume-Uni sont fortement handicapés d'organisation. Les activités interprètes sont aussi très influencées par les practiques des institutions juridiques ainsi que par les différences linguistiques entre les langues chinoise et anglaise.

internal-pdf://1129566393/Leung-2003-Rights to be Heard and the Rights t.pdf.

Leung, Ester S. M. 2019. "The Jurisprudence and Administration of Legal Interpreting in Hong Kong (1966–2016)." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (1): 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-017-9535-8.

ABSTRACT: Legal interpreting and translation are some of the oldest and most frequently practised bilingual activities in Hong Kong. The principles and operation of the bilingual legal system actually impinge on the legal interpreting services and the practices of legal interpreting services also in ways impact on the system itself. This study adopts a historical approach to analyse the jurisprudence and administration of legal interpreting in Hong Kong courts from 1966 to 2016 (half a century), across the 1997 dividing line between British colonial rule and the return of Hong Kong to the government of mainland China. It focuses on the opinions of judges and other participants in courtroom proceedings as recorded in Hong Kong case reports. It is discovered that the jurisprudence of having an interpreter to interpret for participants who do not speak the language of the court is clearly indicated and well versed in the precedents. However, there is a gap between the jurisprudence and the actual interpreting services, mainly caused by the malpractices of the concerned administration department(s) and some of the law enforcement agents working in the frontline.

internal-pdf://1927495861/Leung-2019-The Jurisprudence and Administratio.pdf.

Määttä, Simo K. 2015. "Interpreting the discourse of reporting: The case of screening interviews with asylum seekers and police interviews in Finland." Translation & Interpreting 7 (3): 21-35.

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the ways in which the discourse of reporting, i.e. the implicit and explicit presence, production, and usage of written texts in public administration reifies monolingual and monolithic language ideologies in interpreter- mediated police interviews and screening interviews with asylum seekers. The goal is to provide new insights into the analysis of complex networks of power relations that determine whether human rights can actually be exercised through public service or community interpreting. The paper derives from ethnographic data emanating from participant observation as an interpreter for migrants, asylum seekers, and international offenders using French and English in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland. In addition to being an interpreter, the author is also a researcher informed by critical discourse studies and sociolinguistic theory. The main argument of the article is that many problems related to public service interpreting that are thought to stem from cultural differences or the interpreter’s general lack of competence can be interpreted as resulting from language ideologies, reified in the practices in which they appear. One of the most important of such practices is the discourse of reporting, effectively blurring the distinction between written and oral language and denaturalizing “spontaneous” speech of interpreter-mediated communicative encounters. The paper suggests that a critical reflection on the nature and function of language and multilingualism and the consequences of language use is necessary in order to allow the interpreter to occupy subject positions from which power relations can be negotiated and linguistic equality delivered. Such a reflection should be part of both interpreter and service provider training.

internal-pdf://2426206013/Määttä-2015-Interpreting the discourse of repo.pdf.

Martin, Anne, and Mustapha Taibi. 2010. "Translating and Interpreting for the Police in Politicised Contexts: The case of Tayseer Allouny." In Compromiso Social y Traducción/Interpretación, edited by Julie Boéri and Carol Maier, 38-40, 214-226. Granada: ECOS.

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2015. "Non-professional interpreters " In The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting, edited by Holly Mikkelson and Renée Jourdenais, 417-431. London and New York: Routledge.

ABSTRACT: Non-professional interpreters are individuals with a certain degree of bilingual competence who perform interpreting tasks on an ad hoc basis without economic compensation or prior specific training. Their awareness of the skills required to perform their interpreting duties correctly and the ethical constraints thereto is shaped by their own intuitions and subject to the expectations expressed by the parties to the encounters they mediate in. Most often they conduct their tasks individually and in isolation, which translates into little visibility, lack of group solidarity and prestige, and lack of public credibility, even if they may receive immediate social recognition by the monolingual speakers for whom they enable communication. In fact, every bilingual individual is a potential non-professional interpreter, as they are selected on the basis of their (apparent) competence in the two languages involved – spoken or signed – and their immediate availability. Non-professional interpreters range thus from relatives or friends or acquaintances – including children – of a person requiring language mediation; to in-house employees at the institution where interpreting is needed; to volunteers belonging to a wide array of civil organizations; to virtually any passer-by. Their presence is evident in the homes of minority-language community members; and it is most frequent in public services, where the interpreting profession is still little institutionalized (in health care centres, welfare and government offices, schools, police stations, prisons, churches, etc). These interpreters are relatively visible in business contexts, especially local ones (banks, post offices, shops), but also in mass media; and their presence is sporadic but crucial in conflict or emergency situations. Non-professional interpreting even occurs in the most professionalized settings (i.e. conference or court interpreting).

internal-pdf://0719885282/Martínez-Gómez-2015-Non-Professional Interpret.pdf

Mikkelson, Holly. 1996. "Community interpreting. An emerging profession." Interpreting 1 (1): 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.l.l.08mik.

ABSTRACT: Public services (hospitals, schools, police, social services, justice, etc.) increasingly call upon translators to enable communication with linguistic minorities in countries with a high percentage of immigration. The author retraces the history of the development of this profession.

internal-pdf://4254398287/Mikkelson-1996-Community interpreting. An emer.pdf.

Miller, Katrina R. 2001. "Access to sign language interpreters in the criminal justice system." American Annals of the Deaf 146 (4): 328-330. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2012.0188.

ABSTRACT: Historically, the provision of sign language interpreters to deaf suspects, defendants, and offenders has been a problematic issue in the criminal justice system. Inconsistency in the provision of interpreter services results largely from the ignorance of criminal justice professionals regarding deaf people's communication needs and accommodation options. Through analysis of 22 post-Americans with Disabilities Act cases and a survey of 46 professional sign language interpreters working in criminal justice settings, the present study considered access issues concerning sign language interpreters in law enforcement, courtrooms, and correctional settings. Recommendations to increase the accessibility of interpreting services include providing ongoing awareness training to criminal justice personnel, developing training programs for deaf legal advocates, and continuing access studies.

internal-pdf://1129566270/Miller-2001-Access to sign language interprete.pdf.

Monteoliva-García, Eloísa. 2020. "The collaborative and selective nature of interpreting in police interviews with stand-by interpreting." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 22 (2): 262-287. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00046.mon.

ABSTRACT: This study explores interaction in two authentic interpreter-mediated police interviews with suspects. The analysis focuses on the interpreting regime used: stand-by interpreting. The interactional regime in the analysed interviews featured exolingual communication in English between a Spanish- speaking suspect with emerging competencies in English and English- speaking interviewers, with intermittent interpreter participation. Drawing on Conversation Analysis and interactional sociolinguistics, this study analyses how the interpreting regime was negotiated, how it was constructed over the course of the interviews, and the observable function of interpreting episodes. The analysis revealed a markedly collaborative nature of stand-by interpreting, differences in the distribution of interactional power over interpreting episodes among the three participants depending on their activity role and the interview phase, and the multimodal nature of turn-management. Interpreting was used selectively as a resource to either repair or prevent miscommunication, aligning with the way the interpreting regime was set up. Rather than advocating for or against the stand-by mode of interpreting, this paper describes its features in the police interview and highlights both its potential and its risks for communication in interpreter-mediated police interviews as a discourse genre.

internal-pdf://0351450233/Monteoliva-Garc-2020-The collaborative and sel.pdf.

Morris, Ruth. 2008. "Missing stitches. An overview of judicial attitudes to interlingual interpreting in the criminal justice systems of Canada and Israel." Interpreting 10 (1): 34-64. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.04mor.

ABSTRACT: Along a continuum of interlingual interpreting which begins with police investigations and may end in a supreme court, consistent quality must be assured in order to comply with the standards of justice to which enlightened countries aspire and lay claim. With the advent of the global village, the quantity of cases requiring language mediation has exploded exponentially. The issues involved are not new, and simply put involve arranging for the provision of competent interpreters throughout the criminal justice system. However, the actual provision of quality interlingual interpreting in a criminal justice system is not a straightforward enterprise. The mere existence of legislation requiring the provision of interpreters in courts is not the key element. Nor are insightful comments made by appellate judges in cases brought because of an absence of satisfactory language arrangements. The article shows the problematic nature of interpreting arrangements in the criminal justice system for which the govern- ment and its players — even judges — assume no responsibility. The resultant “missing stitches” are likely to deprive those who do not speak the language of the proceedings of their fundamental rights.

internal-pdf://3264626209/Morris-2008-Missing stitches. An overview of j.pdf.

Mulayim, Sedat, and Miranda Lai. 2017. Ethics for Police Translators and Interpreters. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.

internal-pdf://3829175826/Mulayim-2017-Ethics for Police Translators an1.pdf.

Mulayim, Sedat, Miranda Lai, and Caroline Norma. 2015. Police Investigative Interviews and Interpreting. Context, Challenges, and Strategies. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

internal-pdf://2040651247/Mulayim-2015-Police Investigative Interviews a.pdf.

Nakamura, Kelli Y. 2008. "“They Are Our Human Secret Weapons”: The Military Intelligence Service and the Role of Japanese-Americans in the Pacific War and in the Occupation of Japan." The Historian 70 (1): 54-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00203.x.

ABSTRACT: Assesses the work of nisei soldiers in the US War Department's Military Intelligence Service (MIS) during World War II and the subsequent occupation of Japan. At first perceived as disloyal by both the United States and Japan, the nisei succeeded in bridging both cultures while remaining loyal to the United States. During the war, they became accomplished interpreters through the MIS Language School. They learned Japanese military terminology, translated documents, and interviewed prisoners. During the occupation, they befriended Japanese civilians in a period of food shortages and destruction, worked as translators, interrogators, and radio announcers, and dealt with personal issues involving relatives in Japan. Their success in implementing occupation policies helped build close ties between Japan and the United States in the postwar period.

internal-pdf://2262243883/Nakamura-2008-“They Are Our Human Secret Weapo.pdf.

Nakane, Ikuko. 2007. "Problems in Communicating the Suspect's Rights in Interpreted Police Interviews." Applied Linguistics 28 (1): 87-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml050.

ABSTRACT: At first glance, communicating a suspect's rights in police interviews appears to be a straightforward task. However, it is more complex than it appears. In particular, for suspects who come from different cultural backgrounds or legal systems and who rely on interpreters in police interviews, ensuring a thorough understanding of their rights and appropriately invoking these rights can be difficult. This paper examines police interviews in which Japanese native-speaker suspects are interviewed by English speaking police officers through interpreters and attempts to identify problems in the processes in which the suspects' rights are communicated through the interpreters. Three issues will be addressed: problematic turn construction; the treatment of a follow-up comprehension check question; and the interference of interpreters' understanding of the rights of suspects. Suggestions will then be given for improvement of caution delivery through interpreting in criminal investigation. The study concerns a number of areas - forensic linguistics, translating and interpreting studies, and conversation analysis - and demonstrates the significance of an interdisciplinary approach to addressing and understanding problems in interpreter-mediated discourse in legal settings. Adapted from the source document

internal-pdf://2494264590/Nakane-2007-Problems in Communicating the Susp.pdf.

Nakane, Ikuko. 2009. "The Myth of an ‘Invisible Mediator’: An Australian Case Study of English-Japanese Police Interpreting." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 6 (1): 1-16.

ABSTRACT: This article explores the roles and management of discourse by police interpreters. The traditional view of the legal interpreter as a ‘conduit’ (Russell 2000: 36-37; Laster & Taylor 1994: 112; Yoshida 2007: 20) suggests that interpreting processes are not relevant as evidence in court. It has also been suggested that people who use interpreters tend to expect them to be invisible (Laster & Taylor 1994; Wadensjö 1998; Roy 2000; Leung & Gibbons 2008). Thus, while police records of interviews are important evidence in court, when interviews are mediated by an interpreter there are few traces of the interpreting process in the evidence that appears in court. Similarly, as has been demonstrated by existing studies (Berk-Seligson 1990; Eades 1996; Hale 2004), court transcripts do not show the ways in which aspects of interpreting processes may have had impacts on the outcomes of the cases.

internal-pdf://0718152759/Nakane-2009-The Myth of an ‘Invisible Mediator.pdf.

Nakane, Ikuko. 2011. "The role of silence in interpreted police interviews." Journal of Pragmatics 43 (9): 2317-2330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.11.013.

ABSTRACT: Silence is rarely treated as something that should be translated in the interpreting process. Drawing on the principles of conversation analysis, the article explores, the role which silence plays as a meaningful unit in police interviews mediated by Japanese–English interpreters. It also attempts to demonstrate that, despite the status of silence as an ‘uninterpretable’ unit, silent pauses are treated as meaningful units by interpreters. Silent switching pauses were found to function as repair initiators for interpreters, prompting self-repair of renditions. The analysis also reveals that, through the management of silent pauses before and after the suspect’s utterances, interpreters exercise a certain extent of control over the questioning, sharing the power of interrogator with the police officer. On the other hand, there are opportunities for suspects to resist such power through silences once they hold the floor. The ambiguous, ‘untranslatable’ yet ‘interpretable’ nature of silent pauses was found to provide opportunities for participants in interpreted police interviews to break away from the questioning sequence typical of monolingual police interviews.

internal-pdf://3516616374/Nakane-2011-The role of silence in interpreted.pdf.

Nakane, Ikuko. 2014. Interpreter-mediated Police Interviews. A Discourse-Pragmatic Approach. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.

internal-pdf://3829175763/Nakane-2014-Interpreter-mediated Police Interv.pdf.

Ngai, Phyllis Bo-Yuen, and Peter Koehn. 2014. "Meeting Diversity in the Midst of Adversity. An Intercultural Communication Training Framework for Refugee-Assistance Crisis Management." In Crisis and Emergency Management. Theory and Practice, edited by Ali Farazman, 13-33. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Norton, Irina. 2020. "Joint training for police and interpreters in specific scenarios." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 66 (2): 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00148.nor.

ABSTRACT: The article focuses on this pioneering project, which is still in the early stages but already shows great potential. In the present market situation in the UK when inexperienced, unqualified and frequently unvetted individuals are allowed to practice, it is crucial for interpreters to differentiate themselves as professionals, which entails Continuing Professional Development. Joint training offers a unique oppor- tunity for police officers and interpreters to share experiences and have meaningful discussions on the daily challenges they face. It provides a number of learning points for police officers and enables best practice for interpreters.

internal-pdf://3172685217/Norton-2020-Joint training for police and inte.pdf.

Olalla Fernández, Pilar. 2006. "El intérprete en la investigación policial." Revista española de lingüística aplicada Extra 1: 239-248.

ABSTRACT: Este artículo da una idea general de lo que un intérprete puede aportar dentro de la labor policial, concretamente dentro de la investigación. En este campo, el trabajo del intérprete resulta incuestionable sobre todo cuando la multiculturalidad se refleja en todos los aspectos de la vida. Las nuevas características sociales que confor- man el escenario de trabajo policial, implican un cambio de las estructuras tradicionales. Factores como la flexibilidad, la adaptación y el conocimiento de las lenguas y culturas presentes en nuestra realidad constituyen una garantía de éxito en lo que a investigación policial se refiere. El intérprete será en este caso nuestro puente entre cul- turas y nuestro guía. Interpretar un idioma es interpretar una cultura, no es posible tra- ducir con precisión si antes no se ha interiorizado la cultura y las connotaciones del que habla. Los razonamientos, los planteamientos y los recursos expresivos no tienen porque ser comunes a todas las culturas.

internal-pdf://2062686016/Olalla Fernánde-2006-El intérprete en la inves.pdf.

Ortega Herráez, Juan Miguel, and Ana Isabel Foulquié Rubio. 2008. "Interpreting in police settings in Spain: Service providers' and interpreters' perspectives." In Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting. Definitions and Dilemmas, edited by Carmen Valero Garcés and Anne Martin, 123-146. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: Interpreting in police settings, as part of public service interpreting, is a field that still lacks empirical and scholarly research which could contribute to shedding light on matters such as service provision and lack of professionalization, crucial aspects that have an influence on the role of the interpreter and which may be at the source of numerous conflicts. Although current legislation in Spain guarantees the right of those detainees who are not proficient in the majority language to be assisted by an interpreter during police proceedings, in practice the situation is much more complex. The intervention of an interpreter is required in many scenarios other than just in detainees questioning: transcription-translation of tapped telephone conversations, interpreting for crime victims, translation-data analysis during police investigations, provision of information to people reporting a crime, etc. Given such a wide range of functions, it is clear that interpreters may find themselves in situations that conflict with what is supposed to be their prescribed role. Likewise, despite the provisions in force guaranteeing the presence of an interpreter during questioning, Spanish legislation lags behind social needs, and this creates numerous problems in aspects such as interpreter intervention, the interpreters role as cross-cultural and language mediator and the adequate provision of interpreting services. On the basis of evidence acquired through questionnaires and interviews, this chapter analyses both service providers and interpreters perspectives on the role of the interpreter, the conflicts that may arise as a result and the limits to their functions, all within the framework of current interpreting service provision practices in Spanish police settings.

Ortiz Soriano, Adela. 2015. "La imparcialidad en la interpretación policial." MonTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación (7): 207-241.

ABSTRACT: The different codes of ethics applicable to interpreting in police settings include principles - confidentiality, fidelity, impartiality - that every interpreter should obey. The police setting, however, creates situations in which it is not possible to follow these principles. Taking this contradiction as a starting point, and focusing on the principle of impartiality, the aim of this study is to verify if there is, indeed, a divorce between theory and practice and to establish what determines the eventual divergence. In order to validate the hypothesis, the study describes five interpreting sessions between French and Spanish that took place at different police stations in Valencia. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire filled in by the interpreter-researcher. The results show that there is in fact a divorce between theory and practice and the analysis suggests the possible causes behind the tensions that the interpreter encounters when trying to keep the principle of impartiality in police interpreting.

internal-pdf://3006967761/Ortiz Soriano-2015-La imparcialidad en la inte.pdf.

Osterberg, Erin C. 2018. “Ethics for police translators and interpreters.”Police Practice and Research 20 (1): 97-98.

ABSTRACT: Review

internal-pdf://2550207641/Osterberg-2018-Ethics for police translators a.pdf

Pérez, Isabelle, and Christine Wilson. 2011. "The interlinked approach to training for interpreter mediated police settings." In Modelling the Field of Community Interpreting: Questions of Methodology in Research and Training, edited by Claudia Kainz, Erich Prunč and Rafael Schögler, 242-262. Berlin, Münster, Vienna, Zurich, London: LIT.

Perez, Isabelle, and Christine W.L. Wilson. 2007. "Interpreter-mediated police interviews: working as a professional team." In The Critical Link 4: Professionalisation of interpreting in the community. Selected papers from the 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-23 May 2004, edited by Cecilia Wadensjö, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova and Anna-Lena Nilsson, 79–93. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Pinkerton, Yoko. 2001. "Issues on Interpreting in Australia and Japan (オーストラリアと日本の通訳に関する問題)." Interpretation Studies JAIS: 120-125.

ABSTRACT: This essay, which summarizes a recent private talk this author had with Professor Kumiko Torikai of Rikkyo University, Japan, attempts to address some issues of interpreting in Australia and Japan. (1) We discussed the problem of the shortage of police and court interpreters for languages other than English in Japan. (2) We considered the possibility that the theory of interpreting developed in Australia, which gives an absolute priority to impartiality of interpreters and faithfulness of interpretation, may be adopted in Japan in certain areas such as legal interpreting. (3) We found out that both Japanese and Australian interpreters feel that their work is not recognized by society as highly as they wish. (4) We shared a concern that voluntary interpreting, which is practised extensively in Japan, has an adverse effect on the effort to enhance the status of interpreters. (5) In relation to achieving a status for interpreters comparable to other professionals, we agreed that interpreting should be taught for a university degree with further study at postgraduate level in specialized areas like conference, legal and medical interpreting, including research in interpreting. We realized that Japan and Australia, with strengths and weaknesses in different areas of interpreting, can learn a lot from each other.

.

Pozo Triviño, Maribel del. 2020. "Chapter 8. Teaching police to work effectively with interpreters: Design and delivery of a training course." In Interpreting in Legal and Healthcare Settings, edited by Eve Ng and Ineke H. M. Crezee, 189-208. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: The right of individuals to understand and be understood in judicial proce- dures is enshrined in several international and national legislative instruments. This right is often exercised through the intervention of translators and inter- preters whenever individuals do not speak or understand the language of the country in which they are a party in a judicial procedure. In order to make such a right effective, legislation has moved a step forward in recent years and estab- lished the need to guarantee quality translation/interpreting. One mechanism provided to ensure quality is training of police and judicial staff to effectively work with interpreters. This chapter describes a 20-hour training course taught to a mixed group of Spanish police officers.

internal-pdf://3765360622/Pozo Triviño-2020-Chapter 8. Teaching police t.pdf

Ralarala, Monwabisi K. 2014. "Transpreters’ translations of complainants’ narratives as evidence: whose version goes to court?" The Translator 20 (3): 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.934002.

ABSTRACT: Law and language are inherently related and, as such, the efficient functioning of the law has a direct bearing on the appropriate use of language. Sworn statements, taken from members of the public, initiate the court process, and their role culminates in court, as evidence for proceedings. Existing data relating to oral narratives in isiXhosa and translated versions presented in English, in the form of sworn statements, show differences and inconsistencies between the two sets of texts. Such statements are supposed to be a true reflection of the complainant’s or suspect’s own words. However, more often than not, they tend to be the written versions of information obtained by the police officers’ (hereafter referred to as transpreters) during the pre-statement-taking session. This article examines the oral narratives of complainants, which are framed in a form of dialogue between the transpreters and the complainants. The ‘retelling and rewriting’ of such narratives into sworn statements by transpreters, as a form of translation, is primarily taken into account. Scrutinising pre-statement-taking sessions and translated English versions of sworn statements, the article argues that such sworn statements constitute a misrepresentation of the complainants’ own words. As a result, the complainants’ actual evidence is manipulated, so that it fails to fully surface in court – as an essential part of court proceedings – in its original form. The effect of these practices, it is further argued, has serious implications for the notion of access to justice in South Africa.

internal-pdf://1137949901/Ralarala-2014-Transpreters’ translations of co.pdf.

Ralarala, Monwabisi K. 2016. "An analysis of critical ‘voices’ and ‘styles’ in transpreters’ translations of complainants’ narratives." Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 2 (1): 142-166. https://doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.2.1.08ral.

ABSTRACT: Police officers (hereafter referred to as transpreters) have a fundamental role and function as both ‘interpreters’ and ‘translators’ in the process of the administra- tion of justice.1 This role and function hinges, oftentimes, on how the two agents, that is, the transpreters and the complainants, relate to each other. What is it

that they represent? What do they stand to gain? What mechanisms are at play that they exploit to reach their various goals and desires? In discharging these roles and functions, transpreters in particular become actively engaged in the activities of listening to, visualising, then retelling and rewriting the complain- ants’ isiXhosa oral narrative text into the English language. All these laborious and tedious activities are conducted to compile sworn statements that become essential in the leading of a criminal investigation, as well as in compiling the evidence that is ultimately used in court. In this context, the ‘voices’ that inform the ‘styles’ in and through which the original narratives are reconstructed (as translations) into police records remain critical as part of the legal discourse in the South African criminal justice system. These ‘voices’ and ‘styles’ signal the extent to which sworn statements are mediated and manipulated.

internal-pdf://4056002449/Ralarala-2016-An analysis of critical ‘voices’.pdf.

Amsterdam, Philadelphia. Howard Giles (ed.): Law Enforcement, Communication and Community.

Shaffer, Sarah A., and Jacqueline R. Evans. 2018. "Interpreters in law enforcement contexts: Practices and experiences according to investigators." Applied Cognitive Psychology 32 (2): 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3388. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/acp.3388.

ABSTRACT: Summary Interpreters play an important role in the criminal justice system, yet little is known about the way interpreters are used. This survey of U.S. law enforcement (N = 299) assessed practices and perceptions regarding interpreter use during interviews with nonnative English speakers. Investigators reported using colleagues more often than professional interpreters, using interpreters more often with suspects and in certain crimes (e.g., domestic violence), and that interpreters are usually at least partially informed about case facts prior to translating. Investigators responded to experimental vignettes, and results indicated they were more likely to seek and obtain interpreters when an interviewee has lived in the United States for fewer years; however, the language spoken and the interviewee's role (e.g., witness vs. suspect) did not affect decisions to request an interpreter. Several avenues for future experimental research are identified and discussed, including interpreting over the phone and interpreter susceptibility to biases.

internal-pdf://3386519586/Shaffer-2018-Interpreters in law enforcement c.pdf.

Skellern, C., and T. Donald. 2012. "Defining standards for medico-legal reports in forensic evaluation of suspicious childhood injury." J Forensic Leg Med 19 (5): 267-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.02.009.

ABSTRACT: Expert opinions in the form of medico-legal reports are requested by police investigators and statutory child protection officers from child protection/forensic paediatricians to help them to make child protection and prosecution decisions. These reports must be understood and able to be correctly interpreted by a range of professionals and as well as comply with the requirements of expert court reports. There is currently much variation in report construction. Having a medico-legal report framework which defines structure and standards assists report-writers to achieve objectivity, can be useful for training, peer review audits and ensures optimal standards in opinion formulation. Using legal judgements relating to child abuse proceedings, author experience and the limited existing literature, a tool is presented which defines report standards specifically in relation to the assessment of suspicious injuries.

internal-pdf://0076065788/Skellern-2012-Defining standards for medico-le.pdf.

Taibi, Mustapha, and Anne Martin. 2012. "Court translation and interpreting in times of the ‘War on Terror’: The case of Taysir Alony." Translation & Interpreting 4 (1).

ABSTRACT: The case of Taysir Alony, the Al-Jazeera reporter who was imprisoned because of alleged collaboration with a terrorist organisation, raises several questions about the situation of police and court translation and interpreting in Spain. Alony and his co-defendants’ indictments were based, at least partially, on tapped conversations which were translated literally by verbatim translators or translators who did not belong to the same speech community as the speakers. Moreover, parts of the translated conversations and documents were framed in a manner that created a climate conducive to conviction. Given the context of the ‘War on Terror’ in which the translations and the ‘evidence’ were interpreted, this case raises questions such as interpretation vs. interpreting, the translation of culture and the role of the translator/interpreter. This paper scrutinises these questions taking into consideration the historical, political and ideological context of the case. Using some instances of verbatim, manipulated or reframed translation, it is argued that the dominant discourse on the ‘War on Terror’ manages to construct a narrative that serves its interests – either through indoctrinated translators or blatant manipulation.

internal-pdf://1129566363/Taibi-2012-Court translation and interpreting.pdf.

Tiersma, Peter M., and Lawrence M. Solan. 2004. "Cops and Robbers: Selective Literalism in American Criminal Law." Law & Society Review 38 (2): 229-266. https://doi.org/10.2307/1555105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1555105.

ABSTRACT: Police often ask people to consent to a search of their person or possessions. Many people agree to allow such searches because they interpret the officers' ostensible "requests" as indirect commands. Yet courts routinely interpret police utterances in this situation as requests. A similar issue arises in the context of custodial interrogation. People being interrogated are inclined to invoke their right to counsel in relatively indirect or tentative terms. Yet courts often conclude that the suspect did not really "request" the presence of counsel. We refer to this inconsistency as "selective literalism," by which we mean that courts selectively consider pragmatic circumstances in interpreting the speech of suspects. Using analytical tools from linguistic theory, this article explores how courts employ selective literalism. It further examines some of the consequences of this inconsistent use of interpretive devices, both practically and jurisprudentially.

internal-pdf://1206947124/Tiersma-2004-Cops and Robbers_ Selective Liter.pdf.

Tipton, Rebecca. 2019. "‘Yes I understand’: language choice, question formation and code-switching in interpreter-mediated police interviews with victim-survivors of domestic abuse." Police Practice and Research 22 (1): 1058-1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2019.1663733.

internal-pdf://3138376405/Tipton-2019-‘Yes I understand’_ language choic.pdf.

Valero-Garcés, Carmen. 2007. "Challenges in multilingual societies. The myth of the invisible interpreter and translator." Across Languages and Cultures 8 (1): 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1556/Acr.8.2007.1.5.

ABSTRACT: This paper concentrates on communication with minority groups through a third party or intermediary in the public services. The variety of settings in which these encounters take place (hospitals, schools, government offices, police stations, customs checkpoints, etc.) raises questions on the role played by this intermediary, the importance of culture, the recognition of his/her job as a profession, the acceptance of the varied forms of professionalism, and the consideration of the different attitudes of the society and its institutions. This study concentrates on the different names and roles assigned to this link, with special emphasis on one of them: the interpreter and translator, and the debate surrounding the new roles he/she should (or should not) perform.

internal-pdf://3516616660/Valero Garcés-2007-Challenges in Multilingual.pdf.

Valero-Garcés, Carmen, and Anne Martin, eds. 2008. Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting: Definitions and Dilemmas. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: At conferences and in the literature on community interpreting there is one burning issue that reappears constantly: the interpreter’s role. What are the norms by which the facilitators of communication shape their role? Is there indeed only one role for the community interpreter or are there several? Is community interpreting aimed at facilitating communication, empowering individuals by giving them a voice or, in wider terms, at redressing the power balance in society? In this volume scholars and practitioners from different countries address these questions, offering a representative sample of ongoing research into community interpreting in the Western world, of interest to all who have a stake in this form of interpreting. The opening chapter establishes the wider contextual and theoretical framework for the debate. It is followed by a section dealing with codes and standards and then moves on to explore the interpreter’s role in various different settings: courts and police, healthcare, schools, occupational settings and social services.

internal-pdf://1662981768/Valero Garcés-2008-Crossing Borders in Communi.pdf

Vermeiren, Hildegard. 2019. "What starting public service interpreters in the EU should know about legislation: the case of Belgium and the Netherlands." FITISPos International Journal: Public Service Interpreting and Translation (6): 183-204.

ABSTRACT: The interpreting profession weaves its way through a tangled web of legal provisions.Especially in the areas of immigration, the court, the police or social services, third-party rights play an important role, and language assistance is needed to act following the law. Freelance interpreters are contracted. These interpreters have opted for entrepreneurship and private-law relationships with their clients. The public-law sphere, however, is very much a part of their activities, through their training, certification, fees they earn, but also taxation. Due to growing professionalization, higher demands are being placed on interpreters. Requirements nowadays are much stricter than an oath of faithful translation. This paper discusses what starting public service interpreters need to know about legal provisions when starting their career as entrepreneurs in Belgium and the Netherlands. / En la profesión de intérprete se cruzan numerosas disposiciones legales. Especialmente en los sectores de inmigración, tribunales y servicios policiales o sociales, los derechos de terceros desempeñan un papel esencial, y la asistencia lingüística es importante para la legalidad de las acciones. Se contrata a intérpretes freelance. Estos han optado por hacerse autónomos y por las relaciones de derecho privado con sus clientes. Sin embargo, la esfera del derecho público está muy presente en sus vidas, a través de su formación, certificación, despliegue, tarifación e impuestos.Debido a la creciente profesionalización del sector, el nivel exigido a los intérpretes es cada vez superior. Hoy en día, los criterios son más estrictos que el tradicional juramento de fidelidad. Comentamos lo que los jóvenes intérpretes necesitan saber al lanzarse como emprendedores en Bélgica y los Países Bajos

internal-pdf://2133626744/Vermeiren-2019-What starting public service in.pdf.

Wadensjö, Cecilia. 1998. Interpreting as Interaction. London and New York: Longman.

internal-pdf://1022963852/Wadensjö-1998-Interpreting as Interaction.pdf.

Wagoner, R. C. 2017. "The Use of an Interpreter During a Forensic Interview: Challenges and Considerations." Psychiatr Serv 68 (5): 507-511. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27842471.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this Open Forum is to detail the unique considerations present when using an interpreter in a forensic interview, including whether it is appropriate to take the case, the practical aspects of working with an interpreter, and whether the use of standardized instruments is indicated. While working with the interpreter, a forensic psychiatrist can enhance the interview by discussing the purpose of the interview with the interpreter before it takes place, encouraging accurate translation of information, reviewing incorrect or unusual responses to questions, and considering the evaluee's cultural beliefs. Standardized instruments, which can be very helpful in an English language interview, may be less useful when an interpreter is used.

internal-pdf://3470194582/Wagoner-2017-The Use of an Interpreter During.pdf.