Court Interpreting

Abel, Laura K. 2013. "Language Access in the Federal Courts." Drake Law Review 61: 593-638.

ABSTRACT: The nation’s federal courts once led the way in providing access for people with limited English proficiency (LEP). However, they have not kept pace. Federal agencies and state courts have expanded language access far beyond what the federal courts provide by establishing new language-access norms embodied in recent American Bar Association standards. Most federal district and bankruptcy courts do not provide LEP individuals with interpreters in the many civil cases brought by someone other than the federal government. Even in the criminal cases for which the Court Interpreters Act requires interpreters, interpreters may be denied to some people who can neither speak nor understand English adequately to participate meaningfully in the proceedings. There are serious quality issues, too. The federal courts certify interpreters only in Spanish; for languages in which certification is not available, the federal courts’ measures for ensuring interpreter competence are far less rigorous than many state courts. Finally, while some federal courts make some criminal forms available in Spanish, the federal courts do not make civil case instructions or forms available in languages other than English.

internal-pdf://0719885239/Abel-2013-Language Access in the Federal Court.pdf

Adelo, Samuel A. 1995. "Working with Interpreters—Some Suggestions for the Legal Profession." Bar Journal.

Adelo, Samuel A. 1997. "Taking a Deposition and Examining a Witness Through an Interpreter - Some Do's and Don'ts." Bar Journal.

Adelo, Samuel A. 1999. "Helping to Understand the Work of Judiciary Interpreters." New Mexico Bar Journal.

Administrative Office of the United States Courts. 1999. Federal Court Interpreter Information Sheet.

internal-pdf://3516616695/Administrative-1999-Federal Court Interpreter.pdf

Aguirre, Angela M. 1990. "Legal Interpreting Academic Program: A Working Model." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela Aguirre, 37-40. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Aldea Sánchez, Paloma, Pilar Arróniz Ibáñez de Opacua, Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez, and Sonsoles Plaza Blázquez. 2004. "Situación actual de la práctica de la traducción y de la interpretación en la administración de justicia." In La traducción en el ámbito institucional: autonómico, estatal y europeo, edited by Susana Cruces Colado and Ana Luna Alonso, 85-126. Vigo: Universidade de Vigo.

Almeida, Frank, Alexandre Rainof, and Sofía Zahler. 1979. "Glossary of Terms Most Often Used in Court Interpretation."

Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles Superior Court Interpreters Manual. rev.

Altano, Brian W. 1990. "The Intricates Witness-Interpreter Relationship." In Interpreting. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 96-105. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Alviar García, Helena. 2010. "La redistribución de la propiedad en América Latina: ¿debemos perder la fe en el derecho?" Revista internacional de pensamiento político (5): 91-121.

ABSTRACT: El objetivo principal del artículo es examinar décadas de reformas legales y constitucionales encaminadas a mejorar la distribución de la tierra al interior de la sociedad Colombiana. Tomo como punto de partida la siguiente observación. A pesar de algunas transformaciones positivas en la economía y la sociedad, el marco normativo ha fracasado en lograr alterar significativamente la estructura socioeconómica existente y lograr sociedades más igualitarias. A pesar de la escasez de resultados, los latinoamericanos en general, y los colombianos en particular, tenemos una fe en el uso instrumental del derecho. El artículo propone tomarse el derecho en serio y para hacerlo toma el ejemplo de las diversas interpretaciones del derecho de propiedad para analizar las diferentes formas en las que la interpretación judicial, la regulación y las instituciones de la Rama Ejecutiva hacen imposible el impulso redistributivo o progresista de una norma.

During the last decades, public policies set in place in order to reach more egalitarian societies in Latin America have been based on the conviction that the structural transformation of society necessarily involves the reform of legal and constitutional texts. Despite the meager redistributive results, the belief in the instrumental use of law persists. Thus, taking the example of land reform in Colombia, the article presents a critical analysis of this faith in the law as an instrument for society?s transformation. The aim is to demonstrate how the various interpretations of property, its regulation, the relevant actors and institutions, end up determining the content and distributive thrust of progressive legal reforms.

Anderson, David R. 1998. "Need for Quality Court Interpreters Increasing." The Oregonian.

Andjelic, Jasmina Tatar. 2015. "Interprétation judiciaire au Montenegro dans l’optique de l’adhésion européenne: diagnostic et propositions des modifications indispensables." MonTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación (7): 141-162.

ABSTRACT: Legal interpreting in Montenegro in view of its EU accession: diagnosis and proposals of necessary modifications” The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation in the field of court interpreting in Montenegro, from both a normative and a practical point of view, in the light of future EU accession. Following the assertion that there is an increasing need for quality interpretation and the description of an ideal court interpreter, this paper presents the situation at the national level, relying upon the existing legislation in force. It is noted that Montenegrin legislation is generally harmonized with the EU Directive 2010/64/EU, but there is an issue of terminology that results in an unclear distinction between interpretation and translation. This paper proposes several solutions in order to define more detailed criteria for the selection of interpreters, form and content of the exam, necessity of organizing specialized training, introduction of a reliable system of quality control and establishment of a representative professional association.

internal-pdf://3516616378/Andjelic-2015-Interprétation judiciaire au Mon.pdf

Andres, Dörte, and Martina Behr, eds. 2011. Interpretes Mundi - Deuter der Welt. München: Martin Meidenbauer.

ABSTRACT: In recent decades the various areas in which interpreters are used and the conditions under which they perform their services have become increasingly diverse and more demanding. These developments are explored in eleven selected works, prepared by students in connection with an advanced seminar held at FTSK Mainz / Germersheim in the summer semester 2010, through a series of issues: the perceptions and role of the language mediator in the past and today, the demands placed on interpreters in international and national court settings, the emotional burden on interpreters in psychotherapy and in areas of conflict and war, the influence of new language technology and developments in software on the work of the interpreter and the importance of expertise and quality assurance for the continuing professionalization of this occupation. The articles also indicate difficulties, limits and new possibilities for crossborder language mediation.

Andrés Ibáñez, Perfecto. 1994. "¿Neutralidad o pluralismo en la aplicación del Derecho? Interpretación judicial e insuficiencias del formalismo." Doxa: Cuadernos de filosofía del derecho (15): 861-882.

Angelelli, Claudia V. 2004. Revisiting the Interpreter's Role. A Study of Conference, Court, and Medical Interpreters in Canada, Mexico, and the United States.Benjamins Translation Library. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

internal-pdf://0719885195/Angelelli-2004-Revisiting the Interpreter's Ro.pdf

Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2005. "Who is ‘you’? Polite forms of address and ambiguous participant roles in court interpreting." Target 17 (2): 203-226.

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the use of forms of address by court interpreters, combining a participation framework approach to dialogue interpreting with a sociolinguistic analysis of intra-speaker variation. Based on transcripts from interpreter-mediated court proceedings in New York City, the paper explores how interpreters respond when the participant status of their target recipients changes from addressee to unaddressed overhearer. The interpret- ers are found to design their utterances primarily to conform to institutional norms and not to the expectations of target recipients, who rely on polite- ness features as cues for their participant status. Adding to recent research on discourse processes in dialogue interpreting, the paper explores how

the interpreter’s task becomes more complex when more than two primary participants are present.

internal-pdf://3692101153/Angermeyer-2005-Who is ‘you’_ Polite forms of.pdf

Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2008. "Creating monolingualism in the multilingual courtroom." Sociolinguistic Studies 2 (3): 385-403. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v2i3.385.

ABSTRACT: Eades (2003) points out that the legal sphere is characterized by an institutional bias towards monolingualism. This paper investigates how this “monolingual wordview” (Ellis 2006) affects interactions between speakers of minority languages and courtroom professionals, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in New York City Small Claims Court and a data-set of 40 recorded arbitration hearings that include speakers of Spanish, Russian, Haitian Creole, and Polish. The paper shows that, while the courtroom itself is multilingual, all individuals besides the interpreters are expected to use one language only, even though most are multilingual to some degree. A consequence of this unwritten rule of individual monolingualism is the common practice among legal professionals and interpreters to interrupt and discourage any use of English by individuals who are accompanied by an interpreter. On the other hand, court users who avoid the use of English are frequently accused of deceit (i.e. “pretending not to speak English”) by the opposing party. The court’s monolingual bias thus forces bilingual participants to act as monolinguals, thus creating the appearance of monolingualism as the norm. It is argued that the described practices inherently disadvantage minority speakers by preventing them from using the full range of their communicative abilities and by making language choice a factor in the assessment of their credibility.

Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2009. "Translation Style and Participant Roles in Court Interpreting." Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (1): 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00394.x.

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the translation styles of court interpreters in New York City and the styles social and pragmatic implications for multilingual interactions in court. Interpreters are found to vary between using first or third person to represent the voice of a translated source speaker, thereby varying between adherence to explicit institutional norms that require first person and accommodation to non-professional interpreting practices that favor the use of reported speech. In a quantitative and qualitative analysis, this variation is shown to be influenced by several pragmatic and social factors, and to index the interpreters stances towards source speakers and towardsthe immigrantcourt userswhoare therecipientsof translations from English. It is argued that translation styles have profound consequences for limited English speakers, as the insistence on institutional norms in translating to them is viewed as a gatekeeping behavior that may impede their full participation in the proceedings.

internal-pdf://1504569888/Angermeyer-2009-Translation Style and Particip.pdf

Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2014. "Monolingual ideologies and multilingual practices in small claims court: The case of Spanish-speaking arbitrators." International Journal of Multilingualism 11 (4): 430-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2014.944531.

ABSTRACT: This article explores the institutional policies and practices concerning multilingualism in small claims courts in New York City. Building on prior work that has investigated the language use of court interpreters and of the litigants for whom they translate, this study focuses on the analysis of institutional interactions in which all participants, including the arbitrators who decide the cases, are speakers of Spanish. Court interpreters are routinely used in such cases, though some hearings were conducted without them in Spanish. Comparing these two scenarios and analysing the participants’ metalinguistic comments, this study explores the language ideologies that underlie the institutional policies about language choice and interpreter use and how they relate to broader issues about Spanish–English bilingualism in the USA more generally.

internal-pdf://1304438548/Angermeyer-2014-Monolingual ideologies and mul.pdf

Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2015. Speak English or What? Codeswitching and Interpreter Use in New York City Courts. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

ABSTRACT: This book presents a study of interpreter-mediated interaction in New York City small claims courts, drawing on audio-recorded arbitration hearings and ethnographic fieldwork. Focusing on the language use of speakers of Haitian Creole, Polish, Russian, or Spanish, the study explores how these litigants make use of their limited proficiency in English, in addition to communicating with the help of professional court interpreters. Drawing on research on courtroom interaction, legal interpreting, and conversational codeswitching, the study explores how the ability of immigrant litigants to participate in these hearings is impacted by institutional language practices and underlying language ideologies, as well as by the approaches of individual arbitrators and interpreters who vary in their willingness to accommodate to litigants and share the burden of communication with them. The study raises questions about the relationship between linguistic diversity and inequality, arguing that the legal system inherently privileges speakers of English.

internal-pdf://4146382404/Angermeyer-2015-Speak English or What_ Codeswi.pdf

Anon, GreyPerson. 1991. Random rantings. In Signpost.

Arjona, Etilvia. 1983. "Language Planning in the Judicial System: A Look at the Implementation of the U.S. Court Interpreters Act." Language Planning Newsletter 9: 1-6.

Arjona, Etilvia. 1984. "The Court Interpreters Certification Test Design." In Spanish Language Use in Public Life in the United States, edited by Lucía Elias Olivares, Elizabeth A. Leone, René Cisneros and John R. Gutiérrez, 181-200. New York: De Gruyter.

Arróniz Ibáñez de Opacua, Pilar. 2000. "La traducción y la interpretación en la Administración de Justicia." In La traducción y la interpretación en España hoy: perspectivas profesionales, edited by Dorothy Kelly, 157-169. Granada: Comares.

Arteta Freire, José M. 2013. "La ineficacia relativa del pacto de non cedendo y la acción de los subcontratistas en el concurso: Comentario a la Sentencia de la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona, de 29 de marzo de 2012 (JUR 2012\169685; Magistrado Ponente: Luis Garrido Espá)." Indret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho (2).

ABSTRACT: La sentencia de la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona, de 29 de marzo de 2012 (JUR 2012\169685; MP: Luis Garrido Espá), abre una nueva vía en la interpretación judicial de la eficacia del pacto de non cedendo, apartándose de las dos interpretaciones judiciales existentes hasta ahora. Dicha sentencia no se encuadra dentro de los pronunciamientos judiciales que señalan que la cesión efectuada contra el pacto es inválida, ni en los que abogan por la eficacia de la misma si el cesionario desconoce la existencia del pacto. Por el contrario, admite la ineficacia relativa de la cesión, que implica que la cesión contraria al pacto sea ineficaz frente al deudor, pero vinculante para el resto. Asimismo, la Audiencia Provincial también se plantea otras cuestiones, como son: si la cesión de un crédito pro solvendo permite ejercer el derecho de separación previsto en el artículo 80 de la Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal y el ejercicio de la acción directa del artículo 1597 del Código Civil dentro del concurso de acreedores.

Arumí, Marta, and Mireia Vargas-Urpi. 2018. "Annotation of interpreters’ conversation management problems and strategies in a corpus of criminal proceedings in Spain: the case of non-renditions." Translation and Interpreting Studies 13 (3): 421-441. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.00023.aru.

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the design and methodology developed for compiling and analyzing corpora that can inform corpus-based studies involving public service interpreting discourses. The corpus was transcribed and annotated using the EXMARaLDA software tools designed for working with oral corpora. The annotation system accounts for Wadensjö’s (1998) distinction between “talk-as-text” and “talk-as-activity” in order to classify interpreters’ various problems when working in criminal proceedings and the strategies they adopt in response. The article provides the results of an analysis of a pilot sample of 20 criminal proceedings, focusing on non-renditions and distinguishing between those that are “justified” and those that are “unjustified.” The article then discusses these preliminary results as part of the ongoing project.

Astiz, Carlos. 1990. "A Comment on Judicial Interpretation of the Federal Court Interpreters Act." The Justice System Journal 14: 103-109.

internal-pdf://3259267357/Astiz-1990-A Comment on Judicial Interpretatio.pdf

Astiz, Carlos. 1993. "Language Barriers in the Criminal Justice System." Washington, DC.

Astiz, Carlos A. 1986. "But they Don't Speak the Language: Achieving Quality Control of Translation in Criminal Courts." The Judges' Journal: Primavera 1986.

Atkinson, Mr. 1961. "Client Interviews (Interpretation)." Hansard 195.

Avendaño González, Luis Eusebio Alberto, and Ramsés Samael Montoya Camarena. 2014. "Coherencia interna y sincretismo teórico en la fundamentación constitucional mexicana." Opinión Jurídica: Publicación de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Medellín 13 (26): 81-90.

ABSTRACT: In current legal theory the constitutional context is the platform for assuring rights and freedoms; however, the Mexican Constitution foresees assumptions that are mutually exclusive. This circumstance implies the prescription of a right at the Constitutional level and also a non-right; consequently, this results in a methodological syncretism. In addition to denounce such a contradiction, this article is intended to defend the premise that the Constitution requires internal coherence. Such an idea is grounded on the equality principle and the judicial interpretation as an attempt for adjusting theoretical coherence to the constitutional norms.

En la teoría jurídica actual el ámbito constitucional es la plataforma para la garantía de los derechos y las libertades; sin embargo, la Constitución mexicana prevé supuestos que son excluyentes entre sí. Esta circunstancia implica prescribir en el nivel constitucional un derecho y, a su vez, un no derecho, lo que por consecuencia crea un sincretismo metodológico. Este texto, además de denunciar tal contradicción, defiende la premisa de que la Constitución requiere de coherencia interna. Dicha idea toma como base el principio de igualdad y la interpretación judicial, para adecuar la coherencia teórica y normativa de la carta constitucional.

Avera, Brenda. 1999. "Development of Court Interpreting Program for the Gwinnett Judicial Circuit, Lawrenceville, Georgia."

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Baker, Alice J. 1999. "A model statute to provide foreign-language interpreters in the Ohio Courts." The University of Toledo Law Review 30: 593-620.

Bancroft, Marjory, Lola Bendana, Jean Bruggeman, and Lois Feuerle. 2013. "Interpreting in the Gray Zone: Where Community and Legal Interpreting Intersect." Translation & Interpreting 5: 94-113. https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.105201.2013.a05.

ABSTRACT: Interpreting in legal settings outside the courtroom is an area where community and legal interpreting intersect, a “gray zone” where the rules from each of these areas may mesh or collide. Thus legal interpreting outside the courtroom is an area that has caused great confusion for both the legal interpreters and the community interpreters who practice in its confines. Two neighboring countries, the United States and Canada, have adopted different approaches to interpreting in this area and to the kind of certification necessary for those community interpreters who work in legal settings. This article discusses non-courtroom legal interpreting in the broadest sense in both the United States and Canada, overviewing spoken non-courtroom legal interpreting in both countries, addressing the various challenges involved, and summarizing the emerging best practices for legal interpreting outside the courtroom, including some current and developing certification programs that affect, or may affect, non-courtroom legal interpreting.

internal-pdf://0719885377/Bancroft-2013-Interpreting in the Gray Zone_ W.pdf

Bañegil Espinosa, Francisco. 2008. "Breve nota sobre la interpretación judicial del retraso en resolver en las resoluciones de la Dirección General (art. 327.9 de la Ley Hipotecaria)." La notaria (55): 67-70.

Barbancho Tovillas, Fernando. 1999. "Medio instrumentales de la acción sindical en la empresa: derechos de las secciones sindicales y su interpretación judicial." In Trabajo y libertades públicas, 445-478.

Barcelo, Cosme Jr. 1979. "The Court Interpreter Act, A Step Towards Equal Justice." Agenda 9: 21-25.

Bárcena Zubieta, Arturo, and Oscar Pérez de la Fuente. 2008. "Interpretación judicial y derechos indígenas en México." In Una discusión sobre la gestión de la diversidad cultural, 285-312. Madrid : Dykinson : Instituto de Derechos Humanos Bartolomé de las Casas, 2008.

Barnett, T E. 1969. "The local court magistrate and the settlement of disputes." In Fashion of Law in New Guinea: Being an Account of the Past, Present and Developing System of Laws in Papua and New Guinea, edited by Bernard J Brown, 159-179. Sydney: Butterworths.

Belliveau, Gay. 1990. "Legal Interpreting and Translating in New Jersey's Courts." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 139-157. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Bennett, John. 1981. "Training of Court Interpreters: an Ideal and a Realistic View." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda Roberts, 179-182. Ottawa: University of Ottawa.

ABSTRACT: As early as 1966, Claude-Armand Sheppard, in his report to the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, indicate.d widespread dissatisfaction in legal circles all over Canada with the qualifications of interpreters, and expressed surprise at the fact.t?at

and qualifying of court interpreters. 1 Since the 60s, the situation has changed only to a certain extent.* There is still room for considerable improvement in the qualifications of court interpreters. So it is fitting

required for court interpreters.

in Canada, Studies

there was no jurisdiction in Canada which provided for the trammg that some serious consideration be given

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Bennett, John. 1981. "The Role of Court Interpreting and the Work of Court Interpreters." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda Roberts, 11-19. Ottawa: University of Ottawa.

Bennett, John. 1981. "Court Interpreting in Canada." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda Roberts, 19-25. Ottawa: University of Ottawa.

Bergenfield, Glenn. 1978. "Trying Non-English Conversant Defendants: The Use of an Interpreter." Oregon Law Review 57: 549-565.

internal-pdf://2426205868/Bergenfield-1978-Trying Non-English Conversant.pdf

Bergeron, Gilles. 2002. "L’interprétation en milieu judiciaire." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 225-232. https://doi.org/10.7202/008011ar.

ABSTRACT: The right to the services of an interpreter within the framework of court procedures is enshrined in both the Canadian and the Quebec Charter of Rights, and therefore, constitutes an important element in the administration of justice in Canada. The courts have interpreted the provisions of these Charters and have developed standards of interpretation with which we are faced and of which application is not without problems. Certainly, this constitutional right does not affect all regions in the same way. For example, the Montréal region has a multiethnic character all its own, as 90% of all immigrants who settle in Quebec live here. This cultural diversity, which characterizes the region, will necessarily affect the judicial services offered. The combined evolution of these rights, norms, and sociocultural realities therefore represent, for a court such as Montreal's, a constant challenge within the framework of a sound administration of justice.

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Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1985. "Fallacies in judicial assumptions about bilingual court proceedings: The role of the court interpreter." Symposium on Law and Language, Georgetown University.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1987. "The intersection of testimony styles in interpreted judicial proceedings: Pragmatic alterations in Spanish testimony." Linguistics 25: 1087-1125.

ABSTRACT: This paper shows how two speech styles found previously to be significant in courtroom talk often intersect in the interpretation of foreign-language witness testimony. The importance of this finding is that the two styles, 'narrative' testimony style and 'powerless' testimony style, have been found to result in opposite social/psychological impressions of a speaker. This paper shows how Spanish/English court interpreters systematically alter the nature of Spanish testimony in the course of rendering it in the target language, English. In general, testimony is lengthened. Lengthening is accomplished by a set of pragmatic devices, specifically, the use of (I) polite forms of address, (2) hedges, (3) uncontracted forms, (4) inserted linguistic material perceived to be 'understood' in or underlying utterances, (5) particles, and (6) rephrasing of already interpreted talk. In those cases where the interpretation in English is significantly shorter than the Spanish original, some of the same pragmatic elements that generally serve to lengthen an interpreted answer turn out to be the ones that have been omitted in the interpreting process. The findings of this study are based upon an analysis of 2470 Spanish answers, derived from the Spanish testimony of 27 witnesses, and the English interpretation of those answers by six court interpreters. The cases are primarily criminal trials originating in federal, state, and municipal courts in the USA. The study concludes that as answers are lengthened in the course of interpreting, and fragmented style becomes narrativelike in quality, elements of powerless style enter into interpreted

testimony.

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Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1988. "The impact of politeness in witness testimony: the influence of the court interpreter." Multilingua 7: 411-439.

ABSTRACT: A study of the subjective reactiom of 551 monolingual English Speakers and bilingualSpanish/English Speakers acting äs mock Jurors reveals thatpoliteness plays an important role in the impressions that listenersform of testifying witnesses. Pretendingto be Jurors, half the sample heard the Spanish testimony of a witness being interpreted in English by a court Interpreter, in a rendition which included polite address terms. The remaining half of the sample heard the Spanish testimony being interpreted in English without politeness markers. Those who had heard the polite Interpretation found the Spanish speaking witness significantly more convincing, competent, intelligent, and trust- worthy than did those who had heard the same witness when his testimony was interpreted without politeness markers. This study shows that politeness enhances listeners' perception of testifying witnesses. Furthermore, it finds that men and women are equally affected by the presence or absence of politeness, and that bilinguals, too, are influenced by politeness marking in an Interpreter's rendition of testimony. Finally, the role ofthe court Interpreter can be seen to be pivotal in shaping the impressions that listeners form of witnesses.

internal-pdf://4084960564/Berk-Seligson-1988-The impact of politeness in.pdf

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1988. "The importance of linguistics in court interpreting." La Raza Law Journal 2: 201-2035.

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Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1989. "The role of register in the bilingual courtroom: evaluative reactions to interpreted testimony." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 79: 79-81.

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Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1990. The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Chicago and London: Oxford University Press.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1990. "Bilingual Court Proceedings. The Role of the Court Interpreter." In Language in the judicial process, edited by J N Levi and A G Walker, 155-201. New York, London: Plenum Press.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1992 [2017]. The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1999. "The impact of court interpreting on the coerciveness of leading questions." Forensic Linguistics 6 (1).

ABSTRACT: Leading questions comprise a powerful weapon in the tactical arsenal of attor- neys because such questions to a great degree control the outcome of witnesses? answers. This paper addresses two research questions. First, ?What characterizes leading questions, from a linguistic point of view?? Second, looking at leading questions in a context of foreign-language interpreting, it asks, ?What impact do court interpreters have on leading questions?? The findings reveal that in judicial proceedings where court interpreters are at work, the coercive force of leading questions systematically tends to be weakened by interpreters. Of all the factors hypothesized to affect the accuracy with which leading questions are interpreted, only mode of interpreting (simultaneous versus consecutive) and type of judicial proceeding (trial versus hearing versus deposition) were found to be significant predictors.

internal-pdf://1989352324/Berk-Seligson-1999-The impact of court interpr.PDF

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2000. "Interpreting for the police: Issues in pre-trial phases of the juridical process." Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 7: 213-237.

ABSTRACT: During the investigative phase of the judicial process, interpreting for those who do not speak the language of the courts is often carried out either by bilingual police officers and other employees of the police department, or by relatives and friends of suspects or detainees. In any of these cases, the norms of professional court interpreting can easily be violated. A review of appellate cases coming from California, Florida and New York reveals that when the police make use of unqualified interpreters during their investigative interviews or interrogations, frequently the Miranda rights of detainees are jeopardized. Issues of hearsay also arise in such cases. The use of ad hoc interpreters in police investigative work is questioned by the author.

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Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2002. The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. With a New Chapter. 2nd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2006. "Court Interpreting." In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, edited by Keith Brown. Elsevier.

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Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2007. "The Impact of Court Interpreting on the Coerciveness of Leading Questions." International Journal of Speech Language and the Law 6 (1): 30-56.

Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2010. "Judicial systems in contact: Access to justice and the right to interpreting/ translating services among the Quichua of Ecuador." In Doing Justice to Court Interpreting, edited by Miriam Shlesinger and Franz Pöchhacker, 29-53. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Bestué, Carmen. 2019. "From the trial to the transcription: listening problems related to thematic knowledge: some implications for the didactics of court interpreting studies." Fachsprache: Internationale Zeitschrift für Fachsprachenforschung -didaktik und Terminologie 41 (3): 159-181.

Bhatia, Vijay K, and Aditi Bhatia. 2011. "Legal discourse across cultures and socio-pragmatic contexts." World Englishes 30: 481-495.

ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: Much of the work on legal discourse has focused on its construction, interpretation, and use with particular emphasis on either language or legal content; however, very little attention is paid to context, both socio-political as well as cross-cultural, although all forms of legal discourse, spoken as well as written, are applied and interpreted in the context of what Scollon refers to as 'sites of engagement'. Drawing on a number of legal contexts, this paper will attempt to illustrate that interpretations of legal discourse invariably depend on the context of socio-pragmatic realities to which a particular instance of legal discourse applies, and hence socio-political as well as cross-cultural factors have a crucial role to play in its interpretation. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR

Biernacka, Agnieska. 2018. Interpreter-Mediated Interactions of the Courtroom: a naturally occurring data based study.Studies in Language, Culture and Society. Bern: Peter Lang.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreting understood as services provided for court stakeholders and court’s private clients is a subdiscipline which has emerged as an area of investigation within Interpreting Studies. Although the research in court interpreting has been enjoying prominence at an international level, there are still aspects of the profession which need further analysis. This book is aimed at presenting qualitative research into court interpreting in Poland, and in particular, where the Polish-English and (to a lesser extent) Polish-Spanish language pairs are involved. The study pertains to the descriptive research into court interpreting where the interpreter is perceived as an active participant in the interaction obliged to satisfy the principles of professional ethics.

Bird, Greta. 1988. "The Legal System in Australia's Multicultural Society. Interpreting and the Law Conference."

Blasco Lahoz, José Francisco. 2001. "El régimen jurídico y la interpretación judicial del derecho a las prestaciones sanitarias complementarias de la Seguridad Social." Aranzadi social (5): 577-602.

Blasco Lahoz, José Francisco. 2008. "El concepto legal de enfermedad profesional y su interpretación judicial y doctrinal." Estudios financieros. Revista de trabajo y seguridad social: Comentarios, casos prácticos : recursos humanos (308): 155-156.

Blasco Mayor, María Jesús, and María Isabel del Pozo Triviño. 2015. "La interpretación judicial en España en un momento de cambio." MonTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación (7): 9-40.

ABSTRACT: La publicación en la Unión Europea de la Directiva 2010/64/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de octubre, relativa al derecho a interpretación y traducción en los procesos penales ha marcado un antes y un después en una gran cantidad de aspectos relacionados con la interpretación en sede judicial y policial. Esta norma tiene como principal objetivo garantizar la interpretación judicial de calidad durante todo el proceso, como parte del derecho a la defensa y a un juicio justo.España, como Estado Miembro de la UE, tiene la obligación de transponer la norma europea a su derecho interno. Se trata, pues, de un momento histórico en el que confluyen dos factores principales: la necesidad de cambiar la legislación para adaptarla a la nueva norma y la necesidad de implementar medidas para garantizar el cumplimiento de los nuevos mandatos.En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión del estado de la cuestión sobre la interpretación judicial en España desde el punto de vista de la legislación y de la provisión de servicios, y se analizan las medidas que debe tomar nuestro país para garantizar que la interpretación en los tribunales de justicia se lleva a cabo con las debidas garantías. Estas medidas incluyen la formación de intérpretes y de operadores judiciales, la creación de sistemas de acreditación y registros, así como la consolidación del perfil profesional de los intérpretes.

internal-pdf://1129566121/Blasco Mayor-2015-La interpretación judicial e.pdf

Bolhuis-Zerner, Danielle. 1989. "L'interprétation à la Cour internationale de Justice." Parallèles 11: 71-74.

Bookless, Madeleine. 1980. "Candid Comments from a Court Interpreter." L'antenne 12/5.

Bothien, Erwin H. 1957. "Die neuen kostenrechtlichen Vorschriften für gerichtlich beeidigte Dolmetscher und Übersetzer." Mitteilungsblatt für Dolmetscher und Übersetzer 3: 1-2.

Bothien, Erwin H. 1957. "Die neuen kostenrechtlichen Vorschriften für gerichtlich beeidigte Dolmetscher und Übersetzer in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland." L'interprète 12: 8-10.

Božko-Čače, Margarita. 2019. "Court interpreter in court system." In INDIVIDUAL. SOCIETY. STATE. Proceedings of the International Student and Teacher Scientific and Practical Conference.

ABSTRACT: The goal of the research is a study of legal basis for court interpreter's activity, exposure and analysis of problems. The research deals with the detailed study of legal basis for court interpreter's activity, reveals the topical issues in the there of court interpreting and provides analysis of these issues and suggestions. In Latvia there is no certain definition of court interpreter. In Latvia there is no institute of sworn interpreter. In Latvia there is no normative regulation stipulating the professional activity of a court interpreter. The research has a practical importance as it provides solutions for improvement of court interpreter's work to be introduced in the Latvian normative regulation.

Bozko-Cace, Margarita, and Lāsma Drozde. 2018. "Court interpreter in criminal proceedings." Administrative and Criminal Justice 4: 4-22. https://doi.org/10.17770/acj.v4i85.3669.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreter plays a specific and important role, which is often underestimated in criminal proceedings. One of human rights’ aspects deals with ensuring a high-quality translation in order to make the procedure available for a person, who does not understand the proceedings language, ensure one’s rights and administer justice. The aim of the study is to find out the legal ground of court interpreter’s activity in criminal proceedings, to reveal and analyse related issues. In the article, the authors reveal topical issues linked to legal regulation concerning court interpreters and offer solutions. Namely, to ensure efficiency of court interpreter’s work, a judge should create as beneficial working conditions for an interpreter as possible, make breaks every 2 hours during court hearings, speakers (judges, prosecutors, lawyers, specialists, experts) should be trained in the field of public speech and how to work with an interpreter as well as court rooms should be ensured with modern interpreting equipment. In order to introduce single practice and deliver highquality translations in Latvian courts, there is a need in development of training and certification system for court interpreters and a special normative act regulating the legal activity of court interpreters, what would be a good basis for elaboration of court interpreters’ register.

internal-pdf://2639188628/Bozko-Cace-2019-Court interpreter in criminal.pdf

Bozsik, Gyöngyvér. 2011. "Kayoko Takeda: Interpreting the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: A Sociopolitical Analysis (Perspectives on Translation)." Across Languages and Cultures 12 (2): 275-277. https://doi.org/doi:10.1556/Acr.12.2011.2.8. http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/Acr.12.2011.2.8.

ABSTRACT: Review

Braun, Sabine. 2018. "Video-mediated interpreting in legal settings in England: interpreters’ perceptions in their sociopolitical context." Translation and Interpreting Studies 13 (3): 393-420.

ABSTRACT: The increasing use of videoconferencing technology in legal proceedings has led to different configurations of video-mediated interpreting (VMI). Few studies have explored interpreter perceptions of VMI, each focusing on one country, configuration (e.g., interpreter-assisted video links between courts and remote participants) and setting (e.g., immigration). The present study is the first that draws on multiple data sets, countries, settings and configurations to investigate interpreter perceptions of VMI. It compares perceptions in England with other countries, covering common configurations (e.g., court-prison video links, links to remote interpreters) and settings (e.g., police, court, immigration), and considers the sociopolitical context in which VMI has emerged. The aim is to gain systematic insights into factors shaping the interpreters’ perceptions as a step toward improving VMI.

Bresnahan, Mary I. 1991. "When a response is not an answer: Understanding conflict in nonnative legal testimony." Multilingua 10: 275-293.

ABSTRACT: Using an analytic framework for Statements and responses developed by Goffman, this study explores how the interrogaiion style of prosecutors and the response style of defendants contribute to the genesis of conflict in a criminal trial indicting two foreign-born defendants. For every Statement, there is a broad paradigm of acceptability for response. Within this broad paradigm, there is a hierarchy of response from most acceptable to least. The farther down the hierarchy of acceptability of response, the greater the relational/rhetorical cost for so arguing. Analysis ofthe text cfthe trial transcript shows that these foreign-born, nonnative English speaking defendants optfor low acceptability, high cost, noncongruent response strategies which challenge both the right of the prosecutor to make negative suggestions as well as the negative suggestions themselves. But because these defendants are not totally familiar with the full panorama of linguistic, social, and cultural rules characterizing ordinary exchanges in English, much less legal exchanges in the American courtroom, they are unable to fully deploy these strategies of refutation or to deploy them convincingly. This unsuccessful attempt to reverse impugnments to their character and story causes them to be seen as combative, evasive, uncooperative, and lacking in credibility.

internal-pdf://2053999524/Bresnahan-1991-When a response is not an answe.pdf

Brière, Eugène J. 1978. "Limited English Speakers and the Miranda Rights." TESOL Quarterly 12: 235-245.

ABSTRACT: The "MirandaRights"were designed so that every personwho is arrested

understands that s/he need not answer any questions without an attorney

being presentand that, if needed, an attorneywill be appointedwithoutcharge

to the suspect. However, an analysisof the complexityof the language of the

rights reveals an average eighth grade level of reading difficulty with fifty percent comprehension and a thirteenth grade level of aural comprehension difficulty with one hundredpercent comprehension. Clearly, any suspect of limited English speaking ability or limited educational background could have difficulty understanding the rights as read to her/him. This paper describes the process used to determineif a Thai individual, of a limited English speaking background, seemed to have enough proficiencyin English to understandhis rights and then to waive them.

internal-pdf://0943947335/Brière-1978-Limited English Speakers and the M.pdf

Briggs-Sykes, T. Caroline. 2005. "Lost in Translation: The Need for a Formal Court Interpreter Program in Alaska." Alaska Law Review 22 (1): 113-134.

internal-pdf://0304088770/Briggs-Sykes-2005-Lost in Translation_ The Nee.pdf

Bromberg, Jinny, and Irina Jesionowski. 2010. "Trends in court interpreter training." MultiLingual June 2010: 35–39.

internal-pdf://1784639527/Bromberg-2010-Trends in court interpreter trai.pdf

Brummond, Patrick, and Karen Mikshowsky. 2012. District 7 Court Interpreter Pilot Program Report.

Butler, Ian, and Lesley Noaks. 1992. "Foreign Language Interpreters and the Police."

California Court Interpreters Program. 2011. What’s New in California Court Interpreting: An Update on Outreach, Training, and Testing. Administrative Office of the Courts (San Francisco, CA). http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/cipnews-050611.pdf.

internal-pdf://4084960470/California Cour-2011-What’s New in California.pdf

California, Judicial Council of. 1999. "Professional Ethics and the Role of the Court Interpreter."

Camayd-Freixas, Erik. 2000. "Sociolinguistic Categorization of Spanish-English False Cognates for Court Interpreting Strategies." In Research on Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Issues and Challenges, edited by Ana Roca, 95-109. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.

Camayd-Freixas, Erik. 2013. "Court Interpreter Ethics and the Role of Professional Organizations." In Interpreting in a Changing Landscape. Selected Papers from Critical Link 6, edited by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens and Yvonne Fowler, 15-30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: The changing landscape in interpreting includes a recent trend toward criminalizing unauthorized immigration, giving rise to a procedurally and ethically ambiguous area of the law: “crimmigration.” Its contradictions in terms of constitutional, civil, and human rights came to the fore in the 2008 Postville, Iowa immigration raid and mass felony prosecutions, a landmark case that challenged interpreter codes of ethics and the role of professional organizations in responding to such challenges. This paper examines both the intrinsic and interpretive limitations of existing ethical codes through a historical analysis of their development in relation to the main traditions in ethical theory – deontology, consequentialism, moral sentiments, and virtue ethics – and using Postville as a practical case study. Recommendations are made for an in-depth revision of interpreter codes and the proactive leadership role of professional organizations, proposing as model the interpreter code of ethics of the Massachusetts Trial Courts.

internal-pdf://0719884672/Camayd-Freixas-2013-Court Interpreter Ethics a.pdf

Carr, Donna. 2001. "Lost in the Translation: Due Process for Non-English Speaking Defendants from an Appellate Perspective." Interpreter Manual.

internal-pdf://1211270210/Carr-2001-Lost in the Translation_ Due Process.pdf

Carr, Silvana E. 1984. "Manual for Court Interpreters." Vancouver.

Carr, Silvana E. 1988. "Towards a Court Interpreting System in a Multicultural Society: English-Speaking British Columbia." In Languages at Crossroads. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the American Translators' Association, edited by Deanna Lindberg Hammond, 417-422. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Carr, Silvana E. 1990. "Court Interpreting Training: Certificate Program, Vancouver Community College." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 41-45. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Casamayor Maspons, Reynaldo. 2013. "El rol desempeñado por el intérprete judicial en la organización del diálogo entre las partes en procedimientos judiciales penales." Entreculturas: revista de traducción y comunicación intercultural 6: 167-179.

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the practice of Court Interpreting in criminal procedures. In this article I try to study the rule adopted by the interpreter organizing the dialogue between the different parts represented in the Court room. Logically, the rule of the interpreter cannot replace the judge (Court authority) but it is useful to organize the times and facilitate the fluidity of communication in the Court context.

Este artículo versa sobre la práctica de la interpretación judicial en procedimientos penales. En él se pretende estudiar el rol que desempeña el intérprete en la organización del diálogo entre las partes presentes en la sede judicial. Lógicamente, el papel del intérprete no reemplaza la labor del juez (autoridad judicial), pero sí sirve para organizar los tiempos y facilitar la fluidez de la comunicación en contexto judicial.

internal-pdf://0364319522/Casamayor Maspo-2013-El rol desempeñado por el.pdf

Casas Baamonde, María Emilia. 1994. "Desplazamientos temporales de trabajadores e interpretación judicial del Convenio de Roma." Relaciones laborales: Revista crítica de teoría y práctica (1): 3-12.

Castro, Marcia Cristina. 2001. "Effective Communication with Non-English Speaking Clients." In Interpreter Manual, edited by Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy. Kentucky: Department of Public Advocacy.

internal-pdf://0628966949/castro.html

Cayón Sáez, Luis Javier. 2013. "Población extranjera, tipologías delictivas y práctica de la interpretación judicial y policial en la provincia de málaga: estudio de caso." Entreculturas: revista de traducción y comunicación intercultural (6): 143-166.

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the practice of Court and Police Interpreting in Malaga. The importance of the practice of interpreting in this Andalusian province is closely related to the volume of foreign population living, temporarily o permanently, in this geographic area of the South of Spain. This is the reason why we have made a study on population which will offer us the possibility to stablish a relationship between three complementary elements: the volume of foreign population in Málaga, the importance of this for the practice of Court and Police Interpreting in this province and the typology of the most common offenses and crimes committed, indicating, if possible, which are the more relevant foreign communities involved and how those offenses and crimes are named in the slang used by the police.

Este artículo versa sobre la práctica de la interpretación judicial y policial en la provincia de Málaga. La importancia de estas prácticas en esta provincia andaluza están íntimamente relacionadas con el volumen de población extranjera que reside, de forma temporal o permanente, en esta zona geográfica del sur de España. De ahí que hayamos procedido a realizar un estudio de población que nos permite poner en relación tres elementos complementarios entre sí: el volumen de población extranjera en Málaga, la importancia que esto tiene para la práctica de la interpretación judicial y policial en esta provincia y las tipologías delictivas más frecuentes, indicando, cuando esto es posible, cuáles son los colectivos extranjeros más implicados y como se denomina, en la jerga de la policía, a estos delitos.

internal-pdf://2657127212/Cayón Sáez-2013-Población extranjera, tipologí.pdf

Chandler, David, and Joan Colin. 1992. "Training in Court Interpreters: A Local Initiative." The Magistrate Maig: 66.

Chang, Annabel R. 2008. "Lost in Interpretation: The Problem of Plea Bargains and Court Interpretation for Non-English- Speaking Defendants." Washington University Law Review 86 (2): 445-480.

internal-pdf://2639189010/Chang-2008-Lost in Interpretation_ The Problem.pdf

Chang, Williamson B. C., and Manuel U. Araujo. 1975. "Interpreters for the Defense: Due Process for the Non-English-Speaking Defendant." California Law Review 63: 801-823.

ABSTRACT: Asserts that the communication problems of non-English speaking indigent defendants in the United States can be solved by the appointment of court-compensated interpreters. Selection of language in legal proceedings; Evaluation of legislative proposals regarding the provision of interpreters; Arguments derived from considerations of equal protection and due process.

internal-pdf://2813163945/Chang-1975-Interpreters for the Defense_ Due P.pdf

Channen, Omkar Nath. 1982. "The Role of the Court Interpreter."

Chapman, Ronald C. 1990. "How American Courts View Defendants' Rights to Interpreters." In Interpreting. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 81-90. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Chase, Dawn. 1999. "The Need for Interpreters-Multiculturalism Creates a Challenge for the Court System." Virginia Lawyers Weekly.

Chciuk-Celt, Alexandra. 1981. "Court Interpretation Seminar." ATA Chronicle 10: 25.

Chen, Yaling, and Posen Liao. 2016. "A Revised Model for the Professionalization of Court Interpreting in Taiwan." Compilation and Translation Review 9 (2): 137‑164.

Cheung, Andrew K.F. 2012. "The use of reported speech by court interpreters in Hong Kong." Interpreting 14: 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.14.1.04che.

ABSTRACT: This is a corpus-based study that investigates instances in which court interpreters in Hong Kong deviate from using direct speech and the first person, notwithstanding the requirement to use both of these when rendering statements made by witnesses or defendants. Quantitative data indicate that court interpreters do adhere to this requirement when interpreting Cantonese into English, but deviate from it when interpreting English into Cantonese. These data suggest that the use of reported speech and/or of the third person has identification functions that help Cantonese-speaking witnesses and defendants follow court proceedings and serve the pragmatic function of adding illocutionary force to interpreted utterances. Data from interviews with interpreters and legal professionals suggest that some latitude is exercised and tolerated when interpreters deviate from using direct speech and/or the first person when the target language is Cantonese. The findings indicate that court interpreters in the corpus observe strict professional guidelines by using direct speech most of the time, but occasional deviation from the direct approach suggests that court interpreters are able to make discretionary decisions to facilitate communication.

internal-pdf://3333574053/Cheung-2012-The use of reported speech by cour.pdf

Cheung, Andrew K. F. 2014. "The use of reported speech and the perceived neutrality of court interpreters." Interpreting 16 (2): 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.16.2.03che.

ABSTRACT: A mock trial, with two-way consecutive interpreting between Cantonese and English, was used to test perceptions of a court interpreter’s neutrality when interpreting into Cantonese in reported rather than direct speech. Monolingual Cantonese speakers played the part of witnesses using the interpreter. Three groups were created: a control group (16 participants), receiving interpretation of all English utterances into Cantonese in direct speech; and two experimental groups (17 participants each). The experimental groups received interpretation with occasional switches to reported speech. These were introduced by third person pronouns (e.g., “he said”) for one group (the ‘pronoun group’), and by professional titles (e.g., “the judge said”) for the other group (the ‘title group’). Participants afterwards completed a questionnaire, assessing neutrality and alignment on a 5-point Likert scale. The title group not only perceived the interpreter to be aligned with the English speakers, but also gave a significantly different assessment of neutrality from the control group. The pronoun group perceived the interpreter to be aligned with them, but did not differ significantly from the control group in their perception of neutrality. Use of pronouns or professional titles in the reporting clauses thus affected the interpreter’s perceived neutrality differently

internal-pdf://0050450226/Cheung-2014-The use of reported speech and the.pdf

Cheung, Andrew K. F. 2017. "Non-renditions in court interpreting: A corpus-based study." Babel: Revue Internationale de la Traduction = International Journal of Translation 63 (2): 174-199.

ABSTRACT: By examining the types and frequencies of non-renditions in a 100-hour corpus of court interpreting records from Hong Kong, this study demonstrated that court interpreters actively coordinate communication when carrying out their interpreting duties. Non-renditions are interpreters’ utterances that do not have a corresponding counterpart in the source language, and such renditions are ordinarily used to coordinate interpreter-mediated exchanges. This analysis revealed that in the Hong Kong court setting, non-renditions were less common in English (the court language) than in Cantonese (the main language of the witnesses and defendants). In the Cantonese subsample, interactional non-renditions were more common than textual non-renditions, and most of these utterances were self-initiated rather than prompted by others. In the English subsample, textual non-renditions were more common than interactional non-renditions, and most of them were other-prompted. The skewed distribution of non-renditions, and particularly the tendency to address non-renditions to the lay participants, suggests that court interpreters may not be absolutely impartial.

internal-pdf://1253207476/Cheung-2017-Non-renditions in court interpreti.pdf

Cheung, Andrew K. F. 2018. "Non-renditions and the court interpreter’s perceived impartiality: A role-play study." Interpreting 20 (2): 232-258. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00011.che.

ABSTRACT: This experimental study examined whether non-renditions are linked to the court interpreter’s perceived impartiality. A witness examination was simulated in three variations on a scripted role play, with consecutive interpreting between Cantonese and English. A sample of female Cantonese speakers, divided into two experimental groups and a control group, each played the part of the witness in one role play; the interpreter and the English-speaking bench (judge and defense attorney) were always played by the same three actors. In two experimental groups, the interpretation included some utterances with no source speech counterpart (non-renditions): a Cantonese non-rendition group (16 individuals) had procedural and textual non-renditions addressed to them in Cantonese, without English interpretation for the bench; an English non-rendition group (15 individuals) heard some brief exchanges between the interpreter and the bench, with no Cantonese interpretation. A control group (15 individuals) was not exposed to non-renditions. All three groups completed a questionnaire after the role play. The English non-rendition group rated the interpreter significantly lower than the others on impartiality, and was also the only group to comment unfavorably on the interpreter. A possible explanation is that the Cantonese speakers in this group could not follow the English non-renditions and felt excluded.

internal-pdf://1626276109/Cheung-2018-Non-renditions and the court inter.pdf

Choate, Denise Look. 1999. "Labor Issues and Interpreters in the California Trial Courts: An Exchange." Proteus 8.

Choolun, Nicole. 2009. "Lost in Translation? An Examination of Court Interpreting in Australia." Queensland Law Student Review 2 (1).

internal-pdf://1215387142/Choolun-2009-Lost in Translation_ An Examinati.pdf

Christensen, Tina Paulsen. 2011. "User expectations and evaluation: a case study of a court interpreting event." Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 19 (1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09076761003728554.

ABSTRACT:

Based on an empirical investigation, this article addresses the issue of interpreting quality. The study is carried out as a case study by means of a research strategy investigating a phenomenon within its real-life context. The phenomena investigated in the study are the users’ interpreter-related quality expectations and their evaluation of the interpreter participating in an authentic Danish courtroom setting. The study investigates to which extent the different users share the same expectations about courtroom interpreting and how they assess the performance of the interpreter. Furthermore, the study examines the interpreter’s perception of his professional role. The techniques combined in the case study are case-based survey research, descriptive analysis based on transcripts, documen- tary analysis and on-site observation. The study indicates that to a large extent there is a consensus among the users about the role and obligations of the court interpreter. Furthermore, the study suggests that to a large extent the interpreter’s perception of his professional role is in line with the users’ expectations and that the users generally evaluate the interpreter’s performance as corresponding to their expectations.

internal-pdf://0076065812/Christensen-2011-User expectations and evaluat.pdf

Çiçek, Kemal. 2002. "Interpreters of the Court in the Ottoman Empire as seen from the Sharia Court Records of Cyprus." Islamic Law & Society 9: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851902753649252.

ABSTRACT: Although the question of interpreters (tercüman) in the Ottoman empire has been a popular subject in recent writing on Ottoman history, the interpreters of the courts of the qadi (mahkeme tercümanlarι) have remained a mystery. Pioneering researchers of the sijills have mentioned their presence in court, but have been unable to establish their existence or explain the silence of the records about their position. In this essay, I analyse documents found in the sijills of the province of Nicosia, Cyprus, in order to explore the work of the translators who were charged with helping people on trial who did not know Ottoman Turkish. The court interpreters assisted the qadi and played an important role in the administration of justice, especially with regard to non-Muslims. The presence of interpreters in the qadi court of Nicosia helped the qadi to administer justice among dhimmis and gain their confidence, which may explain the frequency of references to them. Based on some berats (documents issued by the diwans) recorded in the sijills, I examine the identity, appointment, and the legal status of court interpreters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Islamic Law & Society is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

internal-pdf://4022819574/Çiçek-2002-Interpreters of the Court in the Ot.pdf

Cirillo, Letizia, and Natacha Niemants, eds. 2017. Teaching Dialogue Interpreting. Research-Based Proposals for Higher Education. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: Teaching Dialogue Interpreting is one of the very few book-length contributions that cross the research-to-training boundary in dialogue interpreting. The volume is innovative in at least three ways. First, it brings together experts working in areas as diverse as business interpreting, court interpreting, medical interpreting, and interpreting for the media, who represent a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches. Second, it addresses instructors and course designers in higher education, but may also be used for refresher courses and/or retraining of in-service interpreters and bilingual staf. Third, and most important, it provides a set of resources, which, while research driven, are also readily usable in the classroom – either together or separately – depending on speciic training needs and/or research interests. The collection thus makes a signiicant contribution in curriculum design for interpreter education.

Claus, Haydee. 1997. "The role of counsel and the courts in addressing foreign language and cultural barriers at different stages of a criminal proceeding." Western New England Law Review 19: 193-228.

Claus, Haydee. 2000. "Court Interpreting: Complexities and Miunderstangings." Alaska Justice Forum 13.

Clément, Jean. 1986. "Quoi de neuf du côté des interprètes judiciaires?" InformATIO February-M.

Coffidis, Joes. 1998. "Court Interpreter Costs Rising." The Olympian.

Colin, Joan. 1993. ""The view from the bench": a case for training in the Courts." In Proceedings, XIIIth World Congress of FIT, Translation — the vital link, edited by Catriona Picken. Londres: Institute of Translation and Interpreting.

Colins, Joan, and Ruth Morris. 1996. "Interpreters and the Legal Process."

Colletta, Jean Marc. 1995. "Terminologie spécialisée en contexte judiciaire." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 40 (2): 250-259. https://doi.org/10.7202/002350ar.

ABSTRACT: La justice pratiquée dans les tribunaux pour enfants est en France largement basée sur des échanges oraux entre les magistrats et les familles. Or l'intervention d'experts auprès de cette juridiction s'accompagne d'une terminologie spécialisée qui, en addition à la terminologie judiciaire, vient obscurcir les propos des professionnels. Outre une présentation des termes spécialisés les plus couramment employés, on s'interrogera ici sur l'importance, les conséquences et les alternatives à ces emplois terminologiques.

internal-pdf://1375570996/Colletta-1995-Terminologie spécialisée en cont.pdf

Committee, Court Interpreter Advisory. 2000. "Best Practices Manual on Interpreters in the Minnesota State Court System.", Minnesota.

internal-pdf://3172685862/Committee-2000-Best Practices Manual on Interp.pdf

Conrique, Ruth. 1990. "The Status of the Legal (Court) Interpreter in the United States: A Need for Training." In Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of the International Federation of Translators, edited by Mladen Jovanovic, 742-743. Belgrado: Prevodilac.

Constable, Andrew. 2016. "Methodologies and techniques used in training simultaneous interpreters of Languages of Lesser Diffusion at the International Criminal Court." In TraiLLD: training in languages of lesser diffusion, edited by Katalin Balogh, Heidi Salaets and Dominique van Schoor, 69-80. Leuven / Tielt: Lannoo Campus.

ABSTRACT: The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has resulted in investigations in a large number of geographical areas in which numerous languages spoken, giving the Court a language regime unlike any other international organization. As interpretation of proceedings has been required in language combinations for which there were no trained simultaneous interpreters, the ICC established its own interpreter training programme to meet this demand. This chapter will therefore first outline the ICC context before setting out the methodologies adopted and techniques used in interpreter training, taking into account the various constraints the programme is subject to, including the time frame for producing fully-fledged simultaneous court interpreters to be trial-ready by a specific date, and the availability of interpreter trainers.

Correas, Óscar. 1996. "Sobre la interpretación judicial del derecho y la democracia." Travesías: Política, cultura y sociedad en Iberoamérica (1): 245-250.

Corsellis, Ann. 1995. "Non-English speakers and the English legal system: a handbook to good practice for those working in the legal system across language and culture." Cropwood Occasional Paper, 20: vi, 69 p.

Coughlin, Josette. 1984. "Should Court Interpreters and Conference Interpreters Be Trained in Separate Academic Programs?" Meta: Journal des traducteurs 29 (4): 420-421. https://doi.org/10.7202/002416ar.

internal-pdf://3235089803/Coughlin-1984-Should Court Interpreters and Co.pdf

Court Interpreters Program. 2013. Professional Standards and Ethics for California Court Interpreters. Judicial Council of California (San Francisco, CA). https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/CIP-Ethics-Manual.pdf.

internal-pdf://2953234236/Court Interpret-2013-Professional Standards an.pdf

Courts, Administrative Office of the United States. 1990. "Federal Court Interpreters Manual: Policy and Procedures." Washington DC.

Courts, National Center for State. 2004. "Court Interpreters and Bilingual Positions."

Cover, Robert M. 2002. Derecho, narración y violencia: poder constructivo y poder destructivo en la interpretación judicial. Gedisa.

Crezee, Ineke, Jo Anna Burn, and Nidar Gailani. 2015. "Authentic Audiovisual Resources to Actualise Legal Interpreting Education." MONTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación (7): 271-293.

ABSTRACT: New Zealand Aotearoa is an English-medium country and a home to a high number of minority migrant groups speaking over 160 different languages. To cater to the needs of such a diverse population, the Interpreting and Translation Team at Auckland University of Technology has developed a language neutral pedagogy using a range of innovative teaching methods. One method is the use of authentic audio-visual material incorporating extracts from murder trials to raise awareness of courtroom discourse in general, and lawyers’ questions in particular. The aim of this study was to ascertain to what extent audiovisual clips are beneficial in legal interpreter education. After viewing audiovisual clips, students posted their practice on the university website. These recordings were then de-identified and formative feedback was given by language-specific markers as per standard performance based criteria. Students’ evaluation and comments from pre- and post-intervention surveys were analysed and form the basis of a discussion.

internal-pdf://2044897285/Crezee-2015-Authentic Audiovisual Resources to.pdf

Crezee, Ineke H. M., Wei Teng, and Jo Anna Burn. 2017. "Teething problems? Chinese student interpreters’ performance when interpreting authentic (cross-) examination questions in the legal interpreting classroom." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11 (4): 337-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2017.1359756.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it aims to introduce new assessment criteria to test the quality of interpreted renditions, based on functionalist approaches to translation theory. Secondly, it aims to test these criteria by analysing the English to Chinese interpreted renditions of authentic legal language undertaken by a small number of student interpreters in an undergraduate legal interpreting course at Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand. The analysis will test student interpreter performance using the criteria outlined, and will focus on two very common syntactical constructions in Chinese which were used to interpret polar interrogatives and positive/negative declaratives with tag questions. The findings suggest that some of the Chinese constructions used by student interpreters resulted in interpretations which significantly deviated from the original involving loss of illocutionary intent.

internal-pdf://2795514891/Crezee-2017-Teething problems_ Chinese student.pdf

Crooker, Constance Emerson. 1996. "The Art of Legal interpretation: A Guide for Court Interpreters." Continuing Education Press.

Crouch, Alan. 1985. "The way, the truth and the right to interpreters in court." Law Institute Journal Juliol: 687-691.

Cunningham, Judith K. 1998. "Increased Demand for interpreters Prompts Qualification Revision." Michigan Supreme Court Report.

New York State Unified Court System unveils action plan for interpreting services.

Abstract: The New York State Unified Court System unveiled an Action Plan on Court Interpreting Services -- a program designed to meet the language needs of litigants. In New York, 30 percent of residents - nearly five million people - primarily speak a language other than English at home. Where 168 distinct languages are spoken and two million New Yorkers do not speak English at all, the court system has the challenge of providing interpreting services for over 100 languages, from Albanian to Yoruba. The action plan aims to improve the recruitment of interpreters, better assess interpreters' qualifications and manage limited interpreter resources. Key initiatives in the plan include: Statewide expansion of e-scheduling - an online program to help court managers quickly find and schedule qualified interpreters in any of over 100 languages around the state. Statewide expansion of remote interpreting, in which interpreters provide services via video conference or telephone from a remote location, making effective interpreting possible when an interpreter cannot come to court - especially for less prevalent languages. Increasing the pay rate for private (per diem) interpreters to $250 a day from $125, a rate that had not been revised since 1994 and is less than half the federal rate. Offering half-day engagements for per diem interpreters with the compensation rate of $140 to expand the pool of available interpreters. Reviewing per diem pay rates annually to avoid wage stagnation. Improving testing and certification procedures to include examinations for additional languages. Establishing training for new court-employed interpreters, as well as expanding training for judges and court personnel. Creating a Senior Court Interpreter position for sign language to improve effective supervision and assignment of sign language interpreters. Establishing a task force to help upstate justice courts, which are financed and administered by their local governments, to improve interpreting services for defendants. In New York, parties to criminal actions have legal rights to interpreting services, but New York's courts have viewed this obligation more expansively, offering language assistance to parties in civil and criminal proceedings. A written copy of the action plan, outlining the history of court interpreting services in New York and detailing the specific initiatives being implemented now or scheduled for the near future, can be obtained from the court system's website at www.nycourts.gov/whatsnew or by calling the Communications Office at (212) 428-2500.

Daynes, Bryron W. 1967. "The Court Interpreter: appointment, rights and restrictions, qualifications, salaries." Judicature 51: 135-138.

de Ferrari, Matilde. 1989. "Judiciary Interpretation: Theory and Practice." In Coming of Age. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the American Translators' Association, edited by Deanna Lindberg Hammond, 123-127. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

de Jongh, Elena. 1991. "Cultural Proficiency and Nonverbal Communication in Court Interpreting." Confluencia 7 (1): 99-106.

internal-pdf://2735703397/de Jongh-1991-Cultural Proficiency and Nonverb.pdf

de Jongh, Elena M. 1990. "The Challenge for the Court Interpreter in Southern Florida." In Interpreting. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 91-95. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

de Jongh, Elena M. 1990. "Interpreting in Miami's Federal Courts: Code-Switching and Spanglish." Hispania 73: 274-278.

internal-pdf://0875717581/de Jongh-1990-Interpreting in Miami's Federal.pdf

de Jongh, Elena M. 1991. "Cultural Proficiency and Nonverbal Communication in Court Interpreting." Confluencia: Revista Hispanica de Cultura y Literatura 7: 99-106.

internal-pdf://2967581040/de Jongh-1991-Cultural Proficiency and Nonverb.pdf

de Jongh, Elena M. 1992. "An Introduction to Court Interpreting. Theory and Practice."

de Jongh, Elena M, and Ana Roca. 1991. "Interpreting Spanish Codes in Southern Florida: The Preparation of Court Interpreters." In Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World: Iberia, Latin America, United States, edited by Carol A Klee and Luís A Ramos-García, 349-358. Tempe (Arizona): Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe.

Defrancq, Bart, and Sofie Verliefde. 2017. "Interpreter-mediated "paternalistic" interaction in a judge-centered courtroom: A case study from a Belgian Correctional Court." Interpreting: international journal of research and practice in interpreting 19 (2): 209-231.

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates an interpreter’s handling of a distinctive ‘paternalistic’ (following Tates et al. 2002) participation framework in a Belgian criminal court, whereby the defendant is the topic – but not the addressee – of the interaction. The hearing analysed, which was recorded and transcribed, was part of a drugs trial. An experienced court interpreter provided consecutive and whispered interpreting, almost always asymmetrically, so that the French-speaking defendant could follow everything said to/about her in Dutch; the Dutch-speaking bench and counsel listened to the defendant’s French. The paternalistic participation framework seems to prompt various strategies by the interpreter, leading her to disregard major aspects of the code of ethics she works by. First, she sets up a separate participation framework with the defendant as the addressee of the interpretation (the ‘interpreter’s dyad’), systematically using the deictic coordinates of this framework in presenting the court’s interaction. Second, she tends sometimes to position herself in the role of principal, arguably as a result of the dyad arrangement. Finally, though interpretation is required only for the defendant, the latter’s French is occasionally interpreted into Dutch for the court –sometimes at the interpreter’s own initiative, possibly to protect the interests of the defendant in response to a verbal challenge from the judge.

internal-pdf://1918502650/Defrancq-2017-Interpreter-mediated _paternalis.pdf

Delgado Luchner, Carmen. 2019. "“A beautiful woman sitting in the dark”." Interpreting 21 (1): 91-114. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00021.del.

ABSTRACT: This ethnographic study of the Master’s in Conference Interpreting at the University of Nairobi aims to link interpreter training to the linguistic make-up of Kenyan society and the constraints of public higher education in Africa. It is the first comprehensive study of interpreter training in Kenya, and shows the limits of replicating pedagogical approaches that have been tried and tested in Europe in a different environment. Based on the findings, the author recommends a widening of the scope of training to include conference, court and community interpreting. It is argued that this would improve the sustainability and relevance of interpreter training in Africa.

internal-pdf://0168002244/Delgado Luchner-2019-“A beautiful woman sittin.pdf

Courts in N.Y. step up efforts to improve interpreting.

Department of Corrective Services (Australia). "Interpreter Policy and Procedures."

Devaux, Jérôme. 2017. "Virtual Presence, Ethics and Videoconference Interpreting: insights from court settings." In Ideology, Ethics and Policy Development in Public Service Interpreting and Translation, edited by Carmen Valero-Garcés and Rebecca Tipton, 131-150. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

ABSTRACT: This chapter focuses on ethical issues arising from the use of videoconference interpreting in courts in England and Wales. Using a theoretical framework informed by Camayd-Freixas (2013) and the ethical problems and inner conflicts that result from a lack of adequate guidance in ethical codes, he draws parallels with the situation in England and Wales where court interpreters are expected to abide by the National Register of Public Service Interpreters' (NRPSI) Code of Professional Conduct, a code that does not contain any specific guidelines on videoconference interpreting (VCI) and its use in legal proceedings.

Devaux, Jérôme. 2018. "Technologies and role-space: How videoconference interpreting affects

the court interpreter’s perception of her role." In Interpreting and technology, edited by Claudio Fantinuoli, 91-117. Berlin: Language Science Press.

ABSTRACT: Back in 2000, videoconference systems were introduced in criminal courts in England

and Wales so that defendants could attend their pre-trial court hearings from

prison. Since then, the number of cases heard via videoconference interpreting

technologies has been on the increase. In order to be able to conduct a hearing

remotely, courts and prisons are equipped with cameras, screens, microphones,

and loud-speakers which link up both locations so that participants can hear and

see each other. In terms of research, various reports on the viability of such systems

acknowledge the benefits of conducting court hearings remotely, whilst also

highlighting shortfalls. Interestingly, most of these studies were carried out in a

monolingual setting, and fewer studies examine the impact of videoconference interpreting

equipment in multilingual court settings. In this context the interpreter’s

role, and more particularly her role perception when technologies are used in a

courtroom, remains under-explored. This paper will demonstrate that, unlike in

face-to-face court hearings, technologies force some interpreters to create split role

models.

internal-pdf://2379085864/Devaux-2018-Technologies and role-space_ How v.pdf

Díaz Fouces, Óscar, and Esther Monzó-Nebot. 2010. “Applied Sociology in Translation Studies.” Special issue of MonTI (2).

ABSTRACT: The aim of this monographic issue is to bring together several sociological glimpses of the field of Translation Studies. To stress this fact, we have entitled it ‘Sociology Applied to Translation' (SAT). This label was chosen because we sought to highlight the opportunity to attract resources, methods and tools from other epistemological areas (those of the social sciences) and perform a selective appropriation of them for our disciplinary field. Indeed, SAT could be constructed by integrating and interpreting selected theories and methodologies. We could build the structure upon the social ontology by Pierre Bourdieu, use the lights provided by the Sociology of Professions to illuminate the reasons, versions and effects of evolution and involution of occupational groups such as ours, establish paths between the plots by following the action-research of Kurt Lewin, adapting and linking theories, methods and applications to get involved in the world and improve it, or to sit down and listen to it and listen to ourselves with a dramaturgical perspective in the style of Erving Goffman or with Garfinkel's Ethnomethodology… It would definitely be an attractive technique for building a theoretical and methodological body that would be applicable to the phenomena of translation and interpretation where the leading characters are the agents and their coexistence.

Dingfelder Stone, John Henry. 2018. Court Interpreters and Fair Trials. Palgrave.

internal-pdf://3090954647/Dingfelder Ston-2018-Court Interpreters and Fa.pdf

internal-pdf://0030245406/Dingfelder Ston-2018-Court Interpreters and F2.pdf

Diriker, Ebru. 2015. "On the evolution of the interpreting profession in Turkey. From the dragomans to the 21st century." In Tradition, Tension and Translation in Turkey, edited by Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar, Saliha Paker and John Milton, 89-106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This article examines the historical evolution and current status of conference and community interpreting in Turkey, while also highlighting the legal frameworks, fields of practice, professional organizations, training opportunities, and future directions for each area of interpreting. In addition to spoken language interpreting, the article surveys the development of Turkish Sign Language and signed language interpreting as well as its prospects in Turkey.

Djurović, Annette. 2009. "Community Interrpreting - Ein Grenzfall der Translation in der globalisierten Welt." mTm 1.

ABSTRACT: When discussing specifics in translating between “major” and “minor” languages, we most often refer to the problems caused by specific characteristics of interrelatedness of language pairs or problems of technical nature such as a lack of translating aids like terminology management systems or electronic bilingual dictionaries. In the age of migrations caused by either political turbulences or economic situation, another problem has arisen which has been studied in translatology in the last fifteen years: community interpreting (CI). This phenomenon is largely relevant for the people coming from the territory of ex-Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro in particular. CI, however, is not at all analyzed in the Serbian translatology.

We start from the fact that community interpreting is basically not different from the classical consecutive interpreting (community interpreting is most often done consecutively), but it has a number of its own specific characteristics which can be illustrated with Serbian and German languages. Main features of court interpreting apply to the persons to whom German is not a foreign language as well, namely asymmetry of power and the fact that the outcome of the communication is less subjective since it is based on clear evidence and legal regulations.

internal-pdf://0304088983/Djurović-2009-Community Interrpreting - Ein G.pdf

Dobinson, Ian, and Thomas Chiu. 2018. "Access and Equity: The New South Wales Court Interpreter Service." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 17 (1): 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2005.12036334.

internal-pdf://0637172775/Dobinson-2018-Access and Equity_ The New South.pdf

Dobrić, Katja. 2014. "The Future Of Court Interpreting In Croatia." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 38 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0032.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreting in Croatia is a very unregulated field especially regarding the training and the skills that are to be acquired in order to pro- vide accurate translation at courts. One of the prerequisites according to the Regulations on Court Interpreters in Croatia is knowledge of the structure of judicial power, state government and legal terminology. Although the Regula- tions prescribe that the training should last no longer than two months, the organisations providing such training shorten this to three or four days. Taking into account all that has been said one realizes that in such short time a per- son cannot be properly qualified to practice as a court interpreter. According to the EU Directive on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings member states should provide adequate training in order to ensure the quality of interpretation and to avoid that suspected or accused persons complain that the quality of interpretation was not good enough to secure the fairness of the proceeding, which according to Article 2 of the Directive they have the right to. Since Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013, it will have to change its Regulations on Court Interpreters in order to com- ply with this Directive. This paper will try to analyze the problems within the scope of court interpreter’s profession in Croatia both in civil and in criminal proceedings. Several examples will be suggested as the possible model for mod- ifying court interpreting in Croatia. Since this profession is often underrated by the national courts, the paper will suggest ways to prevent such views and point out the importance of good court interpretation.

internal-pdf://1823089405/Dobrić-2014-The Future Of Court Interpreting I.pdf

Dolado Pérez, Angel. 2000. "El derecho de abolorio y la interpretación judicial de la facultad moderadora de los tribunales ex art. 149.2 de la Compilación aragonesa." Revista de derecho civil aragonés 6 (1): 155-183.

Donk, Ute, and Norbert Schröer. 1995. "Die Vernehmung nichtdeutscher Beschuldigter. Ermittlungsprobleme ganz spezieller Art." Kriminalistik 6 (95): 401-405.

internal-pdf://0472390671/Donk-1995-Die Vernehmung nichtdeutscher Beschu.pdf

Questions to ask potential interpreters.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1985. "L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux pénaux de la RFA (français -allemand)." ESIT-Université de Paris III.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1988. "Paradoxes de l'interprétation auprès des tribunaux." In Translation: our Future / La traduction: notre avenir. Proceedings of the Xlth World Congress of FIT, edited by Paul Nekeman, 216-219. Maastricht: Euroterm.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1988. "Plaidoyer pour l'interprétation auprès des tribunaux." AIIC Bulletin 16: 13-14.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1989. "Réformer l'interprétation judiciaire." Parallèles 11: 93-98.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1990. "L'interprète judiciaire face aux obstacles, ratés et échecs de la communication au pénal." In Études traductologiques en hommage à Danica Seleskovitch, edited by Marianne Lederer, 243-253. París: Minard.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1991. "Status und Funktion des Gerichtsdolmetschers/übersetzers in Deutschland." In AIIC Symposium on Practical Experience with Court and Legal Interpreting and Perspectives for the Future, 7-13.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline. 1998. "Interprétation judiciaire en RFA - Atouts et écueils." Hieronymus 3.

internal-pdf://3803961686/Driesen-1998-Interprétation judiciaire en RFA.pdf

Driesen, Christiane J. 2007. "Interprétation auprès des tribunaux nationaux: deux types de formation, en réponse à l’urgence." Forum. https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.5.1.04dri.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to take stock of the situation concerning training of court interpreters, particularly in what is known as the « civil law » countries in Europe as opposed to those with the « common law » system. It reviews existing organisational formats and proposes the two types of teaching that seem best-suited to meet the urgent requirements of the courts. One is in the framework of continuing education; the other a university course leading to a bachelor degree. The author recommends a principle of pedagogical progression taking into consideration the difficulties linked to less spoken languages and stresses the importance of teaching all the traditional interpreting techniques, including specific cognitive content, but at the same time focusing especially on ethical and human rights aspects in the interpreting strategies taught.

Driesen, Christiane Jacqueline, and Alejandra Karamanian. 2006. "Adaptación y formación del intérprete judicial en el contexto del tránsito migratorio." cTPba 80: 12.

Dueñas González, Roseann. 1983. "Summer Institute for Court Interpretation: A Description and Evaluation of a Pilot Training Model."

Dueñas González, Roseann, Victoria Vásquez, and Holly Mikkelson. 1991. "Fundamentals of Court Interpretation."

Duncan, Lesley. 2001. "Remote Court Interpreting: Development of a Pilot Project in California."

Durban, Chris. 1998. "Ex-Miss Hungary's bottom line peaks after court ruling." Hieronymus 3.

internal-pdf://1914544916/Durban-1998-Ex-Miss Hungary's bottom line peak.pdf

Edwards, Alicia Betsy. 1995. The Practice of Court Interpreting. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

internal-pdf://1101513692/Edwards-1995-The Practice of Court Interpretin.pdf

Is There a Right to an Interpreter?

Elias-Bursac, Ellen. 2012. "Shaping international justice: The role of translation and interpreting at the ICTY in The Hague." Translation and Interpreting Studies 7: 34-53. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.7.1.03eli.

ABSTRACT: The work of the ICTY courtroom is an ongoing exercise in translation and interpreting. At times discussions on issues related to translation and interpreting are so germane to a trial that they merit inclusion in the trial judgment. Furthermore translation affords a variety of translation-specific opportunities for courtroom strategies for both the defense and the prosecution. An example of this is a series of courtroom discussions with witnesses and forensic experts on how to translate and interpret the word “asanacija,” in several of the Srebrenica trials which reached the trial and appeal judgments. The article describes the process by which the Tribunal language services arrived at their translation of this term and their recommendations for interpreters and the impact of the discussions on translation and interpreting for the outcome of these trials. Hence translation and the forces it sets in motion often influence jurisprudence and shape international justice.

internal-pdf://2176600196/Elias-Bursac-2012-Shaping international justic.pdf

Elias-Bursac, Ellen. 2015. Translating Evidence and Interpreting Testimony at a War Crimes Tribunal Working in a Tug-of-War. Palgrave Macmillan.

ABSTRACT: How can defendants be tried if they cannot understand the charges being raised against them? Can a witness testify if the judges and attorneys cannot understand what the witness is saying? Can a judge decide whether to convict or acquit if she or he cannot read the documentary evidence? The very viability of international criminal prosecution and adjudication hinges on the massive amounts of translation and interpreting that are required in order to run these lengthy, complex trials, and the procedures for handling the demands facing language services. This book explores the dynamic courtroom interactions in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in which witnesses testify—through an interpreter—about translations, attorneys argue—through an interpreter—about translations and the interpreting, and judges adjudicate on the interpreted testimony and translated evidence

internal-pdf://1713258151/Elias-Bursac-2015-Translating Evidence and Int.pdf

Embid Irujo, Antonio. 1979. "Una interpretación judicial de la Ley de Elecciones Locales: Sobre la posibilidad de unión de las listas de concejales independientes a efectos de la atribución de puestos de Diputación Provincial." Revista española de derecho administrativo (22): 437-441.

Esteban Miguel, Alfonso. 2014. "La amortización de plazas en la administración pública no extingue los contratos de interinos por vacante y de indefinidos no fijos. Novedades en la interpretación judicial: Comentario a la STS de 24 de junio de 2014 (recurso núm. 217/2013), que declara nulos los despidos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid." Revista de información laboral (9): 147-164.

Exam Review. 2014. ExamFOCUS Court Interpreter Oral & Written Exams Study Notes 2015. North Charleston: CreateSpace.

Fay, Tim. 1996. "Need for Interpreters in Court Has Become Almost Daily Occurrence." The Atlanta Journal/The Atlanta Constitution.

Festinger, Nancy. 1986. "Key verbs for court interpreters: English-Spanish." 199.

Feuerle, Lois M. 2005. "Improving Access to the Oregon Courts for Speakers of Indigenous Languages." Proteus 14 (1).

internal-pdf://4131173981/Feuerle-2005-Improving Access to the Oregon Co.pdf

Feuerle, Lois M. 2013. "Testing Interpreters: Developing, Administering, and Scoring Court Interpreter Certification Exams." The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.105201.2013.a04.

ABSTRACT: Access to justice for Limited English Proficient (LEP) and non-English speakers in the U.S. courts is contingent upon the provision of complete and accurate interpreting services. This has been increasingly recognized over the course of the past 35 years or so, and there are currently three major tests administered nationally in the United States to assess interpreting skills in courtroom settings: (1) the Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination administered on behalf of the United States Administrative Office of the Courts; (2) the examination, widely known as the Consortium Test, administered by 40 or so states, originally developed under the auspices of the National Center for State Courts by the former Consortium for State Court Interpreter Testing, which was recently restructured as the Consortium for Language Access; and (3) the NAJIT Test, developed by the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators at the request of its membership in order to raise the standards for the profession. In addition, both New York and California, historically states with high levels of immigration, early on developed their own testing procedures to meet statewide needs. All of these examinations share numerous communalities, but they are also different in a variety of ways. This paper will provide an overview of the three national testing models plus New York, outlining their similarities and differences and pointing out some of the advantages and disadvantages of each model.

internal-pdf://3929483395/Feuerle-2013-Testing Interpreters_ Developing.pdf

Foley, Tony. 2006. "Lawyers and legal interpreters: Different clients, different culture." Interpreting 8 (1): 97-104.

internal-pdf://3442649978/Foley-2006-Lawyers and legal interpreters_ Dif.pdf

Fowler, Alastair. 2013. "Business as usual? Prison video link in the multilingual courtroom." In Interpreting in a changing landscape: selected papers from Critical Link 6, edited by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens and Yvonne Fowler, 225-248. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This paper sets out to examine the observable effects of prison video link upon court actors’ behaviour in multilingual Magistrates Court hearings in two areas of England, with a special focus on the interpreter. Prison video link (PVL) hearings are compared with face-to-face hearings in terms of proxemics, interpreter strategies, and the behavioural adjustments necessitated by the presence of videoconferencing technology in the courtroom. A significant finding is that although court interpreters in face-to-face hearings have five possible strategies or permutations of consecutive and simultaneous modes at their disposal, PVL interpreters can only use one of these strategies. The effect of this renders them highly visible and audible by comparison with their face-to-face counterparts, and their performance is much more transparent. The study concludes that even if video conferencing equipment were to be up-dated to state-of-the-art standard, there remain a number of problems to do with sightlines and camera configurations which may be difficult to resolve. Interestingly, there are features of PVL hearings which could actually enhance the experience of live defendants. Finally, I suggest that, at the time of writing, PVL disadvantages non-English-speaking defendants and that a future in which the virtual courtroom becomes the norm appears to require a reconsideration of the ancient jurisprudential right to “look your accuser in the eye”. N.B. (1) Note on generic pronoun use: interpreters are referred to as “she” and defendants as “he”. (2) List of abbreviations can be found at the end of the article.

Framer, Isabel. 2001. "Through the Eyes of an Interpreter." Interpreter Manual.

internal-pdf://1376539012/Framer-2001-Through the Eyes of an Interpreter.pdf

Kentucky. Suggested Guide for Interpreted Proceedings.

internal-pdf://1416162964/Framer-2001-Suggested Guide for Interpreted Pr.pdf

Framer, Isabel. 2005. "Interpreters as Officers of the Court: Scope and Limitations of Practice." Proteus XIV: 3-6.

internal-pdf://2270956996/Framer-2005-Interpreters as Officers of the Co.pdf

Frankenthaler, Marilyn. 1962. "Spanish Translation in the Courtroom." Social Action and the Law 6: 51-54.

Freed, Anne O. 1988. "Interviewing through an Interpreter." Social Work Today 33: 315-319.

Fuchs-Vidotto, Letizia. 1982. "Bunderepublik Deutschland Zum erstenmal: Simultananlage bei Gericht." Babel: Revue internationale de la traduction/International Journal of Translation 28: 162.

Gagne, Mary A. 2000. "Empirical Analysis of Outsourcing Spanish Interpreter Services in Hennepin County District Court."

Gaiba, Francesca. 1999. "Interpretation at the Nuremberg Trial." Interpreting 4: 9-22. https://doi.org/http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=7GX4LRWPC106D9WCV0PE.

ABSTRACT: It is often argued that the first War Crimes Trial (Nuremberg Trial) could not have been possible without simultaneous interpretation. This notwithstanding, Nuremberg interpreters have been consistently ignored in the historical record. This paper seeks to do justice to the language personnel of the Nuremberg Trial, by presenting the people who brought interpretation to the Trial, the court interpreters themselves, and the effect that interpretation was perceived to have on the proceedings. For this paper I draw on historical official and unofficial documents of the Nuremberg Trial deposited in major national archives, as well as on personal communication with 12 interpreters who worked at the Trial in Nuremberg between 1945 and 1946.

internal-pdf://3289099646/Gaiba-1999-Interpretation at the Nuremberg Tri.pdf

Gallez, Emmanuelle, and Katrijn Maryns. 2014. "Orality and authenticity in an interpreter-mediated defendant’s examination: a case study from the Belgian Assize Court." Interpreting 16 (1): 49-80.

ABSTRACT: This case study examines how a court’s perception of the defendant’s socio-legal identity may be affected by interpreting. Since this perception relies largely on language, interpreters are expected to minimise their impact on the dynamics of direct communication between primary participants. The analysis focuses on an interpreter-mediated defendant’s examination, recorded in an attempted murder case tried before the Belgian Assize Court, identifying possible departures from the principles of orality and authenticity. The recordings include exchanges, not necessarily audible to the court, between the defendant and the interpreter. Our analysis shows that: (a) the participation framework (directness) of the defendant’s input is altered, while the relative inaudibility of the interaction between defendant and interpreter deprives the jury of access to authentic features of the defendant’s delivery; (b) the interpreter’s intervention may shift the defendant’s oral exposition into a different style, and hence condition the way the defendant is eventually perceived by the jury.

internal-pdf://3276516974/Gallez-2014-Orality and authenticity in an int.pdf

Gallez, Emmanuelle, and Anne Reynders. 2015. "Court interpreting and classical rhetoric: Ethos in interpreter-mediated monological discourse." Interpreting 17 (1): 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.17.1.04gal.

ABSTRACT: This case study is based on a transcript of an authentic criminal proceeding in a Belgian Assize Court, where Dutch is the official language and the French-speaking defendant receives simultaneous whispered interpretation of the prosecutor’s closing speech. Examining six excerpts from the speech, which is addressed to the judges and the lay jury, the analysis compares the Dutch original with the French interpretation. The specific focus of the study is the Aristotelian concept of ethos, i.e. the image the speaker seeks to convey of himself by foregrounding his professional expertise, integrity and goodwill towards the audience. Since the rhetorical devices he uses for this purpose are often absent from the interpretation in the extracts analysed, the strategic persuasiveness of his speech is weakened. This means that the defendant is likely to gain an incomplete, misleading perception of his own case. In the light of the examples presented here, the authors argue that the theory of classical rhetoric affords a useful framework for exploring interpreter-mediated legal monologues in a dialogical perspective.

internal-pdf://3929906619/Gallez-2015-Court interpreting and classical r.pdf

Gallez, Emmanuelle, and Anne Reynders. 2015. "Pathos dans le prétoire. Une analyse rhétorique d’un monologue judiciaire interprété." [Pathos in the courtroom. A rhetorical analysis of an interpreter-mediated monologue] Parallèles 27 (2): 56-70.

ABSTRACT: This article draws on classical rhetoric to describe and analyze a legal monologue in Dutch and its interpretation into French. The corpus under scrutiny is the closing speech of the public prosecutor in a Belgian Assize court trial and its simultaneous whispered interpretation addressed to the defendant. The analysis of the prosecutor’s closing speech focuses on pathos. For ethical reasons, Aristotle condemned this means of persuasion. He nevertheless recognized its ubiquity and efficacy in real-life situations. The analysis of the interpreted speech reveals numerous shifts that alter the strategic persuasiveness of the source speech. A number of methodological considerations have emerged from this empirical case study: firstly, classical rhetoric offers a valid theoretical framework for appreciating the persuasive effect of a great range of discourse features and secondly, it is an excellent instrument for analyzing the interpretation of persuasive monologues.

Gamal, Muhammad Y. 2017. "Police interpreting: The facts sheet." Semiotica 2017 (216). https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0110.

ABSTRACT: Interpreting for the police is the backbone of legal interpreting. Yet it is grossly overshadowed by the more visible and more public court interpreting. This paper describes the setting of police interpreting, highlighting some of the major issues and challenges in the field that place a lot more than linguistic pressure on the interpreter. It examines the task of interpreters working within the Australian police setting and casts light on three prevailing practices that tend to challenge the interpreter. The practices relate to the selection, briefing, and training of interpreters working for law enforcement investigations. The paper argues that the current training, instructions, and perception of the role of the police interpreter are inadequate. It further argues that for police inter- preting to become professional, formal training in the context of police investi- gations and pre-committal proceedings is required.

internal-pdf://3254152268/Gamal-2017-Police interpreting_ The facts shee.pdf

García Amado, Juan Antonio. 2001. "¿Interpretación judicial con propósito de enmienda (del legislador)? Acerca de la jurisprudencia sobre el artículo 133 del Código Civil." La Ley: Revista jurídica española de doctrina, jurisprudencia y bibliografía (5): 1674-1687.

García-Perrote Escartín, Ignacio, and Jesús Rafael Mercader Uguina. 2012. "Obsolescencia normativa e interpretación judicial: el caso de los comedores para obreros y algún otro ejemplo." Justicia laboral: revista de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social (51): 7-11.

García-Rangel, Sara. 1984. "Expert Testimony." In American Translators Association Conference, 1984, edited by Patricia E Newman, 29-34. Medford, New Jersey: Learned Information.

García-Rangel, Sara. 2002. "The Court Interpreter as Expert Witness." Proteus 11: 3-4.

internal-pdf://0304089158/García-Rangel-2002-The Court Interpreter as Ex.pdf

Gargarella, Roberto. 2012. "Democracia e interpretación judicial de la Constitución." Espacio abierto (17): 9-19.

Garwood, Christopher John. 2012. "Court interpreting in Italy. The daily violation of a fundamental human right." The Interpreters' Newsletter 17: 173-189.

ABSTRACT: The paper analyses the situation of court interpreting in Italy and examines three cases of blatant violation of the defendants’ right to a fair trial.

internal-pdf://0037487738/Garwood-2012-Court interpreting in Italy. The.pdf

Gaskin, Hilary. 1990. "Eyewitnesses at Nuremberg."

Gatitu, Kiguru. 2009. "Court Interpreting In Kenya The Ideal and the Practice." Najit 18 (1).

internal-pdf://4005446117/Gatitu-2009-Court Interpreting In Kenya The Id.pdf

Köln. Die Bedeutung des Dolmetschers im Strafverfahren.

Ottawa. "L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux", Actes du mini-colloque tenu les 10 et 11 avril 1980 à l'Université d'Ottawa.

Gémar, Jean Claude. 2014. "Shlesinger, Miriam et Pöchhacker, Franz, dir. (2010) : Doing Justice to Court Interpreting. Amsterdam/Philadelphie : John Benjamins, 246 p." Meta: Journal des traducteurs = translators' journal 59 (1): 212-215.

General, Manitoba Attorney. 1987. "Native court interpreter's manual." iv, vii, 148.

Giambruno-Day Miguélez, Cynthia Sue. 1997. "Language Mediation in the Judicial System. The Role of the Court Interpreter." PhD diss., Universidad de Alicante. http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/3554/1/Giambruno,%20Cynthia.pdf.

internal-pdf://1244316386/Giambruno-Day M-1997-Language Mediation in the.pdf

Giap, Lee Seng. 1967. "Court Interpreting as a Career." Multilingualism in Diversity, a 21st Anniversary Souvenir Magazine: 31-41.

Gile, Daniel. 1989. "Bibliographie de l'interprétation auprès des tribunaux." Parallèles 11: 105-112.

Gill, Catherine. 1997. "Court Interpretation: The Consortium for State Court Interpreters."

Gillespie, Sean. 2001. "Increased Diversity Fuels Need for Court Interpreters." South County Journal: 8-9.

Gomes de Matos, Francisco, and Elena M Gomes de Matos. 1995. "An Introduction to Court Interpreting: Theory and Practice." Multilingua 14: 220.

González V. F., and , H., R D. 1991. "Fundamentals of Court Interpretation." In Theory, Policy and Practice.

ABSTRACT: This volume explores court interpreting from legal, linguistic, and pragmatic vantages. It standardizes practice among court interpreters by providing useful guidelines for the judiciary, attorneys, and other court personnel. Because of the growing use of interpreters, there is an increasing demand for guidelines on the proper utilizations of court interpreters. This book has become the standard reference book worldwide.

Gorham, Don Cyril. 1986. "Japanese Legal Interpreting and Translating." In Building Bridges. American translators association conference, 1986. Proceedings of the 27. annual conference, Ohio, edited by Karl Kummer. Medford: Learned Information.

Gregory, Traci. 2009. "MAMI Interpreters to expand services in 2009." Business Journal (Central New York) 33: 31.

ABSTRACT: The article reports on several new interpreter-training programs planned to introduce by the Multicultural Association of Medical Interpreters (MAMI) of Central New York. Executive director and physician Cornelia Brown says that the goal of the programs is for MAMI to become a community interpreter service. It will provide interpreting services to the area's 10,000 refugees and nearly 15,000 immigrants and to meet the requirements of state testing for court interpreters for state courts.

internal-pdf://2380271539/Gregory-2009-MAMI Interpreters to expand servi.pdf

Gregr, J, and V Hudakova. 1991. "Gerichtsdolmetschen in der CSFR." In AIIC Symposium on Practical Experience with Court and Legal Interpreting and Perspectives for the Future, 19-23.

Hale, Sandra Beatriz. 1997. "The Interpreter on Trial: Pragmatics in Court Interpreting." In The Critical Link. Interpreters in the Community, edited by Silvana E Carr, Roda Roberts, Aideen Dufour and Dini Steyn, 201-211. Amsterdam, Filadelfia: John Benjamins.

internal-pdf://3029252199/Hale-1997-The Interpreter on Trial_ Pragmatics.pdf

Hale, Sandra Beatriz. 1997. "The Treatment of Register Variation in Court Interpreting." The Translator 3 (1): 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1997.10798987.

ABSTRACT: In the adversarial legal system, the speech behaviour of witnesses can determine the outcome of the case. Studies on the language of testimony have shown that linguistic features such as pronunciation, choice of vocabulary and grammar all contribute to forming an impression of the witness or defendant on the basis of his or her perceived level of education and social class. This paper presents the findings of a study based on analysing eleven hours of interpreted testimony from four Local Court cases involving Spanish and English in Australia. The evidence suggests that interpreters tend to raise the level of formality when interpreting into English and lower it when interpreting into Spanish. Some suggestions are made concerning the possible motivations and implications of such practice.

internal-pdf://0294841224/Hale-1997-The Treatment of Register Variation.pdf

Hale, Sandra Beatriz. 2001. "The complexities of the bilingual courtroom." Law Society Journal 39: 68-72.

ABSTRACT: The role of the interpreter in the administration of justice - the importance of language in the courtroom - issues that complicate the work of the court interpreter - ways that lawyers can assist interpreters to perform their work more effectively.

Hale, Sandra Beatriz. 2002. "How faithfully do court interpreters render the style of non-English speaking witnesses’ testimonies? A data-based study of Spanish-English bilingual proceedings." Discourse Studies 4: 25-47.

internal-pdf://1253207663/Hale-2002-How faithfully do court interpreters.pdf

Hale, Sandra B. 2004. The Discourse of Court Interpreting. Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness, and the Interpreter.Benjamins translation library. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

internal-pdf://3172685710/Hale-2004-The Discourse of Court Interpreting.pdf

Hale, Sandra Beatriz. 2006. "Themes and methodological issues in Court Interpreting research." Linguistica Antverpiensia 5.

ABSTRACT: The field of Legal Interpreting encompasses a wide variety of contexts including police interviews and interrogations, lawyer-client conferences, tribunal and court hearings and trials. Most of the research carried out in the field to date has concentrated on the discourse of the courtroom in Common Law countries (Berk-Seligson 1988, 1990, 1999; Hale 1997b, 1999, 2004; Mason & Stewart 2001; Pym, 1999; Rigney 1997). This is partly due to the availability of the data, as most courtrooms are open to the public, but also due to the vast amount of research conducted into the language of the courtroom, which has served as a theoretical basis for the study of court interpreting. These studies draw on discourse analysis, the ethnography of language, pragmatics, experimental psychology and forensic linguistics to inform their methods. Other research into legal interpreting has looked at other, non-linguistic aspects of the practice, such as role perceptions and expectations, using social science methods of surveys, interviews and focus groups (Fowler 1997; Kelly 2000; Hale & Luzardo 1997; Angelelli 2004). Fewer studies have concentrated on the other aspects of legal interpreting, such as police interpreting (Krouglov 1999; Berk-Seligson 2000; Russell 2004; Wadensjö 1997) and tribunal hearings (Wadensjö 1992; Mason & Stewart 2001; Barsky 1996). With the exception of a limited number of experimental studies (Berk-Seligson 1990 and Hale 2004) most legal interpreting research studies have been descriptive, qualitative and speculative, providing useful information on the current state of affairs but little on the impact such practices have on the legal process. This contribution will concentrate only on court interpreting research. It will review the major research projects to date, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, identify the gaps that exist in our knowledge of the field and propose further research studies to fill such gaps.

internal-pdf://2402540405/Hale-2006-Themes and methodological issues in.PDF

Hale, Sandra B. 2008. "Controversies over the role of the court interpreter." In Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting: Definitions and dilemmas, edited by Carmen Valero Garcés and Anne Martin, 99–121. Amsterdam: John Bejamins.

internal-pdf://3983678526/Hale-2008-Controversies over the role of the c.pdf

Hale, Sandra B. 2011. "The Need to Raise the Bar: Court Interpreters as Specialised Experts." The Judicial Review 10 (2): 237-258.

internal-pdf://2442185818/Hale-2011-The Need to Raise the Bar_ Court Int.pdf

Hale, Sandra Beatriz. 2014. "Interpreting culture. Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting." Perspectives: Studies in Translatology: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.827226.

ABSTRACT: Abstract Interpreters who work in community settings with participants from disparate cultural backgrounds may confront difficulties conveying the source message into the target message accurately due to cross-cultural differences. Such cross-cultural differences can range from pragmalinguistic differences at the discourse level of speech to sociopragmatic differences, which go beyond the utterances. When confronted with such instances, interpreters are almost always unsure of how to react and of what is expected of them. The few studies that have looked at cross-cultural differences in community interpreting clearly show that there is no consistency in the way interpreters approach potential cross-cultural misunderstandings. This paper will present the results of a section of a questionnaire of a larger study, which asked practising legal interpreters whether they alert judicial officers and tribunal members of potential cross-cultural differences, and which also asked judicial officers and tribunal members about their expectations of interpreters in such situations. The results point to a need for greater guidance and clearer protocols for interpreters working in the legal system.

internal-pdf://3138376528/Hale-2014-Interpreting culture. Dealing with c.pdf

Hale, Sandra B. 2015. "Approaching the Bench: Teaching Magistrates and Judges how to Work Effectively with Interpreters." MonTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación 7: 163-180.

ABSTRACT: Reports about judicial misunderstandings of the interpreting process are common (Berk-Seligson 2008; Morris 2010; Hale 2011a). The misconception that interpreters ‘just translate’ from one language to another by swapping individual words from language A to language B in a mechanical, uncomplicated way, is still prevalent among some legal professionals. Research into court interpreting, however, has highlighted the complexities involved in attempting to achieve a pragmatically accurate rendition in conditions that are usually less than adequate (Hale 2004; Mikkelson 2008; Hale & Stern 2011). In order for court interpreting to be successful, all parties must be aware of its challenges and share the responsibility for effective communication (Ozolins & Hale 2009). This chapter will describe the contents and structure of a workshop designed and delivered by the author to Australian magistrates, judges and tribunal members on how to work effectively with interpreters, for over ten years. It will further discuss the positive concrete outcomes achieved through the raising of awareness among the judiciary about the importance of interpreters in the legal system.

internal-pdf://1101513560/Hale-2015-Approaching the Bench_ Teaching Magi.pdf

Hale, Sandra B., Natalie Martschuk, Uldis Ozolins, and Ludmila Stern. 2017. "The effect of interpreting modes on witness credibility assessments." Interpreting: international journal of research and practice in interpreting 19 (1): 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.19.1.04hal.

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the results of a large-scale experimental study, with a simulated trial run in different conditions, involving a total of 447 mock jurors. The aim was to identify any differences in the way jurors in Australian courts might assess the evidence of an accused called as a witness, in a monolingual hearing as well as when interpreted consecutively and simultaneously from Spanish to English. Overall, jurors’ recollection of case facts did not differ significantly for the three conditions, though it was lower for consecutive during the afternoon. Jurors also found consecutive more distracting; on the other hand, the consecutive mode was associated with significantly more favourable perception of the accused’s evidence than simultaneous interpreting or monolingual communication. Although jurors found the prosecution to be less convincing when the accused’s evidence was interpreted consecutively compared to the other proceedings, the interpretation mode made no difference to the verdict.

internal-pdf://1566288616/Hale-2017-The effect of interpreting modes on.pdf

Hale, Sandra Beatriz, and Jemina Napier. 2016. "“We’re just kind of there”." Target 28 (3): 351-371. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.28.3.01hal.

ABSTRACT: In considering the challenges for court interpreters, much of the previous research has concentrated on the linguistic aspects of the interpreting process. This paper explores the issue from the perspective of working conditions and professional status. One hundred and ninety-four practicing court interpreters in Australia were surveyed about their experience with working conditions, court protocols and professional status, as well as their opinions about what affects the quality of their work and what improvements may be necessary. The findings of this study give a picture of the reality of court interpreting practice, as compared to the ideal, and generate recommendations for the training of interpreters to work in court, the education of legal personnel on how to work with interpreters in court, and practical suggestions regarding the provision of court interpreting to ensure high quality services.

internal-pdf://4121077957/Hale-2016-“We’re just kind of there”.pdf

Hardy, Matt. 2004. "From the prosecutor’s point of view: Ten Tips on Using Court Interpreters in Child Witness Cases." Proteus 13 (2).

internal-pdf://4265905605/Hardy-2004-From the prosecutor’s point of view.pdf

Harris, Brian. 1981. "Observations on a Cause Célèbre: Court Interpreting and the Lischka Trial." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda Roberts, 197-201. University of Ottawa Press.

Harris, Brian. 2017. "Unprofessional translation. A blog-based overview." In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation. State of the art and future of an emerging field of research, edited by Rachele Antonini, Letizia Cirillo, Linda Rossato and Ira Torresi, 29-43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This paper will discuss the pros and cons of publication in blog format compared with publication through conventional academic channels. The web blog Unprofessional Translation was started in 2009 as a reaction against the way “mainstream” translation studies and bilingualism studies had continually ignored the important aspects of translation that it focuses on. The declared primary topics of the blog are Natural Translation, Native Translation and Language Brokering. As of 31 July 2012, the blog contained approximately 140,000 words in 234 posts accompanied by illustrations and by 268 comments from readers, of whom 124 were formally registered “Members.” It addresses a non-expert readership, with the explicit aim of convincing them that translating is a quasi-universal human capability and activity which is not confined to trained or highly experienced experts. There are numerous posts for each of the blog topics. However, the blog template displays the posts chronologically, and, as a result, it requires considerable work with the Search function to follow any of the threads coherently. Therefore, this paper brings together a selection of the material thematically.

internal-pdf://3829175729/Harris-2017-Unprofessional translation. A blog.pdf

Haydee, Claus. 1997. "Court Interpreting: Complexities and Misunderstandings." Alaska Justice Forum 13.

Hazell, Robert. 1993. "Court Interpreting, letter." ITI Bulletin.

Heaton-Armstrong, Anthony. 1983. "Use of Notebooks in Court by Metropolitan Police Officers." LAG Bulletin (Legal Aid Group): 64.

Hench, Virgina E. 1999. "What kind of hearing? Some thoughts on due process for the non-Englishspeaking criminal defendant." Thurgood Marshall Law Review 24: 251-278.

Herman, Madelynn, and Dot Bryant. 2000. "Language Interpreting in the Courts."

Herman, Madelynn, and William Hewitt. 2001. "The National Center for State Courts and the Consortium for State Court Interpreter Certification Program." The American Translators Associations Chronicle 30.

Herman, Madelynn, and Anne Endress Skove. 1999. "State Court Rules for Language Interpreters."

Herrero Muñoz-Cobo, Bárbara. 1995. "La interpretación en los juzgados." In V Encuentros Complutenses sobre la Traducción, 687-692. Madrid: Editorial Complutense.

Hewitt, William E. 1995. "Interpreting Terminology." In Court Interpretation: Model Guides for Policy and Practice in the State Courts. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts

Hewitt, William E. 1995. "Model Code of Professional Responsibility for Interpreters in the Judiciary." In Court Interpretation: Model Guides for Policy and Practice in the State Courts. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts

Hewitt, William E. 1995. "Court Interpretation: Model Guides for Policy and Practice in the State Courts." Williamsburg, VA.

internal-pdf://1215992971/Hewitt-1995-Court Interpretation_ Model Guides.pdf

Hewitt, William E. 1995. "Job Analysis and Position Descriptions for Professional Court Interpreters” – A short but detailed description of qualifications, knowledge, skills, and abilities of professional interpreters." In Court Interpretation: Model Guides for Policy and Practice in the State Courts. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts

Hewitt, William E. 1995. "Philadelphia Court Interpreter Services Study: Study Report and Final Recommendations." Williamsburg, VA.

Hewitt, William E. 1997. "Managing Language Problems: A Court Interpreting Education Program for Judges, Lawyers, and Court Managers."

Hewitt, William E. 1998. "Court Interpreting Services in State and Federal Courts: Reasons and Options for Inter-Court Coordination.", Williamsburg, VA.

Hewitt, William E, and Madelynn Herman. 1999. "Language Interpreting in the Courts: The Consortium for State Court Interpreters."

Hewitt, William E, and John G Richardson. 1997. "Managing language problems: a court interpreting education program for judges, lawyers, and court managers." Access to justice for persons of color: 1 v. (various pagings).

Hickey, Leo. 2014. Fifty incidents, accidents, expedients and even a few achievements in legal interpreting. Salford: Leo Hickey.

Hlavac, James. 2013. "A Cross-National Overview of Translator and Interpreter Certification Procedures." The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.105201.2013.a02.

ABSTRACT: This article provides an overview of the process by which potential translators and interpreters demonstrate minimum standards of performance to warrant official or professional recognition of their ability to translate or interpret and to practice professionally – commonly known as ‘certification’. Certification can be awarded by governmental or professional authorities on the basis of testing, completed training, presentation of previous relevant experience and/or recommendations from practicing professionals. Certification can be awarded by a single authority for all types of translation and interpreting, or by authorities that specialize in a particular mode or type of inter-lingual transfer. This article compares certification procedures in 21 countries to present a cross-national perspective of how (and if) certification is awarded and which features and requirements are contained in it. Comparison reveals that the pragmatic, needs-based and socially focused policies of translation and interpreting services in some New World countries such as Australia, Canada, US has led to the establishment of certification programs. In other, typically European and East Asian countries, a demonstration of minimum standards is provided through lengthy training, commonly as part of a university post-graduate degree where translation and interpreting performance is principally required for high-level political, business or literary interaction. In such countries, ‘certification’ may be a term reserved for a restricted type of performance, eg. court interpreting. Parallels are drawn between the procedures and conventions employed in various countries and how common elements may form a basis for greater cross-national equivalence and comparability.

internal-pdf://3897486674/Hlavac-2013-A Cross-National Overview of Trans.pdf

Hlavac, Jim, and Goranka Rocco. 2016. "Deutsch und südslawische Sprachen vor Gericht und bei Behörden – Sprach-einstellungen und Sprachverhalten der in Deutschland tätigen DolmetscherInnen." Lebende Sprachen 61 (1).

ABSTRACT: This study examines attitudes, reported actions and professional practices in regard to language from an occupational group that consists of ‘language experts’ − interpreters. It focuses on the topic of linguistic variation, perceptions of ‘native-speakerness’, accommodation to other languages, and nominated accounts for perceived difficulties in working with others – due to linguistic, extra-linguistic or other situational factors. The first part contextualises the sometimes separate and sometimes shared paths that characterise the standardisation of Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian and how these languages are classified formally by interpreter directories and universities in Germany and Austria. Empirical data from practising interpreters are then presented that contain responses to different features relevant to the discourse and interactional management of interpreter assignments, such as nominated first language(s) and ethnicity, perceptions of others’ designations and conceptualisations of the languages, language variant employed with ‘same-language’ vs. ‘congruent-language’ interlocutors, discourse features of German-speaking judicial officials and of allophone clients, the ‘mediator role’ of the interpreter etc.

Hlavac, Jim, and Zhichang Xu. 2020. ​Chinese-English interpreting and intercultural communication. London: Routledge.

ABSTRACT: Chinese and English are the world's largest languages and the number of interpreter-mediated interactions involving Chinese- and English-speakers has increased exponentially over the last 30 years. This book presents and describes examples of Chinese-English interpreting across a large number of settings: conference interpreting, diplomatic interpreting, media interpreting, business interpreting, police, legal and court interpreting, and healthcare interpreting. Interpreters working in these fields face not only the challenge of providing optimal inter-lingual transfer, they also need to fully understand the discourse-pragmatic conventions of both Chinese- and English-speakers.This innovative book provides an overview of established and contemporary frameworks of intercultural communication and applies these to a large sample of Chinese-English interpreted interactions. The authors introduce the Inter-Culturality Framework as a descriptive tool to identify and describe the strategies and footings that interpreters adopt. This book contains findings from detailed data with Chinese-English interpreters as experts not only in inter-lingual exchange, but cross-linguistic and intercultural communication. As such, it is a detailed and authoritative guide for trainee as well as practising Chinese-English interpreters.

internal-pdf://1402586465/Hlavac-2020-​Chinese-English interpreting and.pdf

Hogan, Alan E. 1982. "Interpreters and the Court." In Proceedings, Australian Stipendiary Magistrates' Association, Third Biennial Convention. 11-14.6.82, 188-205. Canberra.

Hunt-Gómez, Coral Ivy, and Paz Gómez-Moreno. 2015. "Reality-based court interpreting didactic material using new technologies." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 188-204.

ABSTRACT: Training for future court interpreters has traditionally been based on role-play exercises, recreations of actual trials or audios based on prototypical communicative situations. In the case of interpreting in court these kinds of simulations are not enough to train future court interpreters, since they do not fully reflect the great complexity of real communication in court. This article is intended to present a new reality-based audiovisual training material specifically devoted to court interpreters training in Spain. The material was inspired by the positive results of the conference interpreting teaching materials developed using real videos at the University of Granada. One of the most interesting aspects of the material presented here is its exclusivity, as it is, to date, the only didactic material for court interpreting training that achieves such a high degree of authenticity, since it works on the basis of real criminal trials. The material takes into account well-known translation subcompetences and it specifically addresses students who have previously received training in conference interpreting.

internal-pdf://3172685270/Hunt-Gómez-2015-Reality-based court interpreti.pdf

Ibrahim, Zubaidah. 2007. "The interpreter as advocate. Malaysian court interpreting as a case in point." In The Critical Link 4. Professionalisation of interpreting in the community, edited by Cecilia Wadensjö, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova and Anna-Lena Nilsson, 205-213. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Ibrahim, Zubaidah, and Roger T Bell. 2003. "Court Interpreting: Malaysian Perspectives." In The Critical Link 3: Interpreters in the Community, edited by Louise Brunette, Georges Bastin, Isabelle Hemlin and Heather Clarke, 211-222. Amsterdam, Filadelfia: John Benjamins.

Igartua Miró, María Teresa. 2009. "Prevención de riesgos laborales e interpretación judicial: algunas sentencias ejemplares." Gestión práctica de riesgos laborales: Integración y desarrollo de la gestión de la prevención (61): 12-20.

ABSTRACT: Las sentencias judiciales respecto a los casos de siniestralidad laboral solían contemplar, sobre todo, los hechos a posteriori, considerando principalmente las indemnizaciones por daños y el recargo de prestaciones. Sin embargo, la tendencia actual apunta poco a poco a cierta inflexión de esta línea, y así se encuentran ya a menudo pronunciamientos con una elevada carga de contenido preventivo, donde el conflicito surge más de la pretensión de los trabajadores para que sean adoptadas medidas preventivas en el futuro, que del accidente o la enfermedad en concreto que haya tenido lugar por esa falta de medidas. Este cambio de óptica ha sido acogido positivamente en ámbitos judiciales por su ejemplaridad.

Ilg, Gérard. 1989. “Court interpreting.” Special issue of Parallèles 11.

Ilich, Dragutin M. 1986. "A Review of Case and Statutory Law on Court Interpreters and Translators." The Los Angeles Journal Report 86: 3-9.

Institute, Pennsylvania Bar. 2007. "Representing non-English speaking clients: golden opportunities lost." xiii, 153.

Jackman, Tom. 1999. "Improving Translation in Court." In Washington Post. Washington.

internal-pdf://1101513786/Jackman-1999-Improving Translation in Court.pdf

Jacobsen, Bente. 1998. "Additions in Court Interpreting: A Ph.D. Project Investigating the Language of Court Interpreters in Danish Courtrooms." Critical Link 2.

internal-pdf://1539114462/Jacobsen-1998-Additions in Court Interpreting_.pdf

Jacobsen, Bente. 2001. "Court Interpreting and Face: An Analysis of a Court Interpreter's Strategies for Conveying Threats to Own Face." In Interpreting in Legal Settings, edited by Debra Russell and Sandra Hale, 51-71.

ABSTRACT: Re isc hl, K . (200 1). Kommunikationsbedingungen im Asylverfahren. P ub lishe d doctor al dissertation, Univer sity of Bie le fe ld, Ber lin.

Roy, C. B . (2000). Interpreting as a discourse process. O xfor d: O x for d Uni­ versity Press.

Sc he ffer, T. (200 1). Asylgewahrung. Eine ethnographische Verfahrensanalyse. Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius.

UNHCR. (1995). Interviewing applicants for refugree status (RLD 4). Retrie ve d Dece mber 30 , 2006 fr om http://www. unhcr. or g/pub l/PUB U3ae6bd6 70 . pdf.

Wadensjo, C. (1998). Interpreting as interaction. London: Longman.

Appendix

Excerpts from the corpus are identified by a four-character key for the hearing and by the start and finish times, in minutes and seconds, in the audio file. Participants are referred to with the following abbreviations:

ADJ adjudicating official

APP appellant (i.e. asylum seeker)

lNT interpreter RE, re rding clerk

ur tr n lation of German utterances appear in italics. Transcription conventions were applied as follows:

ur I nterpreting and Face:

An An alysis of a Court: Interpreter's Strategies for Conveying Threats to Own Face H 1nte Jacobsen

The study presented in this article is part of an empirical study (Jacobsen, forthcoming) of face in an interpreter-mediated speech event in an adversarial courtroom: a prosecutor's questioning of a defendant ' in a criminal trial in a Danish district court.' One of the characteristics of the adversarial courtroom is the power differential between the lawyers in the courtroom, judges, prosecutors, and defense counsel, and the non-lawyers, defendants and witness. The Danish courtroom is less adversarial than many other courtrooms around the world, as the law puts certain constraints on lawyers' questioning strategies.2 However, as in many other legal systems, cases are based on oral evidence that is presented mainly in the form of questions and answers. Thus, evidence extracted by lawyers questioning defendants and witnesses play a sig­ nificant part in the outcome of a case. Furthermore, the law dictates a role-play and a questioning procedure that enables the questioners, the lawyers, to control the speech exchange to a high degree.

internal-pdf://3328372727/Jacobsen-2001-Court Interpreting and Face_ An.pdf

Jacobsen, Bente. 2002. "Additions in Court Interpreting." Perspectives on interpreting.

Abstract: Court interpreters in Denmark are expected to follow the guidelines laid down in the document, Instructions for Interpreters, which was published in 1994. This paper contends that Danish court interpreters regularly fail to adhere to one of the rules in the guidelines, the rule regarding additions. The contention is one of the hypotheses of a recently undertaken PhD project which aims at demonstrating the presence of additions in interpreter renditions and at explaining motivations for including them. This paper presents the PhD project, which is the first of its kind in Denmark, and discusses its hypotheses, objectives and methodology. The paper also discusses the guidelines and the rule regarding additions, and finally it outlines some of the situations in which Danish court interpreters may find additions necessary.

Jacobsen, Bente. 2003. "Pragmatics in Court Interpreting: Additions." In The Critical Link 3: Interpreters in the Community, edited by Louise Brunette, Georges Bastin, Isabelle Hemlin and Heather Clarke, 223-238. Amsterdam, Filadelfia: John Benjamins.

Jacobsen, Bente. 2008. "Interactional pragmatics and court interpreting: An analysis of face." In Doing Justice to Court Interpreting, edited by Miriam Shlesinger and Franz Pöchhacker, 193-222.

ABSTRACT: This article reports on an investigation of face in a triadic speech event, a pros- ecutor’s interpreter-mediated questioning of a defendant in a criminal trial at

a Danish district court. The power differential of this particular speech event makes it inherently threatening for the less powerful individual, the defendant, who by consenting to make a statement potentially puts his face at risk in mul- tiple ways. Moreover, his face-protecting strategies may result in the prosecutor’s face being threatened. Simultaneously, while attending to the face-work of the primary participants, the interpreter has her own face to attend to as a profes- sional. Consequently, the aim of the investigation was to explore face-work in the speech event and the interpreter’s strategies for translating and coordinating face-work. The analysis revealed that the interpreter frequently modified face- threatening and face-protecting utterances in an attempt to protect her own face and/or the face of one of the primary participants.

internal-pdf://3909237177/Jacobsen-2008-Interactional pragmatics and cou.pdf

Jacobsen, Bente. 2008. "Interactional Pragmatics and Court Interpreting: An Analysis of Face." Interpreting 10 (1): 128-158.

ABSTRACT: This article reports on an investigation of face in a triadic speech event, a pros- ecutor’s interpreter-mediated questioning of a defendant in a criminal trial at

a Danish district court. The power differential of this particular speech event makes it inherently threatening for the less powerful individual, the defendant, who by consenting to make a statement potentially puts his face at risk in mul- tiple ways. Moreover, his face-protecting strategies may result in the prosecutor’s face being threatened. Simultaneously, while attending to the face-work of the primary participants, the interpreter has her own face to attend to as a profes- sional. Consequently, the aim of the investigation was to explore face-work in the speech event and the interpreter’s strategies for translating and coordinating face-work. The analysis revealed that the interpreter frequently modified face- threatening and face-protecting utterances in an attempt to protect her own face and/or the face of one of the primary participants.

internal-pdf://4206140814/Jacobsen-2008-Interactional Pragmatics and Cou.pdf

Jacobsen, Bente. 2012. "The significance of interpreting modes for question–answer dialogues in court interpreting." Interpreting 14: 217-241. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.14.2.05jac.

ABSTRACT: Studies of court interpreting have so far neglected interpreters’ choice of mode for interpreting question–answer dialogues, though their choice of mode may impact the way questions and answers are reproduced and received by end receivers. Typically, the (short) consecutive mode, regarded as the more complete mode, is recommended for interpreting these dialogues, because it facilitates the inclusion of features such as hesitations, discourse markers, repetitions etc. which play a significant role in identifying speaker meaning. Moreover, in courts without interpreting equipment, answers interpreted in the simultaneous (whispered) mode will be inaudible to end receivers. Nevertheless, as demonstrated in this article, which is based on a survey among court interpreters in Denmark, some interpreters ignore official recommendations and choose strategies for interpreting questions and answers which potentially hinder the flow of information between the original speaker and listener and the accurate and complete translation of original utterances. Furthermore, Danish courts seem to accept the court interpreters’ behaviour, despite its potential consequences for trial outcomes. The article discusses the reasons for this passivity and its wider implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

internal-pdf://1144522513/Jacobsen-2012-The significance of interpreting.pdf

Jansen, Peter. 1995. "The role of the interpreter in Dutch courtroom interaction: the impact of the situation on translational norms." In Topics in interpreting research, edited by Jorma Tommola, 11-36. Turku: University of Turku.

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the nature of the criteria or norms governing the court interpreter’s translation strategies. The material comes from two criminal lawsuits in Holland. The starting point is the hypothesis that the tension between institutional discourse and everyday speech in court has a direct bearing on translational criteria and strategies. The description shows, among other things, that the interpreter tends to simplify the institutional discourse when translating to the defendant, and renders the speech of the non-professional participant in a standardized manner. Theories of discourse and conversation analysis, the sociology of interaction and of law, as well as translation and interpreting theory, are relevant to analyses of this type.

Janulevičienė, Violeta, and Sigita Rackevičienė. 2011. "Translation strategies of English legal terms in the bilingual Lithuanian and Norwegian Law dictionaries." Societal Studies 3.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the article is twofold: to investigate the legal terminology translation strategies suggested by contemporary researchers and then to perform comparative analysis of the translation strategies employed by the compilers of two English-Lithuanian and one English-Norwegian law dictionaries in translating the English-Welsh legal system terms”.The first part of the article deals with the characteristic features of legal terminology and the issue of equivalency in legal translation. It also weighs the advantages and disadvantages of the four main translation strategies. The second part of the article presents a detailed translation analysis of twelve English-Welsh law terms defining abstract common law terms, specific English-Welsh legal professions and the English-Welsh court names, revealing that different translation strategies were employed in the examined dictionaries.

internal-pdf://0628175004/Janulevičienė-2011-Translation strategies of E.pdf

Jie, Xi, and Yong Zhong. 2008. "Locating users of interpretation in the court. An impact analysis of literal and meaningful renditions in a mock court situation." Babel: Revue internationale de la traduction/International Journal of Translation 54: 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.54.4.02jie.

internal-pdf://1600028624/Jie-2008-Locating users of interpretation in t.pdf

Johnsa, William H. 1999. "Interpreters in the Northeastern Judicial Circuit: A Study to determine the feasibility of a centralized, court-annexed department for interpretation and translation."

Jones, J. 1954. "Trial of a Deaf Mute." Crim.L.R. 3: 20-22.

Journal, Tennessee Bar. 2006. "Higher rates for interpreters." Tennessee Bar Journal 42: 8.

ABSTRACT: The article reports on the amendment made by the Tennessee Supreme Court on the costs of interpreters in cases that involve indigent defendants. The existing rule set the maximum daily rate for certified interpreters to $500, $400 for registered interpreters and $250 for non-credentialed interpreters.

internal-pdf://0754975230/Journal-2006-Higher rates for interpreters.pdf

Juárez Rodríguez, Mario, and Mario Santiago Juárez. 2013. "Interpretación judicial de los derechos de las personas del colectivo LGBT en México." Revista general de derecho constitucional (17): 8.

ABSTRACT: En el trabajo se realiza un análisis de las sentencias más importantes emitidas por órganos jurisdiccionales federales en México, relacionadas con los derechos de las personas que pertenecen al colectivo LGBTI. Así como de las implicaciones y alcances que estas resoluciones tienen en México.

Judiciary Council of California. 2002. "Qualifications and Self-Assessment For Court Interpreting Certification Exams."

internal-pdf://1566288775/Judiciary Counc-Qualifications and Self-Assess.pdf

Jung, Irene. 1983. "Wortgewandter als Goethe: Die Gerichtsdolmetscher." Van Taal tot Taal 27.

Office of the Chief Administrative Justice. 1988. "Code of Professional Conduct for Court Interpreters of the Trial Court." Massachusetts.

Kabbani, S. 1986. "Wer und was ist ein Gerichtsdolmetscher?" Mitteilungsblatt für Dolmetscher und Übersetzer 2.

Kabella, G. 1992. "Die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Tdtigkeit des Gerichtsdolmetschers." Universitas.

Kambas, Michael O. 1998. "The court interpreter's (US) English-Greek glossary = Gl*ossario dikastik*on dierm*ene*on Anglika (*EPA)-Hell*enika." 33.

Keating, Kathleen. 1981. "A Handbook for Court Interpreters."

Kelly, Arlene M. 2003. "Court interpreters, sworn translators: their training and certification in the United States of America." Traduire (199): 125-136.

Khoon, Wong Fook. 1990. "Court Interpreting in a Multiracial Society: the Malaysian Experience." In Interpreting-Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 108-114. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Kierzkowska, Danuta. 1988. "International unification of court translators' principles of work – needs and possibilities." In Translation: our Future / La traduction: notre avenir. Proceedings of the Xlth World Congress of FIT, edited by Paul Nekeman, 438-442. Maastricht: Euroterm.

Kierzkowska, Danuta. 1991. "Court Interpreting in Poland." In ITI Conference 4 Proceedings, edited by Catriona Picken, 87-93. Londres: Aslib.

Kinney, Carolyn. 2005. "Update on AOUSC's Contract court interpreter

services terms and conditions document." Proteus 14 (3).

internal-pdf://3732194496/Kinney-2005-Update on AOUSC's Contract court i.pdf

Kinnunen, Tuija. 2013. "Translatorisches Handeln und die interprofessionale Kooperation im Kontext des Gerichtsdolmetschens in Finnland." [Translatorial action and interprofessional cooperation in the context of court interpreting in Finland] trans-kom. Zeitschrift für Translationswissenschaft und Fachkommunikation 6 (1): 70-91.

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses Justa Holz-Mänttäri’s concept of translatorial action from the perspective of today’s work research and empirical findings in the field of court interpreting. It is claimed that Holz-Mänttäri’s theory reveals a number of problems affecting the quality of court interpreting in Finland. One such problem is the lack of interprofessional cooperation between court interpreters and legal professionals. In addition, there is a lack of shared information regarding each others’ professional premises. This argumentation is based on empirical investigations in the context of interpreted court trials in Finland. The data consist of interviews, audio-recorded interpretations, a video, and observations of interpreted trials. The data reveal significant contradictions in the activity system of court interpreters. In total, these conflicting factors result in poor-quality interpreting. The paper concludes that in Finland there is still no generally shared model for court interpreting; and in order to reach sufficient quality, this model should be developed in collaboration of the two professions.

internal-pdf://1671294885/Kinnunen-2013-Translatorisches Handeln und die.pdf

Kinnunen, Tuija. 2017. "Körperlich-räumliche Aspekte gedolmetschter Interaktion im Gericht." trans-kom. Zeitschrift für Translationswissenschaft und Fachkommunikation 10 (1): 45-74.

ABSTRACT: This article investigates spatial and embodied aspects of face-to-face interaction in court interpreting and discusses the implications of spatial and seating arrangements for interpreter-mediated communication in the courtroom. In addition, it challenges the public belief that interpreting is a solely verbal phenomenon. The data analyzed is video data from a district court criminal hearing in Finland. The article first analyzes the physical surroundings of the interaction space. It then focuses on bodily resources of interaction such as gaze, gestures and head movements as displayed in interaction fragments. The fragments include examples from consecutive as well as whispered interpreting. Finally, the article makes the claim that interpreting is essentially an embodied form of interaction, since the findings provide strong evidence that visibility and audibility play an important role in various phases of the interpreted hearing. Additionally, the article questions the requirements of the standard ISO 13611 (2014).

internal-pdf://2349174253/Kinnunen-2017-Körperlich-räumliche Aspekte ged.pdf

Kleinert, Cristina V. 2014. "Intérpretes sociales en México: construcción de una etnografía doblemente reflexiva con enfoque decolonial." In-Traduções 6 (10): 1-23.

ABSTRACT: This paper is a reflection on the methodological strategy of an ongoing study with community interpreters in indigenous languages in Mexico. Vertical power relations were identified between the actors in both court interpreting practice and in implementation of an educational strategy to certify interpreters. The inter-institutional committees created to carry out these public policy strategies include civil society as a key actor. We read this reality through a de-colonial filter, observing that since the emergence of professional practice during colonial times, the role of community interpreter, understood as a mediator, is or can be controversial. Our interest is in how to approach this problem within an interdisciplinary, intercultural field including education, interpreting and law through a doubly reflexive ethnography (Dietz 2012), involving elements of auto-ethnography, in order to facilitate the collaborative construction of public policy regarding the linguistic rights of indigenous peoples and, thus, secure the right to court interpretation.

Kleinert, Cristina V. 2014. "Didáctica para la formación de intérpretes en lenguas nacionales de México: trabajar de manera multilingüe." Entreculturas: revista de traducción y comunicación intercultural (7): 599-624.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to share and reflect on some aspects of Mexican indigenous interpreters training experience in multilingual groups. The students are then certified to work as court interpreters. The research was conducted through a doubly reflexive ethnography (Dietz, 2012) where teaching and accompanying trained interpreters and the involved institutions which participated is articulated in order to build future training experiences which may offer different answers to the social demands in Mexico. We reflect on the didactics implemented during the training process in multilingual classrooms.

internal-pdf://2442185478/Kleinert-2014-Didáctica para la formación de i.pdf

Kleinert, Cristina V., and Christiane Stallaert. 2015. "La formación de intérpretes de lenguas indígenas para la justicia en México. Sociología de las ausencias y agencia decolonial." Sendebar: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación (26): 235-254.

ABSTRACT: The professionalization of community interpretation in Mexico is slowly taking shape and shows great vitality. In this paper we reflect on the development and configuration of this field in the area of indigenous interpreters training for criminal justice. Our research is based on data collected in the states of Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca with interpreters trained during 2011 and 2012. The study draws its qualitative data from a doubly reflexive ethnography (Dietz 2012) traversed by an auto-ethnography (Scribano 2009). The current status of the field is read from a decolonial approach (Escobar 2000, Rama 2004, Mignolo 2003) and an intercultural epistemology (Santos 2006, 2010). The analysis reveals a growing awareness and decolonial agency, although still incipient, among graduates of the training courses. When it comes to tackle the challenges of transforming the field of criminal justice in Mexico, their influence is becoming more and more visible.

La profesionalización de la interpretación en los servicios públicos en México se está conformando lentamente y muestra gran vitalidad. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre el desarrollo y configuración de este campo en el ámbito de la formación de intérpretes en lenguas indígenas para la justicia penal, con base en datos recogidos en los estados de Veracruz, Puebla y Oaxaca con intérpretes formados durante 2011 y 2012. El estudio se sustenta en datos cualitativos a partir de una etnografía doblemente reflexiva (Dietz 2012) atravesada por una autoetnografía (Scribano 2009). La situación actual del campo se lee desde un enfoque decolonial (Escobar 2003; Rama 1984; Mignolo 2003) y una epistemología intercultural (Santos 2006, 2010). El análisis devela una creciente conciencia y agencia decolonial, si bien todavía incipiente, entre egresados de los diplomados, cuyas influencias se vislumbran en los retos de transformación del campo de la justicia penal.

internal-pdf://3172685635/Kleinert-2015-La formación de intérpretes de l.pdf

Kolehmainen, Leena, and Pekka Kujamäki. 2013. “Thesen, Theorien und Tendenzen der finnischen Translationswissenschaft.” Special issue of trans-kom 6 (1).

ABSTRACT: A couple of years ago, translation and interpreting training in Finland celebrated its 40th birthday, but the occasion was at that time buried under academic routine and substantial university reforms. To mark the occasion post festum, this special issue contains seven original papers that together open up one perspective into contemporary Finnish translation and interpreting research. Each paper takes up an idea, hypothesis, or theoretical model presented in Finnish translation studies and approaches it from a new point of view or through new methods and materials. Articles on Finnish and German audio descriptions, translation of Finnish pronominal references into English and German in radio plays, contemporary challenges on the Finnish court interpreting scene, the alleged “universal” status of the Unique Items Hypothesis, methodological challenges in a corpus-linguistic study of retranslations, history and analysis of retranslations from German into Finnish, and translation of culture-specific realia provide the backdrop for this exploration.

Kracum, John. 2014. "The validity of united states v. Nazemian following crawford and its progeny: Do criminal defendants have the right to face their interpreters at trial?" Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 104 (2): 431-456. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=96044876&site=ehost-live.

ABSTRACT: The article discusses whether criminal defendants have the right to face their interpreters at trial in America as of April 2014, focusing on the U.S. criminal justice system, the legal rights of non-English speaking criminal suspects, and the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the case Crawford v. Washington which deals with out-of-court statements and a defendant's ability to cross-examined a declarant. The validity of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit's ruling in the case United States v. Nazemian, which addresses hearsay evidence and an interpreter acting as a language conduit, is examined.

internal-pdf://3404507581/Kracum-2014-The validity of united states v. N.pdf

Krauthammer, Sarah. 1986. "On the Recognition of the Court Interpreter as a Professional." In Building Bridges, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of ATA, edited by Karl Kummer. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Kurz, Ingrid. 1985. "Als Dolmetscher beim Nürnberger Prozess' - Gespräch mit Marie-France Skuncke." Mitteilungsblatt Universitas 1985: 2-7.

Kurz, Ingrid. 1991. "The Interpreter Felipillo and his Role in the Trial of the Inca Ruler Atahualpa." Jerome Quarterly 6: 3-4,11.

Lacher, Wolfgang. 1998. "Das Schiedsgericht des SÜDTV - Standortüberlegungen." Hieronymus 3.

internal-pdf://2332287170/Lacher-1998-Das Schiedsgericht des SÜDTV - Sta.pdf

Lang, Ranier. 1976. "Interpreters in Local Courts in Papua New Guinea." In Language and Politics, edited by William M O'Barr and Jean F O'Barr, 327-365. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.

Laster, Kathy, and V L Taylor. 1994. "Technocratic Multiculturalism: Lawyers 'Use' Interpreters." Law in Context: A Socio-Legal Journal 12: 76-96.

ABSTRACT: This paper is a thoughtful consideration of the complex role of court interpreting, which not only involves accurately conveying meaning between languages, but also dealing with the 'ancient tradition of obscurity' inherent in legal language (Milroy 1984). Laster and Taylor consider the (Australian) courts' reluctance to innovate and become 'interpreter-literate' because lawyers want to relegate interpreters to the status of mechanical device (hence, the conduit metaphor). By so doing, lawyers have been able to avoid dealing with the complexities of legal language and the nexus between language and power within the legal system. The authors' end argument is that, despite well-meaning political attempts toward legal pluralism, these objectives are easily hijacked. (jluch)

Lauziere, Lucie. 1981. "Législation pertinente à l'interprétation judiciaire au Canada." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda Roberts, 165-178. University of Ottawa Press.

Le Bonniec, Fabien, and Pamela Nahuelcheo Queupucura. 2017. "La mediació lingüisticocultural en els tribunals en matèria penal de l'Araucanía." [Linguistic-cultural Mediation in the Criminal Courts of Araucanía] Revista de Llengua i Dret 67: 279-293.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to understand the current occupation of intercultural facilitators in the criminal courts of the region of Araucanía, from a socio-legal perspective, but also on the basis of the ethnographic work carried out in these courts. We highlight the role of the intercultural facilitators as linguistic mediators (translator-interpreter) but above all as cultural mediators in the age of the difference policies, granting this actor a fundamental role - that of a bridge - that is not always recognised by the courts as we will see in two cases. Accordingly, the invisible work carried out by the intercultural facilitators implies several ethical-political challenges, not just within the framework of the contemporary debates on legal pluralism, but also in a broader sense centred around the recognition of cultural diversity in Chile.

internal-pdf://3667706845/Le Bonniec-2017-La mediació lingüisticocultura.pdf

Lee, Jieun. 2007. "Interpreting Inexplicit Language during Courtroom Examination." Applied Linguistics 30: 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amn050.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreters are required to provide accurate renditions of witnesses’ utterances during courtroom examinations, but the accuracy of interpreting may be compromised for a number of reasons, among which is the effect on interpretation of the limited contextual information available to court interpreters. Based on the analysis of the discourse of Korean–English interpreting in Australian courtrooms, this article examines how inexplicit language used by Korean-speaking witnesses affects the accuracy of court interpreting. Such use of inexplicit language is a consequence of differences between the lexico-grammatical system of the witnesses’ language (Korean) and that of the court (English), as well as being due to the witnesses’ lack of familiarity with the courtroom discourse. This study demonstrates that the way the court interpreters cope with inexplicit language may result in inaccurate rendition of the evidence, and thus have legal implications for court proceedings.

internal-pdf://1604765307/Lee-2007-Interpreting Inexplicit Language duri.pdf

Lee, Jieun. 2009. "Conflicting views on court interpreting examined through surveys of legal professionals and court interpreters." Interpreting 11: 35-56. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.11.1.04lee.

ABSTRACT: This survey-based study examined the views of 226 legal professionals and 36 interpreting practitioners in Australia with respect to the role of the court interpreter and the quality of interpreting and revealed a statistically significant gap between the perceptions of the two professional groups. Both groups, however, were ambivalent in relation to some practical aspects of court interpreting, such as cultural intervention and the reproduction of speech style. The findings indicate that legal professionals generally held a favourable view of the overall quality of court interpreting. Both groups supported specialist certification for court interpreters.

internal-pdf://2306743079/Lee-2009-Conflicting views on court interpreti.pdf

Lee, Jieun. 2009. "When linguistic and cultural differences are not disclosed in court interpreting." Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 28 (4): 379-401. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2009.017.

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the role of the court interpreter in cross-cultural and cross-linguistic communication in the courtroom. Drawing on the analysis of the discourse of witness examinations interpreted by Korean interpreters in Australian court proceedings, this paper argues that in the absence of cultural and/or linguistic explanations by the interpreter, evidence given by witnesses from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds may not be accurately or fully interpreted, and this can have potentially serious consequences for the witness in the adversarial context. The discussion highlights the significance of interpreters’ disclosure of linguistic and cul- tural issues which are related to the accuracy of interpreting during court- room examination and suggests that ‘conduit’ interpreters may in fact ad- versely influence adversarial court proceedings.

internal-pdf://1876855535/Lee-2009-When linguistic and cultural differen.pdf

Lee, Jieun. 2010. Interpreting reported speech in witnesses' evidence. In Doing Justice to Court Interpreting: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Lee, Jieun. 2013. "A study of facework in interpreter-mediated courtroom examination." Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 21 (1): 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2011.629729.

ABSTRACT: Drawing on authentic data from Korean interpreter-mediated witness examination in Australian courts, this paper examines facework in the context of the interpreter-mediated courtroom examination. Based on both conceptual and interactional notion of face, this paper focuses on repair attempts when miscommunication, be it actual or potential, arises. The data analysis demonstrates that the interpreter's face is closely connected to the face game in the courtroom, and that a part of the habitus of the interpreter is to engage with issues of face. The dynamic facework in the interpreter-mediated courtroom examination indicates that facework is central to communicative courtroom interactions and that the facework of the interpreter may have potential implications for courtroom interactions.

internal-pdf://4265905635/Lee-2013-A study of facework in interpreter-me.pdf

Lee, Jieun. 2015. "Evaluation of court interpreting: A case study of metadiscourse in interpreter-mediated expert witness examinations." Interpreting 17 (2): 167-194. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.17.2.02lee.

ABSTRACT: The present paper examines the metadiscourse of court interpreting, with a focus on the evaluative language used in relation to interpreting of expert witness testimony. The study explores interactional resources such as hedges, boosters, attitude markers, self-mentions and engagement markers, employed by participants in the interpreter-mediated South Korean courtroom examinations of three English-speaking expert witnesses. Extracts analysed for this paper, involving a total of four interpreters, are taken from two court cases (four extracts each from a civil case, featuring experienced conference interpreters, and a criminal case, with unskilled interpreters). In courtroom settings, where the interpretation of expert testimony is frequently contested, this study demonstrates metadiscursive representation of stance management during professional communication, which is closely linked with facework and rapport management. The analysis indicates that hedging is far more frequently used than boosters, and that various attitude markers and engagement markers are used in evaluating interpretations and ensuring their accuracy.

internal-pdf://1984210001/Lee-2015-Evaluation of court interpreting_ A c.pdf

Lee, Jieun. 2017. "Due Process and Legal Interpreting:Communicating Suspects' Rights to Silence and Counsel across Languages." T&I Review 7: 75-88.

ABSTRACT: Under international law, criminal suspects and defendants who do not understand or speak the language used in the legal procedure are entitled to free assistance by interpreters (e.g., Article 14(3)(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Articles 5 and 6 of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights). They should be informed about their right to remain silent and right to counsel through the interpreter before the investigative interview starts. Providing them with adequate interpretation by competent interpreters is critical. If an incompetent interpreter is engaged in the legal process, the rights of criminal suspects and defendants may be undermined as a result of inaccurate interpretation. Drawing on a case study of an interpreter-mediated prosecutor’s interview of suspects, this paper demonstrates that engaging competent interpreters is pivotal to due process of law, and the findings also indicate both the complexity of communicating a suspect’s rights through interpreters and the opportunity for improvement in the administration of Miranda rights. The results suggest that both interpreters and criminal investigators need to employ extra caution and receive training on effectively administering Miranda warnings to suspects from diverse linguistic backgrounds.

internal-pdf://1859031404/Lee-2017-Due Process and Legal Interpreting_Co.pdf

Lee, Robert Joe. 1998. "Pilot test of telephone Court Interpreting in Atlantic/cape May-Essex-Hudson: Final Report.", Trenton.

Lee, Robert Joe, Ellie de la Bandera, and Gay Belliveau. 1989. "Legal Interpreting and Translating in New Jersey's Courts: Changes, Challenges and Chitchat." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 17-29. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Leeth, Jon. 1985. "Keynote Address."

León Velasco, Héctor Aníbal de, and Roser Martínez Quirante. 2006. "El Recurso de Casación Penal. Los recursos en el sistema procesal penal guatemalteco y en el derecho comparado."

ABSTRACT: I. El concepto de recurso y su naturaleza. Los recursos como derecho fundamental; fuentes de apoyo de carácter constitucional, y de carácter internacional, mención del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos y de las Constituciones Políticas. La doble instancia, en relación con la existencia en Guatemala de un recurso de apelación contra la sentencia de primer grado denominado Apelación especial. Mención de algunas reglas comunes para el planteamiento de los recursos, aplicadas en diversos países de América Latina, y de las clases de recursos existentes en el procedimiento penal guatemalteco y español.II. Apelación. Historia, naturaleza y formas, la apelación plena y la limitada, coexistencia en las legislaciones contemporáneas; datos y características de la apelación española, así como de la denominada Apelación Especial en el procedimiento guatemalteco, los requisitos para su planteamiento, trámite, comentario crítico sobre los aspectos principales de la regulación de la apelación guatemalteca en materia penal, señalándose como el esencial, que el tribunal de apelación conozca solamente los puntos de la sentencia expresamente impugnados; mención de algunos aspectos prácticos para el contenido de un escrito de apelación especial.III. Revisión penal, su naturaleza, como un recurso y como un proceso especial; motivos de revisión en el código de procedimiento penal guatemalteco, planteamiento y trámite. Análisis de la revisión española, colombiana, argentina y costarricense.IV. Recurso de casación, historia y generalidades, importancia de los derechos fundamentales en relación con el mismo. Importancia del artículo 24 de la CE y de los derechos fundamentales para fundar un recurso de casación especialmente por la existencia del artículo 5.4 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, que según algunos constituye una tercera vía casacional y ha servido para eliminar las barreras tradicionales de acceso al recurso. El recurso de casación en España, su origen histórico y naturaleza, mención de otros sistemas casacionales europeos; estudio histórico de la casación guatemalteca y los fundamentos y objetivos generales. Importancia de la distinción de los hechos y el derecho en la casación; motivos de inadmisión tanto en el derecho español como el guatemalteco y planteamiento del recurso.V. Motivos del recurso de casación y casos de procedencia en España. Se tratan aquí los motivos de fondo y de forma y la alegación en casación de la infracción de precepto constitucional con un comentario a la infracción del principio de presunción de inocencia.VI. Motivos del recurso en la legislación guatemalteca; comentario relativo a la existencia de las mismas bases para el recurso de apelación especial. Estudio de resoluciones recurribles en casación con alusión a la variabilidad de la doctrina jurisprudencial, pese a la existencia de normas concretas. Se analizan los motivos de fondo y de forma así como el planteamiento y la sentencia de acuerdo con la ley guatemalteca.VII. Propuesta para redefinir el sistema de recursos en la legislación guatemalteca, consistente en que el recurso de casación que conoce la Corte Suprema, sea para la unificación de la doctrina jurisprudencial, es decir que dicha Corte a través de sus fallos centralice la interpretación judicial, consecuentemente la llamada apelación especial debe ocuparse de la función revisora del fallo de primera instancia.VIII. Comentarios respecto del presente y futuro de la casación. Señalamiento sobre incidencia de regulación actual en el retardo en la tramitación del proceso, que se agrava cuando los litigantes plantean Amparos, "contra" la sentencia de casación. Fundamentos y una regulación posible de la nueva casación guatemalteca.IX. La necesidad de una nueva casación en España, y en general una nueva regulación sobre recursos; corriente que se inclina por la necesidad de la regulación de una apelación con carácter previo a la ca ación. Propuestas del Tribunal Supremo español para la reforma del sistema de recursos en el orden jurisdiccional penal.X. Conclusiones: A) el derecho al recurso es un derecho fundamental equiparable al derecho de acción. B) La Constitución de Guatemala establece el derecho al recurso a través de dos vías: i) la del artículo 12 que se refiere al derecho de defensa y al debido proceso, cuya interpretación por la Corte Constitucional señala como consecuencia la posibilidad recurrir ante el tribunal competente, la Constitución española a través del 24 ii) la del artículo 46 que establece la preeminencia de los Tratados y convenciones en materia de Derechos Humanos sobre el derecho interno. C) El Recurso de apelación especial guatemalteco tiene un similar contenido al del recurso de casación; existe una duplicidad de la revisión del fallo de primera instancia que implica retardo en la administración de justicia, por lo que es necesaria una reforma legal que redefina el recurso de apelación y dé nuevo contenido a la casación. D) En España la doctrina y especialmente el Tribunal Supremo a través de la Sala segunda han estimado que a la par de una nueva casación penal ha de rediseñarse un nuevo sistema de recursos.

Levy-Berlowitz, Ruth. 1989. "The linguistic logistics of the Demjanjuk trial." Parallèles 11: 37-44.

Lipkin, Shira L. 2008. "Norms, ethics and roles among military court interpreters. The unique case of the Yehuda Court." Interpreting 10: 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.06lip.

ABSTRACT: This study examined the activities of military court interpreters at the Yehuda Military Court near Jerusalem over a period of one year. The aim of the study was to examine the norms and ethical rules that guide the interpreters' work. In-depth interviews were carried out with eleven interpreters and officers, and court sessions were observed. The questions asked related to the interpreters' powers and duties, the nature of their work, their personal preferences, the rules that guide their work, and the training they receive. The findings show that the interpreters' powers and duties cover a range of areas over and above interpreting per se, and include translating documents, acting as ushers in the courtroom, and handling logistical matters. The study also pointed to the lack of a clear set of rules in relation to the interpreters' work, and revealed that training is provided only after they have begun working. The study suggests the need for a code of ethics defining and providing a framework for the interpreters' powers and duties, which should be limited to interpreting, and should not encompass administrative tasks, as the current situation causes confusion over the ethical boundaries of the interpreters' work.

internal-pdf://0719885292/Lipkin-2008-Norms, ethics and roles among mili.pdf

Liu, Xin, and Sandra Hale. 2018. "Achieving accuracy in a bilingual courtroom: the effectiveness of specialised legal interpreter training." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 12 (3): 299-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2018.1501649.

ABSTRACT: Courtroom interpreting requires a high level of accuracy due to the strategic use of language in such an institutional setting. It is generally agreed among interpreting scholars that quality interpreting in court should accurately relay both propositional content and illocutionary force of the original utterances. This high standard of accuracy poses challenges to practitioners who may have only received generic training, if any at all, but little specialised legal interpreter training. A number of studies have shown alterations in the dynamics of interpreter-mediated courtroom examinations. Consequently, there has been a call for specialised training to improve the practice of court interpreting. However, there is a lack of discussion and a dearth of empirical studies addressing the effectiveness of such training. This paper will therefore present results of an experimental study that aimed to gauge whether specialised legal interpreter training is effective in improving interpreting accuracy among trainee interpreters. Using a quasi-experiment, the study found that specialised training is conducive to improving interpreters’ pragmatic accuracy and that interpreters who receive more training tend to perform better on accuracy than those who receive less. These results affirm the value of specialised training.

internal-pdf://0945117029/Liu-2018-Achieving accuracy in a bilingual cou.pdf

Longhi, Antonella. 2005. "L'interprete nel processo penale italiano: perito, consulente tecnico o professionista virtuale?" inTRAlinea 7.

ABSTRACT: This article paper concerns court interpreters in Italy, the reasons for their appointment within criminal proceedings, the laws regulating their engagement and performance, and finally the distinctiveness of their role. On closer examination of the fundamental contribution of the interpreter in the economy of the bilingual process, this paper asks whether, and to what extent, they can be compared to two other specialized figures who, when necessary, enter the same legal proceedings: the consultant and the expert.

internal-pdf://0962245999/Longhi-2005-L'interprete nel processo penale i.pdf

Lucas, Ceil, ed. 2003. Language and the Law in Deaf Communities. Washington: Gallaudet University Press.

Luna Osorio, Andrés Hernando. 2010. "Medios técnicos y expectativa razonable de intimidad en la investigación penal." Justicia Juris 6 (13): 112-121.

ABSTRACT: From the draft of the only paragraph in the Article 230 (Code of Penal Procedure) it invites the study of the different assumptions that have developed about the case law about of lack of reasonable expectation of privacy by an object expose in full view at the mercy of technical or electronic media (novel search technologies) that serve to the purposes of judicial police. From comparative experience is proposed a model (strict) of interpretation due to the ?intrusive capacity? of the technical means in the intimate lives of suspects in the criminal investigation

A partir de la redacción del único parágrafo del artículo 230 CPP se invita al estudio de los diversos supuestos jurisprudenciales que se han desarrollado acerca de la ?carencia de expectativa razonable de intimidad?, esto por cuanto dicha norma prevé que al dejar objetos expuestos a plena vista, se permite el uso de medios técnicos o electrónicos que sirvan para los fines de policía judicial. En razón a ello, a partir de las experiencias comparadas se propone un modelo (estricto) de interpretación judicial, respetuoso de la garantía de intimidad, dada la ?capacidad intrusiva? de los medios técnicos en la vida íntima de los sospechosos en la indagación penal.

Luque Nadal, Lucía, Hugo Marquant, and Bernard Thiry. 2008. "PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LA TRADUCCION Y LA INTERPRETACION JUDICIALES EN LA UNIÓN EUROPEA." In La traducción e interpretación jurídicas en la UE. Retos para la Europa de los ciudadanos, 281-292. Granada, Comares, 2008.

Maček, Amalija, and Ahmed Zekhnini. 2016. "Pilot training Arabic-Slovene (University of Ljubljana and SIGV)." In TraiLLD: training in languages of lesser diffusion, edited by Katalin Balogh, Heidi Salaets and Dominique van Schoor, 154-162. Leuven / Tielt: Lannoo Campus.

ABSTRACT: This chapter describes a pilot training in legal interpreting for Arabic and Slovene organized by the University of Ljubljana and SIGV. Past research showed that registered court interpreters with Arabic, who live in Slovenia, have not received any training in interpreting skills. Despite Arabic being one of the most important languages in the world, one could say that it is a language of lesser diffusion in Slovenia. The training consisted of two webinars for registered court interpreters with the language combination Arabic-Slovene: one session about consecutive interpreting, note taking and terminology, and one about ethics and professional role. This pilot clearly showed how valuable this type of training is for legal interpreters. The academic network of projects and university partnerships is able to provide the needed expertise and contacts in order to provide good training, even if there is no interpreter trainer for a certain LLD in a specific country.

MACI. 2016. Brief for the Massachusetts Association of Court Interpreters, INC. as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner. In No. 15-1002, edited by Massachusetts Association of Court Interpreters. Chelmsford: Supreme Court of the United States.

Mackinnon, Roger A, and Robert Michels. 1971. "Interviewing Through an Interpreter." In The Psychiatric Interview in Clinical Practice, 451-456. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.

Macy, J E. 1947. "Annotation — Use of Interpreter in Trial." A.L.R. 172: 923-952.

Mair, Doreen J. 1991. "Court interpreting in Scotland." The British Deaf News.

Maniar, Aisha. 2013. "Court interpreters." Socialist Lawyer 64: 12-13.

internal-pdf://1316505706/Maniar-2013-Court interpreters.pdf

Manjón-Cabeza Olmeda, Araceli. 2010. "Prevaricación e interpretación judicial: a propósito del Auto del Tribunal Supremo de 3 de febrero de 2010, por el que se deniega el sobreseimiento pedido por el Juez Baltasar Garzón en la causa de la «Guerra Civil»." Diario La Ley (7367).

ABSTRACT: Se analiza el ATS de 3 de febrero de 2010 en el que se aprecia prevaricación en la actuación del Juez Garzón por sus investigaciones relativas a posibles delitos cometidos durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra. Especial referencia merecen las sorprendentes afirmaciones que el Auto del Instructor Varela contiene sobre la naturaleza jurídica y efectos de la amnistía. Finalmente se tratan los límites entre interpretación y prevaricación y la praxis del Tribunal Supremo en materia de aplicación e interpretación.

Martin, Anne, and Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez. 2011. "Nuremberg in Madrid: The Role of Interpreting in the Madrid Train Bomb Trial." The AIIC Webzine 56 (Winter). http://aiic.net/page/3548.

internal-pdf://3287385071/Martin-2011-Nuremberg in Madrid_ The Role of I.pdf

Martin, Anne, and Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez. 2013. "From invisible machines to visible experts. Views on interpreter role and performance during the Madrid train bomb trial." In Interpreting in a Changing Landscape. Selected papers from Critical Link 6, edited by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens and Yvonne Fowler, 83-100. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: Traditionally, court interpreting arrangements in Spain have been less than adequate, with few enforceable requirements regarding the training and accreditation of those involved. However, the high profile trial of those accused of perpetrating the 2004 Madrid train bombings marked a turning point in the history and development of court interpreting in Spain. The interpreters were experienced professionals who spoke different dialectal variations of Arabic and the simultaneous mode was used. In this paper we will analyse the role of the interpreters in this trial, as perceived by the legal professionals involved. We will follow the evolution of such perceptions over the four months the trial lasted, as the participants adapted and adjusted to the interpreting process.

internal-pdf://3289099486/Martin-2013-From invisible machines to visible.pdf

Martín González, Alberto J. de. 2004. "Las condiciones generales como parte de un contrato de seguro: interpretación judicial." Revista española de seguros: Publicación doctrinal de Derecho y Economía de los Seguros privados (117): 47-70.

Martín Salgado, Elena. 2005. "La interpretación y la traducción en el tribunal penal internacional para la ex Yugoslavia." In La traducción y la interpretación en las relaciones jurídicas internacionales, edited by Esther Monzó Nebot and Anabel Borja Albi, 215-224. Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I.

Martínez-Gómez, Aída. 2015. "Non-professional interpreters " In The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting, edited by Holly Mikkelson and Renée Jourdenais, 417-431. London and New York: Routledge.

ABSTRACT: Non-professional interpreters are individuals with a certain degree of bilingual competence who perform interpreting tasks on an ad hoc basis without economic compensation or prior specific training. Their awareness of the skills required to perform their interpreting duties correctly and the ethical constraints thereto is shaped by their own intuitions and subject to the expectations expressed by the parties to the encounters they mediate in. Most often they conduct their tasks individually and in isolation, which translates into little visibility, lack of group solidarity and prestige, and lack of public credibility, even if they may receive immediate social recognition by the monolingual speakers for whom they enable communication. In fact, every bilingual individual is a potential non-professional interpreter, as they are selected on the basis of their (apparent) competence in the two languages involved – spoken or signed – and their immediate availability. Non-professional interpreters range thus from relatives or friends or acquaintances – including children – of a person requiring language mediation; to in-house employees at the institution where interpreting is needed; to volunteers belonging to a wide array of civil organizations; to virtually any passer-by. Their presence is evident in the homes of minority-language community members; and it is most frequent in public services, where the interpreting profession is still little institutionalized (in health care centres, welfare and government offices, schools, police stations, prisons, churches, etc). These interpreters are relatively visible in business contexts, especially local ones (banks, post offices, shops), but also in mass media; and their presence is sporadic but crucial in conflict or emergency situations. Non-professional interpreting even occurs in the most professionalized settings (i.e. conference or court interpreting).

internal-pdf://0719885282/Martínez-Gómez-2015-Non-Professional Interpret.pdf

Martinsen, Bodil, and Friedel Dubslaff. 2010. "The cooperative courtroom. A case study of interpreting gone wrong." In Doing Justice to Court Interpreting, edited by Miriam Shlesinger and Franz Pochhacker, 125-162.

Martonová, Katerina. 1997. "Remarks on Court Interpreting and Legal Translation in the Czech Republic." ToP 8: 12-13.

Marvel, Charles C. 1980 - 1992. "Annotation: Disqualification, for Bias, of One Offered as Interpreter of Testimony." American Law Reports (ALR) 6: 158.

Maseda Rodríguez, Javier. 1997. "La interpretación judicial del Derecho extranjero." Revista de derecho privado 81 (11): 793-822.

Mason, Marianne. 2015. "The role of interpreters in adjudicating blame: An examination of clitics and active-passive voice in a Spanish-English bilingual criminal trial." Translation and Interpreting Studies 10 (2): 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.10.2.02mas.

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a linguistic analysis of the interpreter’s role in shaping the discursive reality of the Spanish-English bilingual courtroom. The paper examines the interpreter’s rendition of morphosyntactic features, specifically clitic pronouns and active-passive voice using excerpts from an actual jury trial. The aim of the study is to show how the interpreter’s treatment of linguistic features in exchanges between attorneys and witnesses may attribute agency to the defendant, and possibly suggest a relationship between the defendant and his alleged associates or victims that is not intended in the original utterance. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the field of courtroom interpreting by providing further insight into the relationship between an interpreter’s rendition of morphosyntactic features in attorney-witness exchanges and the attorney’s and witness’s ability to convey meaning and intent in a bilingual courtroom.

internal-pdf://2283978972/Mason-2015-The role of interpreters in adjudic.pdf

Mason, Marianne. 2018. "Negotiated exchanges in the Spanish–English bilingual courtroom." Perspectives: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2018.1424223.

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the interpreters’ use of requests for clarification in two criminal (Spanish–English) jury trials. The aim of the paper is to study how interpreters in the case studies reconcile expected courtroom protocols and standards with perceived communicative breakdowns that require clarification. The interpreters’ attempts at clarification, which at times also shape the witnesses’ treatment of misunderstandings and/or other repairs, appear to interfere with both the quality of the interpreters’ renditions and, more significantly, the attorneys’ ability to control the direction of courtroom proceedings. When discursive lines are blurred in bilingual institutional exchanges, witnesses and interpreters may negotiate communicative failures without mediation from the court. This is problematic because it may change the prescribed identity and role of the attorney, witness and interpreter in the bilingual courtroom.

internal-pdf://1943003453/Mason-2018-Negotiated exchanges in the Spanish.pdf

Mather, Susan, and Robert Mather. 2003. "Court Interpreting for Signing Jurors: Just Transmitting or Interpreting?" In Language and the Law in Deaf Communities, edited by Ceil Lucas, 60. Washington: Gallaudet University Press.

Mathers, Carla M. 2006. "Sign language interpreters in court: understanding best practices." v, 279, [4].

Matthew, Gladys. 2013. "Court interpreting in the United States revisited." The AIIC Webzine. http://aiic.net/p/6595.

internal-pdf://2772033438/Matthew-2013-Court interpreting in the United.pdf

Matthews, Gladys, and Enrica J. Ardemagni. 2013. "Judicial interpretation education in U.S. colleges and universities: The path to academic recognition." Translation and Interpreting Studies 8: 73-93. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.8.1.04mat.

ABSTRACT: As education programs preparing interpreters for legal settings gain visibility in academia, the need to analyze the associated teaching and learning processes becomes more pressing. Voids in interpreter education can be as simple as a lack of consensus on the profession’s name (court, judicial, or legal interpreting or interpretation) or as fundamental as how to assess student learning outcomes and even what those outcomes should be. The lack of research to assist in the development of standards and teaching methodologies in interpreter education prompted the authors to conduct a study of interpreting programs and courses taught in colleges and universities in the United States. The study sought to identify the level of courses taught, faculty credentials, similarities and differences in pedagogy, the use or development of tools to assess student learning outcomes, and other characteristics of the programs. The study is expected to provide the basis not just for further research, but also engagement between academia and key stakeholders to fill voids in interpreter education and contribute to the development of teaching standards and methodologies for the field.

internal-pdf://1486759810/Matthews-2013-Judicial interpretation educatio.pdf

Maurer, Karen. 2001. "A Babble of Voices: Protecting Your Non-English Speaking Client's Constitutional Rights " In Interpreter Manual, edited by Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy. Kentucky: Department of Public Advocacy.

internal-pdf://2426206497/A Babble of Voices.htm

Mazrui, Alamin. 2013. "Language Ideology, Translation/Interpretation, and Courts." In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by Carol A. Chapelle, 3330-3332. London: Blackwell.

internal-pdf://1748349502/Mazrui-2013-Language Ideology, Translation_Int.pdf

McDonald, Walter R. 2006. "2005 Language Need and Interpreter Use Study."

internal-pdf://3516616707/McDonald-2006-2005 Language Need and Interpret.pdf

McLeod, Jonathan. 1993. "Interpreter quality threatens justice." Law Society Gazette 90: 10.

Meira Valdés, Alma. 2015. "La interpretación judicial en España. El rol del intérprete judicial: principiantes vs. profesionales." BA thesis, Universidad Pontificia Comillas.

Melero Merino, Francisco Javier. 1994. "Codificación e interpretación judicial en el Derecho penal (introducción al estudio del derecho sustantivo anglo-americano)." Anuario de derecho penal y ciencias penales 47 (2): 81-104.

Mellinger, Christopher D., and Thomas A. Hanson. 2018. "Interpreter traits and the relationship with technology and visibility." Translation and Interpreting Studies 13 (3): 366-392. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.00021.mel.

ABSTRACT: Research on technology and interpreting regularly investigates technology-mediated interpreting settings and contrasts various interpreting configurations to better understand how technology changes the interpreting task. This scholarship generally does not account for various personality or character attributes exhibited by interpreters, nor does it examine the actual adoption and usage of these tools. This article presents findings from a survey-based study that examines several interpreter-specific constructs, namely their self-perception of the interpreter’s role and communication apprehension, in conjunction with attitudes toward technology use and adoption. Findings suggest that community interpreters differ from their conference interpreting counterparts and that domain-specific differences emerge between medical and court interpreters with respect to their perceived role and their propensity to adopt new technologies.

internal-pdf://3829175613/Mellinger-2018-Interpreter traits and the rela.pdf

Menéndez Rexach, Eduardo. 1985. "Interpretación judicial y derechos fundamentales." In Segundas Jornadas de Derecho Judicial : incidencia de la Constitución en las normas aplicadas por los Tribunales de Justicia, 383-392.

Mercer, Ana. 1998. "Choosing your Words Carefully will Help the Interpreter." The Advocate.

Miguélez, Cynthia. 1994. "The Role of the Court Interpreter in the Spanish Legal System. Where we are and where we should be." II Congrés Internacional sobre Traducciَ.

Abstract: The topic of court interpreting is gaining in importance throughout Europe. The creation and development of the European Union have brought about a very real multilingualism in all of the Member States. There is no doubt that there will be a growing number of both civil and criminal cases throughout Europe in the next several years that involve individuals with different linguistic backgrounds. Indeed we need go no further than Spain to find a similar situation on a smaller scale. In Spain, the active promotion of the regional languages that co-exist with Spanish creates a situation in which members of those language communities may very well wish to address a court of law in the language they consider to be their first or strongest one and that might be Catalلn, Bable, Gallego or Euskera.

Miguélez, Cynthia. 1999. "Current Issues in Court Interpreting: Spain, A Case Study." Proteus 8.

ABSTRACT: Spain is one of many countries throughout the world today that continue to grapple with the challenge of providing adequate translating and interpreting services in the legal realm. The legal foundations for these services exist in the constitution, in legal codes and in legal precedent. Furthermore, with the creation of the intérprete jurado and official recognition of the legal effects of the work done by these individuals dating back to 1841, there is a long-standing tradition of 'sworn interpreting' in Spain,. In spite of all this, the provision of interpreting services in the courts is still greatly mismanaged, and the procedures used to qualify or accredit individuals either as staff interpreters or sworn interpreters have been much criticized by professionals and academics alike for several years. Recent legislative changes in response to the criticism have only slightly improved the state of affairs and did not go far enough to answer the objections. However, one cause for optimism is that universities will now be involved in the process of certifying individuals as sworn interpreters. Before discussing what the future might hold, let us look at the recent past and the present situation.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1993. The Interpreter’s Edge: Practical Exercises in Court Interpreting. Second Edition ed. Spreckels: Acebo.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1993. The Interpreter’s Edge Turbo Supplement: Advanced Exercises in Court Interpreting. 1st ed. Spreckels: Acebo.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1993. "Court Interpreting in California." Parallèles 15 (1): 93-102.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1998. "Towards a redefinition of the role of the court interpreter." Interpreting 3 (1): 21–46.

internal-pdf://3006967920/Mikkelson-1998-Towards a redefinition of the r.pdf

Mikkelson, Holly. 1998. "Alicia B. Edwards,The Practice of Court Interpreting." Interpreting 3 (1): 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.3.1.06mik.

ABSTRACT: Reviews

internal-pdf://2000419789/Mikkelson-1998-Alicia B. Edwards,The Practice.pdf

Mikkelson, Holly. 1999. "Is Court Interpreting Finally Coming of Age in Europe?" Proteus 8.

ABSTRACT: Europe is widely recognized as the birthplace of conference interpreting, home of the finest interpreting schools in the world, and a haven where interpreters enjoy high status and favorable working conditions. For this reason, interpreters around the world look to their European colleagues to set the standards of the profession. One would expect, therefore, that European judiciary interpreters would be similarly privileged compared to the rest of us.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1999. "Court Interpreting at a Croasroads." 2006.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1999. "On the Horns of a Dilemma: Accuracy vs. Brevity in the Use of Legal Terms by Court Interpreters." 2006.

Mikkelson, Holly. 1999. "Training Judges and Other Court Personnel." The Polyglot 29: 3,13.

Mikkelson, Holly. 2000. Introduction to Court Interpreting. Edited by Anthony Pym.Translation Practices Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.

internal-pdf://1129566300/Mikkelson-2000-Introduction to Court Interpret.pdf

Mikkelson, Holly. 2008. "Evolving views of the court interpreter’s role. Between Scylla and Charybdis." In Crossing borders in court interpreting: Definitions and dilemmas, edited by Carmen Valero Garcés and Anne Martin, 81–97. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Mintz, David. 1998. "Hold the Phone: Telephone Interpreting Scrutinized " Proteus 7.

ABSTRACT: Telephone interpreting has been a hot topic of late in the world of court interpreting. It is viewed with skepticism, if not outright hostility, by many interpreters who fear that it compromises the quality of the interpreting, while some administrators regard it as an effective cost-saving measure and/or a necessary evil.

Moeketsi, Rosemary H. 2000. "The do's and don'ts in court interpreting: a functional approach to aprofessional code." Language Matters 31 (1): 222-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10228190008566166.

ABSTRACT: Recent observations of criminal trials still disclose, albeit in some cases only, inconsistencies, irregularities and many sorts of court interpreter misdemeanours. Instances ofinaccuracy, lack ofproficiency and general incompetence pervade the service. The misunderstanding of the role of the court interpreter by the practitioners themselves, the other court personnel, as well as accused persons and witnesses is the main reason for the inefficient service. State intervention is long overdue. This article, therefore, proposes suggestions in the development of a code of professional conduct for the service ofcourt interpreting in South Africa. The author has examined various codes used by established court interpreter associations far and wide as invaluable sources of reference. The co-operation of several experienced senior court interpreters, to whom I am indebted1, as well as the discussions with some of the students registered for the BA degree in Court Interpreting at Unisa has also been invaluable in drafting these suggestions.

internal-pdf://2503712019/Moeketsi-2000-The do's and don'ts in court int.pdf

Moermann, Ellen R. 1991. "Training Court Interpreters in the Netherlands." In ITI Conference 4 Proceedings, edited by Catriona Picken, 38-45. Londres: Aslib.

Moermann, Ellen R. 1993. "Court Interpreting: A Survey of Needs, Services and Problems in Criminal Proceedings." London.

Monreal Ferrer, Antonio Luis. 1990. La nación y los Estados en el federalismo norteamericano: la interpretación judicial de las subvenciones federales. Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias, PPU.

Monzó-Nebot, Esther. 2005. "Being ACTIVE in Legal Translation and Interpreting: Researching and Acting on the Spanish Field." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 50 (4). https://doi.org/10.7202/019922ar.

ABSTRACT: Translation is not a profession. That was the conclusion of a study carried out by the author among Spanish legal translators. However, there are strategies which may be used by researchers in order to promote the social, cultural and economic interests of these professionals, mainly by applying Lewin's methodology of action-research. This paper presents a research project currently being carried out by the ACTIVE team, which seeks to describe and explain a small part of the translation and interpreting field - that devoted to the intersystemic communication of law. By exploring and promoting the interests and strategies of certified translators and interpreters in the Spanish context we aim to improve their professional practice conditions.

internal-pdf://3136642616/Monzó-Nebot-2005-Being ACTIVE in Legal Transla.pdf

Morgan, Diana. 1982. "The Life of a Court Interpreter." Graya 86: 51-52.

Morril, Calvin. 1992. “Review: Susan Berk-Seligson.”The bilingual courtroom: Court interpreters in the judicial process.

Morrill, Calvin. 1992. "Review of The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process."

internal-pdf://0427231447/Morrill-1992-Review of The Bilingual Courtroom.pdf

Morris, Mr. Alfred. 1989. "Deaf People (Court Interpreters)." Hansard 146: 675.

Morris, Ruth. 1988. "Court Interpreting." ITI News 3: 9-13.

Morris, Ruth. 1989. "Court Interpretation: The Trial of Ivan John Demjanjuk — A Case Study." The Interpreters' Newsletter 2: 27-37.

Morris, Ruth. 1989. "Impact of Court Interpretation on Legal Proceedings." Institute of Communications, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Morris, Ruth. 1989. "Court Interpretation: The Trial of Ivan John Demjanjuk. A Case Study." The Interpreters' Newsletter 2.

ABSTRACT: Technical aspects of interpreting, interpreter’s behaviour, participants' attitudes and judges’ linguistic competence are discussed in relation to Nazi extermination camp guard’s Ivan John Demjanjuk’s trial.

internal-pdf://2542762829/Morris-Court Interpretation_ The Trial of Ivan.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 1990. "Court interpreter: Record or participant?" In Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of the International Federation of Translators, edited by Mladen Jovanovic. Belgrado: Prevodilac.

Morris, Ruth. 1990. "Interpretation at the Demjanjuk Trial." In Interpreting. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 101-107. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Morris, Ruth. 1992. "Conference Interpreting in a Single Market." edited by Catriona Picken, 97-105. London: Aslib: London.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Submission to Royal Commission on Criminal Justice."

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Seminar on Interpreters and the Law - Luxembourg, 11-13 January 1993." AlIC Bulletin 21: 31-33.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Justice for non-English speakers — Interpreters and the legal profession." Language International 5: 35-36.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Justice for non-English speakers — Interpreters and the legal profession." Lebende Sprachen.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Justice for non-English speakers — Interpreters and the legal profession." New Law Journal: 1059-1060.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Images of the interpreter: A study of language-switching in the legal process." Department of Law.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "United Kingdom Report on Court Interpreting Services." In Workshop on the Inadequacies of Court Interpreting Services. World Conference on Human Rights. Vienna.

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Interlingual Interpreter — Cypher or Intelligent Participant?, Or, The Interpreter's Turn..." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law.

internal-pdf://1566288701/Morris-1993-Interlingual Interpreter — Cypher.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Justice for non-English speakers — Interpreters and the legal profession." ITI Bulletin 2: 6.

internal-pdf://1927495881/Morris-1993-Justice for non-English speakers —.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 1993. "Nobs And Yobs — the Provision of Interpreters for Legal Proceedings Involving High-status Foreigners and Others." In Proceedings, XIIIth World Congress of FIT. Translation: the vital link, edited by Catriona Picken, 356-366. London: Institute of Translation and Interpreting.

Morris, Ruth. 1995. "Pragmatism, Precept and Passions: The Attitudes of English-Language Legal Systems to Non-English Speakers." In Translation and the Law, edited by Marshall Morris, 263-279. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Morris, Ruth. 1995. "The Moral Dilemmas of Court Interpreting." The Translator 1 (1): 25-46.

ABSTRACT: In court interpreting, the law distinguishes between the prescribed activity of what it considers translation - defined as an objective, mechanistic, transparent process in which the interpreter acts as a mere conduit of words - and the proscribed activity of interpretation, which involves interpreters decoding and attempting to convey their understanding of speaker meanings and intentions. This article discusses the practicability of this cut-and-dried legal distinction between translation and interpretation and speculates on the reasons for its existence. An attempt is made to illustrate some of the moral dilemmas that confront court interpreters, and an argument is put forward for a more realistic understanding of their role and a major improvement in their professional status; as recognized professionals, court interpreters can more readily assume the latitude they need in order to ensure effective communication in the courtroom.

internal-pdf://1350490023/Morris-1995-The Moral Dilemmas of Court Interp.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 1999. "The gum syndrome: predicaments in court interpreting." Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 6: 1350-1771.

ABSTRACT: This article examines aspects of communication relevant to the process of interlingual interpretation, and considers the law?s equivocal attitudes to interpreters. It identifies a tendency by many of the professional figures in the courtroom to consider the interpreter a mere instrument, and by many language-handicapped defendants to view the interpreter as a linguistic and psychological haven. The effects of variations in the physical courtroom setting are considered, and some aspects of interpreter role delineation are reviewed. A number of predicaments typically experienced by court interpreters are described, and their effects on interpreters as individuals analysed. Examples are drawn from a variety of contemporary and historical sources, including case reports and two email discussion forums.I Although most of the material comes from the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition, it is argued that the interpreter?s position on the one hand as a humble technical instrument and on the other as the potential saviour in a situation of language handicap is a constant in the legal arena irrespective of time frame or jurisdiction.

internal-pdf://1982840553/Morris-1999-The gum syndrome_ predicaments in.PDF

Morris, Ruth. 1999. "The Face of Justice: Historical Aspects of Court Interpreting." Interpreting 4 (1): 97-123.

ABSTRACT: Historically, although overall attitudes to court interpreting vary over time, certain issues are perennial : in particular, an individual's right (or otherwise) to interpretation (entitlement), deciding whether a need for interpretation exists (determination), and interpreter competence (quality). This paper strives to convey an awareness of the various difficulties that seem from case reports to have existed historically — and may indeed still be present in various judicial systems — in addressing these issues in a way which seems satisfactory to the various participants involved. It does so by quoting exten- sively the words of some of the judicial actors who over the decades have addressed this vital, but often woefully under-considered issue. The lamen- table plight in which some language-handicapped defendants have found themselves may be guessed at from appellate courts' comments about the behaviour of lower courts.

internal-pdf://2040651328/Morris-1999-The Face of Justice_ Historical As.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2001. "Introduction to Court Interpreting. Holly Mikkelson." Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 8: 113. https://doi.org/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/docdel/art1016911796.

Morris, Ruth. 2002. "A meeting of the 'mouthpieces’. 6th International Forum on Legal Translation and Court Interpreting Paris (12-14 June 2002)." Proteus 11 (3).

ABSTRACT: Review of the 6th International Forum on Legal Translation and Court Interpreting Paris (12-14 June 2002).

internal-pdf://0946899220/Morris-2002-A meeting of the 'mouthpieces'.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2003. "A research seminar on court interpreting at Bar-Ilan University." Traduire (200): 99-108.

Morris, Ruth. 2006. “Sandra Beatriz Hale. The discourse of court interpreting. Discourse practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter.”Interpreting 8 (1): 105-112.

internal-pdf://2444348455/Morris-2006-Sandra Beatriz Hale. The discourse.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2007. "Dies, Attard or Lockerbie? Enlishtened and unenlightened judicial views of interpreters in English-speaking legal systems." In Interpreting studies and beyond: A tribute to Miriam Shlesinger, edited by Franz Pöchhacker, Arnt Lykke Jakobsen and Inger M Mees, 103-119. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.

internal-pdf://2365498590/Morris-2007-Dies, Attard or Lockerbie_ Enlisht.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2008. "Missing stitches. An overview of judicial attitudes to interlingual interpreting in the criminal justice systems of Canada and Israel." Interpreting 10 (1): 34-64. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.04mor.

ABSTRACT: Along a continuum of interlingual interpreting which begins with police investigations and may end in a supreme court, consistent quality must be assured in order to comply with the standards of justice to which enlightened countries aspire and lay claim. With the advent of the global village, the quantity of cases requiring language mediation has exploded exponentially. The issues involved are not new, and simply put involve arranging for the provision of competent interpreters throughout the criminal justice system. However, the actual provision of quality interlingual interpreting in a criminal justice system is not a straightforward enterprise. The mere existence of legislation requiring the provision of interpreters in courts is not the key element. Nor are insightful comments made by appellate judges in cases brought because of an absence of satisfactory language arrangements. The article shows the problematic nature of interpreting arrangements in the criminal justice system for which the govern- ment and its players — even judges — assume no responsibility. The resultant “missing stitches” are likely to deprive those who do not speak the language of the proceedings of their fundamental rights.

internal-pdf://3264626209/Morris-2008-Missing stitches. An overview of j.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2008. "Taking liberties? Duplicity or the dynamics of court interpreting." In Interpreting in Legal Settings, edited by Sandra Hale and Debra Russell.

internal-pdf://1884071305/Morris-2008-Taking liberties_ Duplicity or the.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2010. "Images of the court interpreter: Professional identity, role definition and self-image." Translation and Interpreting Studies 5: 20-40. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.5.1.02mor.

ABSTRACT: Today’s legal system generally demands that the interpreter function as a “face- less voice,” a conduit, that is, in a “neutral” and non-intrusive way. However, re- search has shown that in practice this is not the case, and interpreters themselves are increasingly coming to see their role as going beyond the narrow linguistic one. This article argues that inevitably, as interpreters exert influence on the proceedings in which they perform, these proceedings have a greater or lesser impact on the interpreters. The researcher often has little if any direct access to the recipients or the providers of interpreting services, and hence court records are generally used as a source of information on attitudes toward interpreters and interpreted events. A seventeenth-century murder trial in England provides valuable insights into views on interpreting on the part of the bench, the clerk of the court, and the accused. In addition, several modern cases are discussed, indicating a gradual change in attitudes, with an increasing emphasis on compe- tency rather than availability, and a greater acceptance of a more comprehensive role for the interpreter. Finally, this article examines a rare case of an interpreter reporting on an interpreted event at which he worked, indicating that the inter- preter does not “check his humanity” at the courtroom door.

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Morris, Ruth. 2010. "Court interpreting 2009: An undervalued and misunderstood profession? Or: Will justice speak?" MonTi: Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación 2: 47-79.

ABSTRACT: The article addresses a number of topical issues relating to court interpreting. After examining a number of issues discussed among US interpreters in July 2009, it con- siders the provision of court interpreting in a number of different English-speaking jurisdictions, including the position of agencies. It presents the cost of a lack of ju- dicial awareness of the issues involved in providing competent interpreting in legal proceedings, and looks at how rare languages are dealt with in the United States. It examines best practice and how this can quickly turn into worst practice. It considers the situation in Canada’s Province of Ontario, where a class action has been brought against the Ministry of the Attorney General for failing to provide competent inter- preting services. The discussion poses a number of questions, and considers whether court interpreting is condemned to be an undervalued and misunderstood profession in many jurisdictions, or whether there is reason to hope for improvement.

internal-pdf://3276428356/Morris-2010-Court interpreting 2009_ An underv.pdf

Morris, Ruth. 2015. "Courtroom interpreting." In Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, edited by Franz Pöchhacker, 91-93. London: Routledge.

Court Interpreting in Romania.

Nagao, Hiromi. 2001. "Working Conditions of Court Interpreters in Japan." Critical Link 3. Third International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings.

internal-pdf://1922538714/Nagao-2001-Working Conditions of Court Interpr.pdf

Najarro Smith, Nadia. 2005. "Resolving ethical dilemmas for court interpreters."

ABSTRACT: Court Interpreters faee ethieal dilemmas on a daily basis. This presentation will use the Code ofResponsibility for Interpreters in the Minnesota Court System as a guide for resolving real ethieal issues taken from praetieaJ experiellee.

internal-pdf://2659185952/Najarro Smith-2005-Resolving ethical dilemmas.pdf

Nakane, Ikuko. 2013. "Language Rights in Japanese Criminal Courts: Bridging the Gap Between Legal Professionals and Language Professionals." Asian Studies Review 37 (3): 302-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2013.771134.

ABSTRACT: Since the 1980s, Japan has seen a sharp increase in the number of non-Japanese-speaking background defendants in criminal trials. This has posed a major challenge to the Japanese justice system, which must ensure non-Japanese defendants’ rights to receive a fair trial in a language that they are able to understand and use fluently and accurately. Drawing on the author’s fieldwork in Japanese criminal courts and close linguistic analysis of actual court exchanges, contextualised with reference to the existing literature on court interpreting in Japan, I first discuss the issues of access to and quality of court interpreting which may have an impact on the language rights of non-Japanese defendants. Through this discussion I explore what sociolinguists can offer the judiciary in order to raise awareness of language rights. I argue that understanding the language ideologies that have an adverse impact on the non-Japanese-background defendant’s language rights in the bilingual courtroom can contribute to policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] Copyright of Asian Studies Review is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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internal-pdf://0877062696/Nakane-2013-Language Rights in Japanese Crimi1.pdf

Nakane, Ikuko, and Makiko Mizuno. 2019. "Judgments on Court Interpreting in Japan: Ideologies and Practice." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 32 (4): 773-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-019-09642-3.

ABSTRACT: Japan saw a sharp increase in the number of non-Japanese residents and migrants during the period of its high economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. This impacted on how the justice system provides language assistance to non-Japanese speaking background parties in investigative interviews and courtroom proceedings. While the number of defendants who received interpreter assistance in Japanese criminal trials hit its peak in 2003, quality of legal interpreting is still a serious issue. In this article, we discuss how the Japanese criminal justice system has approached issues in judicial interpreting in the last four decades by analysing how “court interpreting” and “court interpreters” have been represented in court decisions. By doing so, the paper aims to explore the judiciary’s ideologies about court interpreting and prob- lematise these ideologies in looking towards improvement of language assistance in the Japanese legal system.

internal-pdf://3130390246/Nakane-2019-Judgments on Court Interpreting in.pdf

Narváez Hernández, José Ramón. 2010. "La interpretación judicial en la Audiencia de México." In El Derecho de las Indias Occidentales y su persivencia en los derechos patrios de América: actas del XVI Congreso del Instituto Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano (16. 2008. Santiago de Chile), 73-88. Valparaíso: Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso, 2010.

New Jersey Court Interpreting Legal Translating and Bilingual Services Section. 1989. "Compensating interpreters and translators. An international survey of wages paid salaried and contracted interpreters and translators." ii, 52.

New Jersey Court Interpreting Legal Translating and Bilingual Services Section. 1996. "Initiatives of the New Jersey Administrative Office of the Courts to Ensure Equal Access to Courts for Linguistic Minorities." Trenton.

Ng, Eva. 2013. "Who is speaking? Interpreting the voice of the speaker in court." In Interpreting in a Changing Landscape. Selected papers from Critical Link 6, edited by Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens and Yvonne Fowler, 249-266. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This study examines how interpreters represent the voice of judges and counsel versus that of lay participants in the interpreted talk, using three interpreter-mediated criminal trials from the Hong Kong courts. The findings reveal a consistent shift from direct to reported speech or an omission of first-person reference when interpreting legal professionals’ utterances from English to Chinese – a phenomenon which existing literature does not seem to be able to explain satisfactorily. This study seeks to add a new dimension to the issue and argues that the differentiated interpreting styles may have stemmed from the interpreters’ uneasiness in assuming the voice of the powerful participants due to the power asymmetry in the courtroom. This study also discusses the impact of the interpreting styles on the role of the court interpreter and on the illocutionary force of the speech act.

internal-pdf://3006967706/Ng-2013-Who is speaking_ Interpreting the voic.pdf

Ng, Eve. 2015. "Teaching and Research on Legal Interpreting: A Hong Kong Perspective." MonTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación (7): 243-270.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreters have long been a fixture in the bilingual Hong Kong courtroom, where English was once the only official court language and remains dominant to this day especially in the High Court, although litigants appearing in court as witnesses and defendants mostly speak Cantonese. The installation of the Digital Audio Recording and Transcription System (DARTS) in the courts from the mid-1990’s gave birth to a bilingual reporting system, which provides not only verification ensuring a better administration of justice, but also a valuable source of data for the teaching and research of legal interpreting. Based on the recorded court proceedings of nine interpreter-mediated trials in the Hong Kong courtroom, this paper discusses the benefits of using audio courtroom data for pedagogical and scholarly purposes. While the use of real courtroom data as training material helps enhance students’ learning experience, research findings of this data-driven study further shed light on the training needs for interpreter education in the legal setting. This paper investigates the Hong Kong courtroom as an atypical bilingual setting and in the light of the findings makes recommendations for best practice in the courtroom and for institutional and administrative practice.

internal-pdf://0304088723/Ng-2015-Teaching and Research on Legal Interpr.pdf

Ng, Eva. 2018. Common Law in an Uncommon Courtroom.Benjamins Translation Library. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This book takes readers into a common-law courtroom which is in no way similar to any other courtroom where common law is practised. This uniqueness is characterised, in particular, by the use of English as the trial language in a predominantly Cantonese-speaking society and by the presence of other bilinguals in court, thus presenting specific challenges for the interpreters who work in it, and at times rendering the interpretation service superfluous. This study, inter alia, problematises judges’ intervention in the court proceedings, Chinese witnesses testifying in English, as well as English-language trials heard by Chinese jurors. It demonstrates how the use of chuchotage proves to be inadequate and inappropriate in the Hong Kong courtroom, where interpreting in an English-language trial is arguably provided to cater for the need of the linguistic majority.

internal-pdf://0711645436/Ng-2018-Common Law in an Uncommon Courtroom.pdf

Ng, Eva N. S., and Ineke H. M. Crezee, eds. 2020. Interpreting in Legal and Healthcare Settings, Benjamins Translation Library. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Ngan, Yuen-wan Heltan. 2002. "Professional Profile of Court Interpreters in Hong Kong." International Journal of Translation 14: 5-20.

Nida, Eugene Albert. 1990. "Not What, But How: A Cross-Cultural Study of Discourse-It's a Different World." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 59-64. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Niska, Helge. 1995. "Just Interpreting: Role Conflicts and Discourse Types in Court Interpreting." In Translation and the Law, edited by Marshall Morris, 293-316. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Nogueira Alcalá, Humberto. 2000. "LA INTERPRETACIÓN JUDICIAL DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN." Ius et Praxis 6 (1): 557-559.

Nord, Christiane. 2003. "“Persons Shall Not Be Discriminated on Account of Language”.

Training Interpreters for the Community and the Courtroom." Across Languages and Cultures 4 (2): 253-264. https://doi.org/doi:10.1556/Acr.4.2003.2.6. http://www.akademiai.com/doi/abs/10.1556/Acr.4.2003.2.6.

ABSTRACT: De iure, all democratic countries recognize the rights of citizens or immigrants who have a limited or no command of the national language. Nevertheless, de facto, these rights are often neglected, especially in administrative authorities, healthcare services, and even in law courts, where - often literally - matters of life and death are at stake. The paper describes the structure and underlying philosophy of an International Bachelor's degree programme in Court and Community Interpreting that was established at the Department of Technical Communication of the University of Applied Sciences of Magdeburg, Germany (Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal) in 1999. Modularisation, internationalisation, interdisciplinarity, language-independent training, and the ethics of intercultural mediation are the basic principles of the programme. This means that the programme's purpose is to make the most of scarce resources by means of a modular structure and close cooperation between Faculties and Institutions at home and abroad, training professional intermediaries for a modern multicultural society.

internal-pdf://3006967898/Nord-2003-“Persons Shall Not Be Discriminated.pdf

O'Shane, Pat. 1991. "Koories and the Law." In The Legal System in Australia's Multicultural Society. Interpreting and the Law Conference, edited by Greta Bird, 61-66. Sydney: National Centre for Crosscultural Studies in Law.

Oenen, Gijs van. 1999. "El derecho y sus descontentos: deconstruyendo a Ronald Dworkin." Prisma (12): 45-68.

ABSTRACT: El autor presenta el punto de vista característico de Ronald Dworkin sobre el derecho y la interpretación judicial, para luego criticarlo a partir de tres movimientos deconstructivos. Mediante el primero, sostiene que el abordaje de Dworkin hubiera debido llevarlo hacia una afirmación del multisubjetivismo al que el propio Dworkin se opone. Mediante el segundo, muestra que en caso de avanzar en esta dirección se perderiá la mayor riqueza de la teoriía de Dworkin, que es el reconocimiento de un inconsciente legal. En el tercer movimiento, el profesor Van Oenen se sirve de la teoría psicoanalítica para cuestionar los esfuerzos de Dworkin por unificar las prácticas jurídicas.

Orozco Jutorán, Mariana. 2017. "Anotación textual de un corpus multilingüe de interpretación judicial a partir de grabaciones de procesos penales reales." Revista de Llengua i Dret 68: 33-56.

ABSTRACT: This article provides a detailed look at one of the phases of the TIPp (Traducción e Interpretación en los Procesos penales, Translation and Interpretation in Criminal Proceedings) research project, which examines the realities of court interpreting in Spain’s criminal courts. The phase studied in this contribution is the development of an oral corpus annotation system, created on an ad hoc basis in order to provide an accurate description of the current practice of court interpreting in Spain. It is based on a representative oral corpus compiled using real criminal proceedings held in Barcelona’s criminal courts in 2015. The annotation system is divided into two main categories: ‘interaction’ and ‘textual’, with this article examining textual annotation, which includes a series of indicators, both generic and specific, to be able to describe the accuracy of the conveying of a message during the interpreting process. It provides specific examples taken from the oral corpus and provides some initial results obtained from the practice of court interpreting in three language combinations: English–Spanish, French–Spanish and Romanian–Spanish.

internal-pdf://0061535680/Orozco Jutorán-2017-Anotación textual de un co.pdf

Orrantia, Dagoberto. 1997. "Immigration Court Terminology." Proteus 6.

Ortega Arjonilla, Emilio. 1999. "Algunas reflexiones sobre la traducción en y para la Administración de Justicia desde una perspectiva académica y profesional." In Traducir para la justicia, edited by Manuel C Feria García, 129-152. Granada: Comares.

Ortega Arjonilla, Emilio, Ana Belén Martínez López, and Esperanza Alarcón Navío. "Presente y futuro de la traducción y la interpretación judiciales en la Unión Europea: Introducción." p. 283-291.

Ortega Herráez, Juan Miguel. 2006. "Análisis de la práctica de la interpretación judicial en España: el intérprete frente a su papel profesional." [Analysis of court interpreting in Spain: the interpreter facing his professional role] tesis doctoral PhD diss., Departamento de Traducción e Interpretación, Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/977.

internal-pdf://3138376512/Ortega Herráez-2006-Análisis de la práctica de.pdf

Ortega Herráez, Juan Miguel. 2013. "«La intérprete no sólo tradujo lo que le vino en gana, sino que respondió ella a las preguntas que los abogados le realizaban al testigo»: requisitos de calidad en la subcontratación de servicios de interpretación judicial y policial en España." Sendebar: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación (24): 9-42.

ABSTRACT: Con frecuencia los medios de comunicación se han hecho eco de la supuesta falta calidad en la prestación de los servicios de interpretación en ámbitos judiciales y policiales en España. La búsqueda de la calidad y la eficiencia es, precisamente, la que ha llevado a las Administraciones Públicas a adjudicar mediante licitación este tipo de servicios a empresas privadas, algunas de las cuales cuentan con certificación de calidad. Por ello se hace necesario analizar si en dichas licitaciones existe un mandato expreso en cuanto a la calidad del servicio de interpretación que se ha de prestar. Este trabajo analizará cómo los pliegos de condiciones de un total de 16 licitaciones públicas celebradas entre 2006 y 2012 abordan aspectos que favorecerían la adecuada prestación de servicios de interpretación en ámbitos jurídicos, como por ejemplo, la cualificación profesional y formación continua de los intérpretes, el cumplimiento de códigos deontológicos y guías de buenas prácticas profesionales, o la existencia de sistemas de control y verificación de la calidad prestada.

Quite often the media has reflected the supposed lack of quality in the provision of legal interpreting services in Spain. And it is precisely that quest for quality and efficiency that has led the authorities to outsource such services through public tenders to private companies, some of which may indeed have been certified in compliance with certain quality standards. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to analyze whether there is an explicit mandate in those tenders as to the quality of the interpreting service to be rendered. This article analyzes how the specifications of 16 calls for tenders launched between 2006 and 2012 address issues which would facilitate the adequate provision of legal interpreting services, such as the professional qualifications and continuous professional development of interpreters, adherence to code of ethics and good practice, or the implementation of quality control systems that monitor the service provided.

internal-pdf://3603074606/Ortega Herráez-2013-«La intérprete no sólo tra.pdf

Ossandón Widow, María Magdalena. 2014. "La técnica de las definiciones en la ley penal. Análisis de la definición de "material pornográfico en cuya elaboración hubieren sido utilizados menores de dieciocho años"." Política Criminal: Revista Electrónica Semestral de Políticas Públicas en Materias Penales (18).

ABSTRACT: El recurso a una definición legal es una técnica legislativa poco empleada en nuestra legislación penal, que podría servir para lograr una mayor seguridad jurídica y reducir las posibilidades de interpretación judicial. En este trabajo hacemos un análisis de la definición de material pornográfico en cuya elaboración hubieren sido utilizados menores de dieciocho años para determinar si es una técnica adecuada, tanto desde una perspectiva formal como en relación con su contenido. Previamente, hemos tenido que revisar lo que se entiende por una definición legal así como sus características más relevantes

The resort to a legal definition is a legislative technique seldom used in our criminal law, which could be used to achieve greater legal certainty and reduce the possibilities of judicial interpretation. In this paper we analyze the definition of pornographic material whose production have been used of minors under eighteen years to determine if it is a proper technique from a formal perspective and in relation to its content. Previously, we had to review what is meant by legal definition and its most important characteristics

P., AJ. 1970. "Recent Decisions, Criminal Law: Right to Interpreter is Waived Where Defendant or Counsel Fail to Act Overtly to Inform Court of Defendant's Inability to Understand English." Brooklyn LawReview 37: 201-207.

País Vasco. Departamento de Justicia. 2005. "Anuncio por el que se da publicidad a la adjudicación del contrato administrativo de servicios que tiene por objeto "Servicios de traducción e interpretación en juicio para atender las necesidades de los Órganos Judiciales sitos en la Comunidad Autónoma d." Boletín Oficial del País Vasco 2005014: 1045-1047.

País Vasco. Departamento de Justicia. 2005. "Anuncio para la contratación de los servicios de traducción y correcciones del euskera al castellano y viceversa del Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social (Expte. A-036/DJT-2005)." Boletín Oficial del País Vasco 2005133: 13559 y sig.

Parra Martín, María Dolores. 2012. "La equidad como criterio auxiliar en la interpretación judicial." Revista General de Derecho Romano (18).

ABSTRACT: El juez al momento de dictar sentencia se encuentra sometido al principio de legalidad. La equidad como criterio corrector del derecho se configura en nuestro sistema jurídico como un criterio auxiliar en la interpretación judicial mostrándose como un recurso accesorio ante el vacío legal e incluso como instrumento válido para atenúa el rigor de la norma de Derecho positivo.

Parra Martín, María Dolores, and Pedro Resina Sola. 2012. "La equidad como criterio auxiliar en la interpretación judicial." In Fvndamenta ivris: terminología, principios e "interpretatio", 649-656. Almería : Editorial Universidad de Almería, [2012].

Pascua Mateo, Fabio. 2011. "El procedimiento para la protección de los derechos fundamentales: evolución y disfunciones bajo la Ley 29/1998." Revista de administración pública (185): 113-162.

ABSTRACT: El presente estudio, tras un breve examen de su evolución constitucional y legislativa, examina los principales problemas que en la actualidad plantea el procedimiento especial para la protección de los derechos fundamentales. En particular, además de cuestiones específicas como la posición del Ministerio Fiscal en este proceso, expone las dificultades que encuentra el recurrente para obtener una resolución sobre el fondo, debido a la restrictiva interpretación judicial de los requisitos de admisibilidad establecidos por la Ley 29/1998, así como las dilaciones que en ocasiones sufre su tramitación, lejos de los principios de preferencia y sumariedad que han de inspirar su regulación. Como soluciones se proponen la adopción de una forma eminentemente oral, similar a la del procedimiento abreviado, y la introducción de procedimientos específicos allí donde la mayor urgencia de los derechos así lo requiera, aproximando, en cambio, la tutela de los demás a los mecanismos ordinarios. El trabajo se cierra con un vistazo a la incidencia de procedimientos incidentales, como el de medidas cautelares, la cuestión prejudicial ante el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y la cuestión de inconstitucionalidad.

This study, after a brief review of its constitutional and legislative developments, examines the main problems currently posed by the special procedure for the protection of fundamental rights. In particular, as well as specific issues such as the position of the Public Prosecutor in this process, explains the difficulties encountered by the applicant to obtain a decision on the merits ?due to restrictive judicial interpretation of the admissibility requirements laid down by Act 29/1998? and the delays that sometimes suffers its passage, far from the principles of preference and quickness that must inspire their regulation. As solutions we propose the adoption of a predominantly oral form, similar to the abbreviated procedure, and the introduction of specific procedures where the urgency of the rights so requires, while the protection of the others is approached instead to the ordinary mechanisms. The work closes with a look at the incidence of incidental proceedings, as precautionary measures, the question before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the question of unconstitutionality.

Paulsen Christensen, Tina. 2008. "Judges' deviations from norm-based direct speech in court." Interpreting 10 (1): 99-127. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.07chr.

ABSTRACT: This article presents a small-scale empirical study of legal discourse which focus- es on the use of direct and indirect speech in Danish interpreter-mediated court proceedings. The study analyses the practices of three Danish judges in three different interpreted proceedings. The primary objective of the paper is to study the potential correlation between the use of direct and indirect speech styles and certain stages of court proceedings. These stages are defined and classified in terms of explicit prescriptive legal norms ascribable to the participants in Danish court proceedings, acting in accordance with a predefined style of interaction (direct speech). In addition, the study investigates whether what the judges say about their speech style corresponds with their actual language use in court. The techniques combined in the study are survey research, participant observation and descriptive analysis based on transcriptions of authentic data from three audio-recorded criminal cases conducted by district courts in Denmark.

internal-pdf://0352118570/Paulsen Christe-2008-Judges' deviations from n.pdf

Pawlosky, Mollie M. 1996. "When Justice Is Lost in the "Translation": Gonzalez v. United States, and "Interpretation" of the Court Interpreters Act of 1978." DePaul Law Review 45 (2): 435-492.

ABSTRACT: Recognized as the land of opportunity by the people of nations around the world, the United States has become a haven for large numbers of immigrants. While these people may share a vision of obtaining the American dream, or escaping a troubled homeland, they often do not share a common language, neither with each other, nor with the country accepting them. Natural born English speakers from the United States have differing opinions regarding those who cannot speak English, ranging from patience and acceptance to an unyielding belief that English should be the official or the only language spoken in the United States. The purpose of this note is to provide a realistic account of the experience of the non-English speaking defendant in the United States legal system. It has been estimated that more then ten percent of the United States population speak a language other than English in their home.

internal-pdf://1131359211/Pawlosky-1996-When Justice Is Lost in the _Tra.pdf

Pease, Adam, Jennifer Cheung Pease, and Kay-fan Andrew Cheung. 2018. "Formal ontology for discourse analysis of a corpus of court interpreting." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 64 (4): 594-618. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00054.pea.

ABSTRACT: The authors of this article develop a new method of discourse analysis using speech act theory and formal ontology. The method constitutes an attempt to make discourse analysis more formal and repeatable. They apply the method to a corpus of bi-lingual, interpreted legal dialogue, focusing on the speech act of clarification and its component acts. While discourse analysis is primarily a qualitative tool, it can be applied quantitatively by counting certain types of discourse, such as clarification speech acts. Dialogues are still analysed, utterances are classified as speech acts and their semantic relationships are qualitatively assessed. Subjectivity of human analysis is minimised using a new method of discourse analysis that employs a formal ontology. The ontology is stated in higher-order logic making the annotation of the corpus more objective, formal and repeatable than prior research.

Pérez Alonso, María Antonia. 2001. "Las mejoras voluntarias de la Seguridad Social: su interpretación judicial." Actualidad laboral (2): 507-525.

Pérez González, Luis. 1999. "La ley del jurado y sus consecuencias para la práctica forense de traductores e intérpretes." In Lengua y Cultura. Estudios en torno a la traducción, edited by Miguel Ángel Vega Cernuda and Rafael Martín-Gaitero, 453-466. Madrid: Complutense.

Pérez González, Luis. 2006. "Interpreting strategic recontextualization cues in the courtroom: Corpus-based insights into the pragmatic force of non-restrictive relative clauses." Journal of Pragmatics 38 (3): 390-417.

ABSTRACT: In recent decades, studies of the pragmatics of institutional interaction have enhanced our awareness of the ongoingly negotiated nature of context. In this paper, key concepts of the contextualization paradigm, adopted from socio-pragmatics, are outlined and subsequently discussed in the context of courtroom interpreting. Of particular interest here is the fact that interpreters are ethically constrained not to alter the pragmatics of the ongoing interaction, which ultimately presupposes their capacity to identify the contextualization cues with which different participants realign themselves as required. The paper focuses on the notion of ‘strategic’ or ‘covert recontextualization cues’, as illustrated by lawyers’ use of non-restrictive relative clauses. Data from two different corpora provide some evidence of the use of these structures as pragmatically consequential devices, thus challenging the commonly held assumption that non-restrictive relative clauses are only used to ‘add information’. I argue that the evaluative role of such covert cues enables lawyers to step out of the interrogator/interrogated frame in order to secure certain alignments on the part of the defendant or witness; the success or failure of this strategy depends on the interpreter recognizing the pragmatic force of these cues and rendering it accurately into the target language.

internal-pdf://4084960674/Pérez González-2006-Interpreting strategic rec.pdf

Pérez Guarnieri, Verónica. 2013. "La interpretación judicial: dificultades de la traducción oral de las sentencias del español al inglés." Hikma: estudios de traducción = translation studies (12): 101-114.

Pérez Senra, Belén. 2019. "La interpretación en lengua de signos: una cuestión de rol. La percepción de las intérpretes de lengua de signos de la Comunidad Valenciana de su rol ante el tribunal." [Court interpreting in sign language: A question of role. Sign language interpreters' perception of their role before the courts in the autonomous community of Valencia] Revista de Llengua i Dret 71: 73-87. https://doi.org/10.2436/rld.i71.2019.3300 .

ABSTRACT: In this study we present the results of a survey conducted with sign language interpreters on their perception of their role as professional interpreters in the courts of the Autonomous Community of Valencia. The study highlights the imbalance of social and personal power which is generated in the courtroom between agents of the court and other agents well- versed in courtroom communication and culture, and members of the deaf community who frequently have no knowledge of such matters. Within this framework, we describe the expectations of interpreter users with regard to sign language interpreting. Having explained the problem of the broad array of perspectives on the limits of the interpreter’s role, the article explains the methodology employed for the design and administration of the questionnaires and presents the results thereof. From the starting point of the dissonance between what different interpreter users demand of their interpreters, we present solutions adopted by the interpreters themselves and argue for the need to define a congruent set of values for public service interpreting that can guide professional interpreters in their work as well as offer the flexibility they need to adapt their role according to the different contexts in which they work.

internal-pdf://3516616342/Pérez Senra-2019-La interpretación en lengua d.pdf

Phelan, Mary. 2020. "Literary portrayals of court interpreters and Irish speakers in the long nineteenth century." Translation Studies 13 (2): 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2020.1745679.

ABSTRACT: For decades there was a dearth of knowledge about the provision of interpreters for Irish speakers in the courts in Ireland in the nineteenth century. There were many questions: who were the interpreters, how were they recruited, where did they work, how long did provision last? Researchers have now found answers to many of these questions. As Irish-language court interpreters were widely employed, it is no surprise that they feature in the literary works of Gerald Griffin, William Carleton, James Joyce, Flann O’Brien, George A. Birmingham and Somerville and Ross. This article examines attitudes to Irish speakers through the lens of Walter J. Ong’s writings on orality and literacy. It compares the fictional depictions of interpreters and Irish speakers with contemporaneous newspaper court reports and archival sources while bearing in mind that authors are not obliged to respect historical accuracy.

internal-pdf://3290413781/Phelan-2020-Literary portrayals of court inter.pdf

Picó i Junoy, Joan. 2002. "La interpretación judicial de la nueva Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil." La Ley: Revista jurídica española de doctrina, jurisprudencia y bibliografía (4): 1879-1892.

Pinkerton, Yoko. 2001. "Issues on Interpreting in Australia and Japan (オーストラリアと日本の通訳に関する問題)." Interpretation Studies JAIS: 120-125.

ABSTRACT: This essay, which summarizes a recent private talk this author had with Professor Kumiko Torikai of Rikkyo University, Japan, attempts to address some issues of interpreting in Australia and Japan. (1) We discussed the problem of the shortage of police and court interpreters for languages other than English in Japan. (2) We considered the possibility that the theory of interpreting developed in Australia, which gives an absolute priority to impartiality of interpreters and faithfulness of interpretation, may be adopted in Japan in certain areas such as legal interpreting. (3) We found out that both Japanese and Australian interpreters feel that their work is not recognized by society as highly as they wish. (4) We shared a concern that voluntary interpreting, which is practised extensively in Japan, has an adverse effect on the effort to enhance the status of interpreters. (5) In relation to achieving a status for interpreters comparable to other professionals, we agreed that interpreting should be taught for a university degree with further study at postgraduate level in specialized areas like conference, legal and medical interpreting, including research in interpreting. We realized that Japan and Australia, with strengths and weaknesses in different areas of interpreting, can learn a lot from each other.

Plohl, Irena Gizdavčić. 2013. "Challenges in the Education and Appointment of Court Interpreters." FIT 11th International Forum: The Life of Interpreters and Translators - Joy and Sorrow?, Belgrade.

internal-pdf://3006967771/8_Gizdavcic-Plohl_Challenges in the Education.doc

Pöchhacker, Franz. 2010. "Community Interpreting." Target 22: 120-124. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.22.1.08poc.

ABSTRACT: Sandra Hale is a major contributor to the growing field of research on interpreting performed in community settings, most notably for her book The Discourse of Court Interpreting from 2004, which she starts by presenting various views concerning two important points of debate, the definition of translation accuracy and the controversy concerning the interpreter’s role. In Community Interpreting, Hale returns to these issues. Designed as a textbook, her new book provides guidelines for how to perform as an interpreter in community settings. Put simply, the author pleas for community interpreting to be performed accurately, impartially and in keeping with a neutral stance, i.e. in accordance with many, perhaps all, established codes of interpreter ethics

internal-pdf://0074698377/Pöchhacker-2010-Community Interpreting.pdf

Pöchhacker, Franz. 2012. "Conceptual analysis and illustration of the interpreter’s role in interaction." In Coordinating participation in dialogue interpreting, edited by Claudio Baraldi and Laura Gavioli, 45-70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: This chapter approaches the notion of participation in dialogue interpreting from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. In a review of several analytical proposals for the distinction of speaker and hearer roles, it sketches a multi-level framework based on the distinction between the utterance level and the communicative-event level with interpreting as a role sui generis. Following this broad conceptual analysis, the analytical distinctions are applied to extracts of authentic discourse data from case studies in clinical and legal settings, highlighting the ways in which both untrained and court-certified interpreters may disable the primary interlocutors’ participation by their own active participation in interaction.

Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2004. "Interpreting in asylum hearings." Interpreting 6 (2): 143-180.

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on interpreting in asylum hearings, a field of research thus far largely neglected in Translation Studies. Specifically, it is based on a discourse analytical study of authentic asylum hearings recorded at the Federal Asylum Office in Graz (Austria). Some aspects of the role and responsibilities of interpreters are discussed. The results clearly suggest that interpreters in asylum hearings frequently assume discrepant roles which may at times be determined by the perceived expectations of the officers in charge, and that these roles are not clear-cut. Interpreters are found to shorten and paraphrase statements, volunteer explanations, try to save their own — and if possible, also the other participants’ — face, and intervene if they deem it necessary.

internal-pdf://2027907657/Pöllabauer-2004-Interpreting in asylum hearing.pdf

Pöllabauer, Sonja. 2005. ""I don't understand your English, Miss": Dolmetschen bei Asylanhörungen." Translationswissenschaft: 484.

Pousada, Alicia. 1979. "Interpreting for Language Minorities in the Courts." In Language in Public Life, edited by James E Alatis and G Richard Tucker, 186-208. Washington: Georgetown University Press.

Powell, Richard. 2020. Language Choice in Postcolonial Law. Lessons from Malaysia’s Bilingual Legal System.Language Policy. Singapore: Springer.

internal-pdf://0954296959/_-2020-Language Choice in Postcolonial Law.pdf

Prats Albentosa, Lorenzo. 2003. "La calificación de los poderes: interpretación judicial y de la DGRN del artículo 98 de la Ley 24/2001." La Ley: Revista jurídica española de doctrina, jurisprudencia y bibliografía (4): 1548-1557.

Prieto Sanchís, Luis. 1987. "Ideología y racionalidad en la interpretación judicial del Derecho." Revista jurídica de Castilla - La Mancha (1): 133-156.

Puebla Pinilla, Ana María de la. 2008. "La titularidad del permiso de lactancia: razón y voluntad en la interpretación judicial del derecho." Diario La Ley (6875).

ABSTRACT: Una de las claves del éxito de las políticas de conciliación de la vida familiar y laboral de las personas trabajadoras reside en que los derechos sean ejercitados indistintamente y en las mismas condiciones por trabajadores y trabajadoras. El reconocimiento a ambos de la titularidad de los derechos de conciliación adquiere una importancia esencial.

Puebla Pinilla, Ana María de la. 2011. "Jubilación parcial y contrato de relevo: un tándem con problemas." Revista General de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social (27).

ABSTRACT: Contrato de relevo y jubilación parcial anticipada integran un par inescindible cuya relación va más allá de la mera necesidad de coexistencia en el tiempo. La vinculación entre ambas instituciones determina que un cambio en el régimen jurídico de cualquiera de ellas repercute automáticamente sobre la otra. Las últimas reformas legales han determinado una importante limitación del acceso a la jubilación anticipada. La más reciente reforma en materia de protección social, articulada a través de la Ley 27/2011, avanza en la misma dirección. Esta circunstancia, sumada a la estricta interpretación judicial del régimen jurídico de la jubilación parcial y del contrato de relevo, permiten augurar un futuro incierto para ambas instituciones.

Rabbi-baldi, Renato. 2005. "La Teoría de la interpretación judicial en Cossio y Betti: coincidencia y actualidad en dos perspectivas contemporáneas." Revista chilena de derecho 32 (1): 139-168.

Ralarala, Monwabisi K. 2013. ""Meaning rests in people, not in words": linguistic and cultural challenges in a diverse South African legal system." In Multilingualism for Empowerment, edited by Pol Cuvelier, Théo du Plessis, M. Meeuwis, Reinhild Vandekerckhove and Vic Webb, 91-102. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.

ABSTRACT: This paper will, firstly, show that the South African criminal justice system operates by a different set of rules, which is not quite compatible with the (language) conventions and heritage of an African language speaker. Secondly, it will demonstrate that cultural practices are difficult to represent in a linguistically equivalent manner in different languages; and thirdly, it will reveal that certain court judgments are decided on the basis of cultural misunderstanding.

Ralarala, Monwabisi K. 2014. "Transpreters’ translations of complainants’ narratives as evidence: whose version goes to court?" The Translator 20 (3): 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.934002.

ABSTRACT: Law and language are inherently related and, as such, the efficient functioning of the law has a direct bearing on the appropriate use of language. Sworn statements, taken from members of the public, initiate the court process, and their role culminates in court, as evidence for proceedings. Existing data relating to oral narratives in isiXhosa and translated versions presented in English, in the form of sworn statements, show differences and inconsistencies between the two sets of texts. Such statements are supposed to be a true reflection of the complainant’s or suspect’s own words. However, more often than not, they tend to be the written versions of information obtained by the police officers’ (hereafter referred to as transpreters) during the pre-statement-taking session. This article examines the oral narratives of complainants, which are framed in a form of dialogue between the transpreters and the complainants. The ‘retelling and rewriting’ of such narratives into sworn statements by transpreters, as a form of translation, is primarily taken into account. Scrutinising pre-statement-taking sessions and translated English versions of sworn statements, the article argues that such sworn statements constitute a misrepresentation of the complainants’ own words. As a result, the complainants’ actual evidence is manipulated, so that it fails to fully surface in court – as an essential part of court proceedings – in its original form. The effect of these practices, it is further argued, has serious implications for the notion of access to justice in South Africa.

internal-pdf://1137949901/Ralarala-2014-Transpreters’ translations of co.pdf

Rana, Sonali, Purvi Shah, and Kajori Chaudhuri. 2009. "Whose Trauma Is It? Vicarious Trauma and its Impact on Court Interpreters." Proteus 18 (4).

internal-pdf://2444348422/Rana-2009-Whose Trauma Is It_ Vicarious Trauma.pdf

Re, L, and T H Smith. 1982. "Sworn and Unsworn Evidence: Research Paper No.6." Australia.

Redd, Margaret G. 2001. "Court Interpreters: A Letter to a Congressman." In Interpreter Manual, edited by Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy. Kentucky: Department of Public Advocacy.

internal-pdf://4098439582/Redd-2001-Court Interpreters_ A Letter to a Co.pdf

Repa, Jindra. 1981. "A Training Program for Court Interpreters." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 26 (4): 394-396. https://doi.org/10.7202/003938ar.

internal-pdf://3693592248/Repa-1981-A Training Program for Court Interpr.pdf

Repa, Jindra. 1988. "Professional Status Today and Tomorrow: Case of Court Interpreters in Canada." In Languages at Crossroads. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the American Translators' Association, edited by Deanna Lindberg Hammond, 441-449. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Resta, Zoi, and Anastasios Ioannidis. 2016. "A Sociological Approach to the Professionalization of Court Interpreting in Greece." In Towards the Professionalization of Legal Translators and Court Interpreters in the EU, 66-82. Cambridge Scholars.

Rhodes, Cathy. 1996. "Interpreters in the Courts." Bench Press 8: 3-4.

Richardson, John G. 1997. "Bias in the Court: Focusing on the Behavior of Judges, Lawyers and Court Staff in Court Interactions.".

internal-pdf://0304089040/Richardson-1997-Bias in the Court_ Focusing on.pdf

Rico Gómez, José Ignacio. 2004. "¿Resulta posible contratar como profesor asociado a un miembro del personal de administración y servicios? Crónica de una anunciada interpretación judicial desafortunada." Revista jurídica de Castilla y León (4): 147-170.

ABSTRACT: Las Universidades se encuentran habilitadas para contratar como Profeso - res Asociados, con carácter temporal y dedicación a tiempo parcial, a especialistas de reconocida competencia que ejercen su actividad profesional fuera de la Universidad. El presente trabajo, partiendo de los principios derivados de la regulación normativa aplicable a las incompatibilidades del personal al servicio de las Administraciones Públicas y, sobre todo, de los pronunciamientos jurisdiccionales constantes en la materia, viene a cuestionar la interpretación judicial recientemente llevada a cabo por el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Extremadura, según la cual, la nueva regulación establecida en la Ley Orgánica de Universidades vendría a imposibilitar la contratación como Profesores Asociados de quienes ya desarrollan en la misma Universidad su actividad principal como personal de administración y servicios.

Rigney, Azucena C. 1999. "Questioning in interpreted testimony." Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 6: 83-108.

ABSTRACT: Courtroom talk does not represent a real exchange of information between an addresser and an addressee, but a display of information for a non-speaking participant, the jury, that has to solve a dispute based on the facts as presented during testimony. The question/answer sequence and, more specifically, the linguistic manipulation of questions is a strategic instrument of domination in the legal context, where interrogation performs different communicative functions such as apologizing, complaining, challenging, signalling surprise and disbelief, ascribing blame, etc. When questioning is done through an interpreter, attorneys lose control over witness testimony, not only because the constant switch between languages slows down the interrogation process, but also because interpreters inadvertently alter the pragmatics of questions as tools of manipulation. Using examples from the Rosa López testimony during the O.J. Simpson murder trial (Los Angeles, 1995), this paper will address the dynamics of courtroom questioning through an interpreter.

internal-pdf://3177757303/Rigney-1999-Questioning in interpreted testimo.PDF

Roberts, Roda P. 1981. "Training Programs for Court Interpreters in Canada." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda P. Roberts, 183-188. University of Ottawa Press.

Ottawa. L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux.

Roberts, Roda P. 1981. "Court Interpreting in British Columbia." In L'interprétation auprès des tribunaux, edited by Roda P. Roberts, 27-29. University of Ottawa Press.

Roberts, Roda P. 1990. "Interlingual Communication in Legal Settings." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 5-16. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Roberts-Smith, Len. 1990. "Working with interpreters in court: Some legal issues." Legal Service Bulletin 15 (4): 151-154.

Rodriguez Aguilera, Cesareo. 1994. "Especialidades en la traducción e interpretación lingüística, en la administración de justicia española." In Traducción, interpretación, lenguaje, edited by J Agustín, 119-122. Madrid: Fundación Actilibre.

Roldan, Martin A. 2000. Immigration Court Interpreters: Their Standings as Professionals. National Center for State Courts.

ABSTRACT: The United States Immigration Court is an Executive Branch administrative tribunal located within the

Executive Office for Immigration Review, U.S. Department of Justice. The Immigration Court's

jurisdiction lies in conducting hearings in which Federal immigration laws and regulations are at issue.

Approximately 85% of these hearings require an interpreter. Immigration Court interpreters consider

themselves to be professionals-members of a profession that requires formal training and advanced

study in the specialized field of court interpretation. They seek recognition as professionals who

maintain as part of their occupation adherence to high standards in the performance of their duties,

and they seek the respect and appreciation attributable to such well established professionals as

lawyers, doctors, and engineers. This report examines the current professional standing of Immigration Court Interpreters as perceived

by court personnel, including judges, administrators, support staff, and interpreters. ls there a

difference in the way Immigration Court interpreters view themselves and their profession and the

way they are viewed by their non?interpreter court colleagues? The report indicates that there are

major differences in the court personnel's perceptions as they relate to the professional standing of

Immigration Court interpreters.

internal-pdf://2217545329/Roldan-2000-Immigration Court Interpreters_ Th.pdf

Rosenberg, Brett Allen. 2004. "A Quantitative Analysis of Telephone Interpreting." In Using Corpora and Databases in Translation, edited by Ian Kemble, 156-165. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth.

ABSTRACT: Telephone interpreting is growing at such a pace that it threatens to displace the use of in situ interpreters in some medical and legal contexts. Telephone interpreting offers certain undeniable advantages, namely easy access to interpreting services even in remote areas and at relatively low cost. These benefits motivate those who utilize these services and the administrators who allocate funds for them to be rather enthusiastic about these developments. However, court interpreters have generally been ambivalent, when not openly hostile, towards the advancement of telephone interpreting (Vidal, 1998; Mintz, 1998). In spite of some initial descriptive works (Wadensjo, 1999; Niska 1998), it is surprising that such a limited amount of empirical research has been done that describes the linguistic characteristics of this particular mode of interpreting. This paper offers an initial quantitative taxonomy of the types of problems as they occurred in a corpus collected over a two-year period in which the author has worked as a telephone interpreter. It was discovered that the origin of the vast majority of communicative problems were not only the product of the differences between telephone and face-to-face communication, but rather that many of these difficulties arose due to the complexity of the situational, extra-linguistic factors that intervene as a result of expanding access to the interpreter. Further comparative research is needed in order to quantify the frequency of occurrence of certain problems in interpreter-mediated conversations, in face-to-face interactions and interpreted telephone communication.

Rosenfeld, Michel. 1999. "Interpretación judicial y aplicación de la Constitución en los Estados Unidos." Cuadernos de derecho público (7): 77-91.

Rovan, Barbara. 2013. "Section for Court Interpreters of the Association of Scientific and Technical Translators of Slovenia." FIT 11th International Forum: The Life of Interpreters and Translators - Joy and Sorrow?, Belgrade.

internal-pdf://0304088736/12_Rovan_Section for Court Interpreters of DZ.docx

Ruiz, Alicia. 1996. "Reflexiones sobre la interpretación judicial según M. Saavedra." Travesías: Política, cultura y sociedad en Iberoamérica (1): 260-265.

Ruiz-Rico Ruiz, José Manuel, and Yolanda de Lucchi López-Tapia. 2012. "Implicaciones jurídicas en la aplicación del Real Decreto-Ley 27/2012 de 15 de noviembre, de medidas urgentes para reforzar la protección a los deudores hipotecarios." Diario La Ley (7977).

ABSTRACT: El presente artículo analiza las repercusiones jurídicas del reciente Real Decreto-Ley 27/2012, destacando la falta total de previsión del legislador sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de su decisión de suspender durante dos años los desalojos de viviendas ejecutadas judicialmente. Señaladamente, no se ha reflexionado sobre su posible inconstitucionalidad, al ordenar una privación del uso del inmueble a su adjudicatario, una vez convertido en dueño. Por otro lado, ha dejado en el aire el tipo de procesos en los que sería aplicable esa medida, lo que obligará a una interpretación judicial orientada a su extensión a procesos distintos del de ejecución hipotecaria. Tampoco ha profundizado en los sujetos beneficiarios de dicha medida, pudiendo darse casos especiales de compleja solución. Finalmente, no se da respuesta a la situación en la que quedaría jurídicamente el ocupante del inmueble durante ese tiempo, ni tampoco a los diversos y variados problemas procesales que se derivan de esa suspensión, cuestiones todas que son analizadas y desarrolladas en este trabajo.

Ruiz-Rico Ruiz, José Manuel, and Yolanda de Lucchi López-Tapia. 2013. "Implicaciones jurídicas en la aplicación del Real Decreto-Ley 27/2012 de 15 de noviembre, de medidas urgentes para reforzar la protección a los deudores hipotecarios." Diario La Ley (7994).

ABSTRACT: El presente artículo analiza las repercusiones jurídicas del reciente RDL 27/2012, destacando la falta total de previsión del legislador sobre las consecuencias jurídicas de su decisión de suspender durante dos años los desalojos de viviendas ejecutadas judicialmente. Señaladamente, no se ha reflexionado sobre su posible inconstitucionalidad, al ordenar una privación del uso del inmueble a su adjudicatario, una vez convertido en dueño. Por otro lado, ha dejado en el aire el tipo de procesos en los que sería aplicable esa medida, lo que obligará a una interpretación judicial orientada a su extensión a procesos distintos del de ejecución hipotecaria. Tampoco ha profundizado en los sujetos beneficiarios de dicha medida, pudiendo darse casos especiales de compleja solución. Finalmente, no se da respuesta a la situación en la que quedaría jurídicamente el ocupante del inmueble durante ese tiempo, ni tampoco a los diversos y variados problemas procesales que se derivan de esa suspensión, cuestiones todas que son analizadas y desarrolladas en este trabajo.

Russell, Debra. 2012. "Court/Legal interpreting." In Handbook of Translation Studies 3, edited by Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer, 17-20. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: The area of interpreting legal discourse and working in legal settings continues to develop as an area of specialization. The number of research projects studying legal interpreting continues to grow globally, enhancing our understanding of the complexity and realities of legal interpreting and bridging research and practice between spoken and signed language interpreters.

Ryu, Hyunju. 2012. "Revisiting Judiciary Interpreting in Korea." T&I Review 2: 129-144.

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the current Korean system of judiciary interpreting from an interpreter’s perspective stemming from direct practices and indirect observation. Korean courts have an interpreter registry program where prospective interpreters are recommended and screened based on degrees and previous English-speaking work experiences including interpreting. However, non-registered interpreters and volunteers occasionally do interpreting work, which means that the current court interpreter program doesn’t have strict guidelines for employing interpreters, let alone accreditation & certification systems. The present paper argues that evaluating the current registry interpreters’ competence and providing mandatory refreshing courses and seminars for both interpreters and ‘clients’ (i.e. legal professionals and administrative staff in courts) are preconditioned before the certified accreditation system is fully introduced and put in place as the current system doesn’t guarantee competent interpretation.

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Saavedra López, Modesto. 1996. "Interpretación judicial del derecho y democracia." Travesías: Política, cultura y sociedad en Iberoamérica (1): 235-244.

Saint Dahl, Henry. 1995. Dictionnaire juridique Dahl/Dahl's Law Dictionary, français-anglais/anglais-français. Buffalo, París: Hein-Dalloz.

Saint Dahl, Henry. 1999. Diccionario jurídico español/inglés inglés/español: Dahl's Law Dictionary: an annotated legal dictionary, including authoritative definitions. William S. Hein & Company.

Salvador Coderch, Pablo. 1992. "Interpretación judicial y decisión política." Anuario de derecho civil 45 (4): 1591-1598.

Salzedo, S L. 1952. "Interpreters in the Courts of Law." L'interprète 7: 4-6.

Sánchez Melgar, Julián. 1994. "Técnica legislativa e interpretación judicial." In La técnica legislativa a debate, 309-326. Barcelona : Asociación Española de Letrados de Parlamentos ; Madrid : Tecnos, 1994.

Sancho Gargallo, Ignacio, Teresa Ramos Ibós, and Margarita Marquina Castells. 2002. Una Interpretación Judicial de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil. Editorial Aranzadi.

Sarlo, Óscar. 2006. "El papel de la argumentación moral en la interpretación judicial." Judicatura (44): 373-384.

Šašić, Borislava. 2013. "Translation as part of the judicial procedure." FIT 11th International Forum: The Life of Interpreters and Translators - Joy and Sorrow?, Belgrade.

Abstract: Trials in international criminal courts could not proceed without translation and interpretation. The language rights of the accused are based on the European Convention on Human Rights Article 5(2) which states: “Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and the charge against him” and Article 6 covers certain aspects of the accused’s right to a fair trial such as the right: “to be informed promptly, in a language which [the accused] understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him” and the right “to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court”.

The difficulties in the implementation of this right are numerous and entail extensive procedural time limits. The paper will deal with the right to translation in the context of international criminal courts, more specifically the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and with some specific aspects of translation as part of the legal procedure.

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Saura Lluviá, Luis. 1998. "La interpretación judicial de la Autonomía Local en materia urbanística." In La autonomía local : análisis jurisprudencial, 71-98. Madrid : Marcial Pons, 1998.

Schweda Nicholson, Nancy. 2005. "Proactive Efforts to Educate Attorneys and Judges on the Role of the Court Interpreter in the United States (US), at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and at the International Criminal Court (ICC)." Forum.

ABSTRACT: Le présent article traite des séances de formation destinées aux avocats qui préparent à représenter les accusés devant le Tribunal Pénal International pour l’ex-Yougoslavie et/ou la Cour Pénale Internationale. Les séminaires touchent surtout les techniques de plaidoirie et la pratique du droit devant les tribunaux internationaux. Dans le contexte américain, l’article décrit aussi une formation parrainée par le Barreau de l’Etat du Delaware pour les avocats, les juges, et d’autre personnel juridique. En général, cette contribution insiste sur l’importance d’éduquer les avocats par rapport au rôle de l’interprète auprès des tribunaux. Par ailleurs, l’article souligne <comment travailler avec les interprètes>, une habileté qui manque souvent. Il y a des défis linguistiques et extralinguistiques à comprendre. Les modes d’interprétation (simultanée, consécutive et relais) s’élaborent aussi bien que les situations variées dans lesquelles les différents modes sont employés. Enfin, l’article fournit des renseignements en ce qui concerne les formations à l’avenir et insiste sur le besoin d’un engagement continuel des interprètes experts dans ce domaine très spécialisé.

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Schweda Nicholson, Nancy. 2006. "The Court Interpreters Act of 1978: A 25-Year Retrospective: Part I." Proteus 14 (4).

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Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1986. "Language Planning and Policy Development for Court Interpretation Services in the United States." Language Problems and Language Planning 10: 140-157.

ABSTRACT: Within the broad scope of language planning and policy development, organized efforts to provide high-quality court interpretation services for non-English-speakers who come into contact with the American judicial system have recently accelerated. This article traces the history of federal laws governing interpreter use, highlighting the newest federal statutory provision, the Court Interpreters Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-539). It also explores in detail the Spanish/English Federal Court Interpreter Cer­ tification Examination that was developed by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. On the state level, several problems regarding the selection of court interpreters within the California and New York legal systems are discussed. Moreover, recent efforts to develop a coherent and comprehensive policy for interpreter use in

the District of Columbia and in New Jersey are described. Finally, this paper outlines some general proposals for improving the overall quality of interpretation services in judicial proceedings.

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Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1986. "Court Interpreter Training: A Growing Need." In Proceedings of the 1985 Eastern Michigan University Conference on Languages for Business and the Professions, edited by Geoffrey M Voght. Washington: Eric Clearinghouse for Languages and Linguistics.

Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1987. "Beyond the Court Interpreters Act of 1978: The Federal Court Interpreters Advisory Board." In Proceedings of the 1987 American Translators Association Annual Conference, edited by K Kummer, 281-286. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1989. "Ad Hoc Court Interpreters in the United States: Equality, Inequality, Quality?" Meta: Journal des traducteurs 34 (4): 711-723. https://doi.org/10.7202/004074ar.

ABSTRACT: In this article the author focuses on (1) ad hoc interpreter use for non-English speakers in the American judicial system; (2) why professional court interpretation training is needed; and (3) what content areas must e included in any course or program. The article concludes by outlining strategies not only for developing training opportunities but, ultimately, for solving the problems inherent in the use of ad hoc interpreters.

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Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1990. "Linguistic Perspectives on Courtroom Language and Interpretation Services." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 65-74. Jersey: Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1991. "Policy-Making for Spanish Court Interpretation Services." In Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World: Iberia, Latin America, United States, edited by Carol A Klee and Luís A Ramos-García, 329-347. Tempe (Arizona): Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe.

Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1992. "The Provision of Interpretation Services for Lesser-Used Languages in the United States Courts: A Language Planning Perspective." Language Problems and Language Planning 16: 38-52.

ABSTRACT: Les services d&apos;interprétation pour les langues "moins employées" dans les Tribunaux Fédéraux des Etats-Unis: Une perspecive de planification des languesBien que l&apos;on puisse observer un progrès considérable des services d&apos;interprétation en espagnol/anglais au niveau des Tribunaux Fédéraux depuis une dizaine d&apos;années, il reste nécessaire de s&apos;addresser à la demande

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Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy. 1994. "Professional Ethics for Court and Community Interpreters." In Professional Issues for Translators and Interpreters, edited by Deanna Lindberg Hammond, 79-97. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Amsterdam, Philadelphia. Howard Giles (ed.): Law Enforcement, Communication and Community.

Schweda-Nicholson, Nancy, and Bodil Martinsen. 1997. "Court interpretation in Denmark." In The Critical Link: Interpreters in the Community, edited by Silvana E Carr, Roda P Roberts, Aideen Dufour and Dini Steyn, 259. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Seoighe, Rachel, and Ana Aliverti. 2017. "Lost in Translation? Examining the Role of Court Interpreters in Cases Involving Foreign National Defendants in England and Wales." New Criminal Law Review 20 (1): 130-156. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2017.20.1.130.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreters have seldom been featured in studies on the criminal courts. Until recently, cases requiring court interpreters were rare and marginal. The peculiarity and historical rarity of these cases may explain the lack of academic consideration of the work of court interpreters in the criminal justice literature. Rapid demographic changes brought about by mass migration, however, are changing the make-up of criminal justice proceedings, rendering court interpreters key participants and inexorable aides for the everyday running of the criminal justice system. This article examines the increased reliance on interpreters and the nature of their involvement in criminal justice proceedings. It will explore the relationship between interpreters and defendants, on the one hand, and between interpreters, counsels, and judges, on the other. Drawing on empirical data stemming from a research project on foreign national defendants conducted in Birmingham’s criminal courts, we explore issues of trust and reliability under- pinning the intervention of court interpreters and the implications of these interventions for the defendant’s case. The use of interpreters aims first and foremost to ensure the defendant’s right to defense. Yet, as we show, their inter- vention is often propelled or hindered by instrumental, procedural, or logistical reasons, intimately linked to the rapid transformation of the demography of defendants and the privatization of services related to the criminal justice system.

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Services, ALTA Language. 2007. "Study of California’s Court Interpreter Certification and Registration Testing."

internal-pdf://1782280515/Services-2007-Study of California’s Court Inte.pdf

Sheppard, Claude-Armand. 1971. "Court Interpreters." In The Law of Languages in Canada, 164-181. Ottawa: Information Canada.

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Shlesinger, Miriam. 1990. "The next step: Quality control for courtroom interpreting." In Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of the International Federation of Translators, edited by Mladen Jovanovic, 737-741. Belgrado: Prevodilac.

Shlesinger, Miriam, and Franz Pöchhacker. 2008. "Doing justice to court interpreting." Interpreting 10 (1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.01shl.

ABSTRACT: It was less than three years ago that we, the editors, chose to devote a complete issue of Interpreting (7:2, 2005) to a single overriding theme — healthcare inter- preting. The present issue is another such endeavor, and the theme presented itself of its own accord, so to speak: Each of the six authors represented here had a contribution to make to the rapidly growing scholarly investigation of court inter- preting, and when all six papers landed on our virtual desks in rapid succession, it became apparent that a thematic issue was called for. But while the papers in the previous case had revolved around a particular paradigm — discourse and inter- action — the ones appearing in this Special Issue run the gamut of topics, settings and paradigms, as will be explained below.

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Shlesinger, Miriam, and Franz Pöchhacker. 2008. “Doing Justice to Court Interpreting.” Special issue of Interpreting 10 (1).

Shlesinger, Miriam, and Franz Pöchhacker, eds. 2010. Doing justice to court interpreting. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Sin, Kingkui. 1994. "Hong Kong Courtroom Language: Some Issues on Linguistics and Language Technology." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Chinese Linguistics, edited by B K Y T'sou. Hong Kong.

Sin, Kingkui, and S H Djong. 1994. "Court Interpertation in Hong Kong." In Criminal Justice in Hong Kong, edited by M Gaylord and H Traver, 137-144. Hong Kong: HKUP.

Sinclair, Sir G. 1975. "Courts (Interpreters)." Hansard 884: 307-308.

Sirois, André. 2000. "La traduction et l’interprétation devant les tribunaux pénaux internationaux." In La Traduction Juridique. Histoire, théorie(s) et pratique / Legal Translation. History, Theory/ies and Practice, edited by GREJUT. Geneva: Ecole de Traduction et d'Interpretation, Université de Genève.

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Skinner, William, and Thomas F Carson. 1990. "Working conditions at the Nuremberg Trials." In Interpreting. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, edited by David Bowen and Margareta Bowen, 14-22. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

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Snelling, David, Bodil Martinsen, Akira Mizuno, Maria Chiara Russo, Birgit Strolz, Marco Uckmar, and Cecilia Wadensjö. 1997. "On Media and Court Interpreting." In Conference Interpreting: Current Trends in Research, edited by Yves Gambier, Daniel Gile and Christopher Taylor, 187-206. Amsterdam, Filadelfia: John Benjamins.

Soroeta Liceras, Juan. 2013. "La opinión consultiva de la corte internacional de justicia sobre Kosovo de 22 de julio de 2010: una interpretación judicial sui generis para un caso que no lo es. Aplicabilidad de la cláusula de salvaguardia de la resolución 2625 (XXV) o de la "secesión como remedio"." Revista electrónica de estudios internacionales (25).

ABSTRACT: En opinión del autor, presionada por el miedo de los Estados a que se pudiera extrapolar su decisión a otros contextos del mundo en el que existen reclamaciones secesionistas, la Corte ha desperdiciado una ocasión única para pronunciarse sobre el alcance actual de dos principios claves del Derecho internacional contemporáneo: la integridad territorial de los Estados y la autodeterminación de los pueblos. Este artículo defiende el derecho de autodeterminación de Kosovo, en aplicación de la cláusula de salvaguardia contenida en la Resolución 2625 (XXV) de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, a modo de secesión como remedio, y no considera que se trate de un caso sui generis, sino de una excepción al principio general, aplicable allá donde un Estado impida en su territorio el ejercicio de la autodeterminación interna a un pueblo.

In the author's opinion, pressured by the fear of the States to be extrapolated the decision to other contexts all around the world, in which there are secessionist claims, the Court has squandered a unique opportunity to rule on the current scope of two key principles of contemporary international law: territorial integrity of States and self-determination of peoples. This article defends the right of selfdetermination of Kosovo, under the safeguard clause in Resolution 2625 (XXV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations, as "remedial secession", and does not consider that it is a sui generis case, but an exception to the general principle applies wherever a State prevents the exercise of internal selfdetermination of a people living in its territory.

Soto Rioja, Sebastián de. 2013. "Determinación de la entidad responsable del pago de las pensiones causadas por enfermedad profesional : Un problema irresuelto pese a las reformas normativas y a su interpretación judicial." Aranzadi Social: Revista Doctrinal 6 (5): 195-206.

Spigno, Irene. 2011. "Modelli di circolazione giurisprudenziale: la libertà di espressione e l? hate speech nella giurisprudenza della Namibia." Revista general de derecho público comparado (9): 1-13.

ABSTRACT: El artículo se ocupa del análisis de la jurisprudencia namibiana sobre libertad de expresión. Tras una breve descripción del ordenamiento constitucional vigente en Namibia, y en particular de la nueva Constitución, el estudio se desarrolla por medio del análisis de las decisiones más importantes bien de la High Court, bien de la Supreme Court sobre el contenido esencial y los limites de este derecho fundamental que ha sido interpretado por estos tribunales a través de la citación de decisiones judiciales extranjeras. Así, entre las jurisdicciones extranjeras mas citadas, se destacan las Cortes Supremas de Canadá y de India y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. En particular, el enfoque de este artículo se centra sobre la interpretación judicial de la reglamentación de los discursos del odio en el ordenamiento constitucional namibiano que incluso se ha desarrollado a través de muchas referencias al derecho extranjero.

This Article deals with the Namibian jurisprudence on freedom of expression. After a brief description of Namibian constitutional system and the new independent Constitution, the analyses is developed throughout the most important decisions issued by both the High Court and the Supreme Court about the core and the limits of this right, interpreted by the Namibian Courts using foreign precedents such as those of the Canadian Supreme Court, the Indian Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights. In particular, the focus of the Article is on the judicial interpretation on hate speech regulation in Namibian legal system, that is also developed with the quotation of foreign case law.

Šprcová, Ilona. 2013. "Basic and further training and development of legal translators and court interpreters." FIT 11th International Forum: The Life of Interpreters and Translators - Joy and Sorrow?, Belgrade.

Abstract: Work of legal interpreters and translators is very demanding. It seems obvious that they must have profound knowledge of both, foreign language(s) and their mother one, legal terminology and syntactical patterns of the professional language used by legal professionals, deep understanding of legal systems and proceedings relevant for their working languages, rhetoric skills, ability to apply the relevant interpretation techniques as well as to cope with stressful situations. Interpreters and translators should seek continuing professional education and continuously develop their skills.

Interpreting before courts and authorities and translations for such institutions is continuously undergoing many changes arising from gradual improvement of legal awareness of recipients of the services of court translators and interpreters, and also from generally increased requirements regarding judicial proceedings and quality of interpreting and translating in the course of them.

As there is no educational institution specializing in education of legal translators and interpreters in the Czech Republic, the Chamber of Court Interpreters and Translators is trying to fill in this gap by offering specialization courses in cooperation with its partners – mainly universities and other specialized institutions. The Chamber organizes various seminars, meetings, briefings and trainings for interpreters and translators.

As a non-political organization, the Chamber participates also in preparing and negotiating drafts of legal regulations concerning interpreters and translators and their work, including the formulation of ethical principles of our profession.

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Springer, Christine. 1983. "Österreichischer Verband der Gerichtsdolmetscher." Van Taal tot Taal 27: 79.

St. André, James. 2006. ""He 'catch no ball' leh!" Globalization versus localization in the Singaporean Translation Market." Meta: Journal des traducteurs = translators' journal 51 (4): 771-786.

ABSTRACT: Despite the existence of local versions of English and Mandarin Chinese in Singapore, these non-standard languages are not widely used by translators and interpreters. Simultaneous court interpretation and (some) drama prove by their exception to this rule that Singapore's translation market is driven mainly by foreign, not local demand. Further, local demand by the government and the media points to the continued prestige of "standard" English and Mandarin, where those standards are London and Beijing, respectively. Training for local translators and interpreters, then, must continue to provide students with "standard" models of these languages if they are to compete successfully for jobs in the marketplace.

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Stallaert, Christiane, Cristina Victoria Kleinert, and Carmen Núñez-Borja. 2020. "Acceso a la justicia y formación de intérpretes en lenguas indígenas. Una propuesta de cooperación triangular con enfoque decolonial." CPU-e, Revista de Investigación Educativa 30: 60-83. https://doi.org/10.25009/cpue.v0i30.2682.

ABSTRACT: En este artículo se presenta a la formación de intérpretes jurídicos como necesidad para garantizar el acceso a la justicia y la inclusión social de acuerdo con la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, adoptada por la ONU en 2015. En países latinoamericanos con una marcada presencia de población indígena no castellanohablante se han desarrollado recientemente normativas en cuanto a los derechos lingüísticos y el derecho a la traducción/interpretación en lenguas indígenas. Desde una breve revisión de la situación actual en México y Perú, se propone ampliar el paradigma de cooperación Sur-Sur y Triangular con una dimensión Sur-Norte. La detección de una creciente brecha social en los países europeos en cuanto al acceso a la justicia para hablantes de lenguas no oficiales o minorizadas lleva a considerar las oportunidades que brinda una alianza estratégica con países latinoamericanos para el avance hacia una ciudadanía social a nivel global. El enfoque decolonial se basa en el concepto de “traducción” como metodología (Santos, 2005). Los datos proceden de un proyecto interuniversitario de cooperación coordinado por la University of Antwerp (Bélgica), la Universidad Veracruzana (México) y la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, así como por el Instituto Internacional de Derecho y Sociedad (Perú).

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Stansfield, Charles W., and William E. Hewitt. 2005. "Examining the predictive validity of a screening test for court interpreters." Language Testing 22 (4): 438-462.

ABSTRACT: The United States Court Interpreters Act (US Congress, 1978) requires that interpreters in US federal courts be certified through a criterion-referenced performance test. The Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination (FCICE) is a two-phase certification battery for federal court interpreters. Phase I is a multiple-choice Written Examination (WE) used to screen candi- dates for eligibility to take the Phase II criterion-referenced Oral Examination (OE). This study evaluates the predictive validity of the WE in relationship to examinee performance on the OE, using an experimental sample of exami- nees who took the tests concurrently. Results indicate that the WE correlates appropriately with performance on the OE (.648 and .676 for the English and Spanish subtests respectively). Nearly all of those who failed the WE also failed the OE, although several false negatives were identified. However, when the data were reanalysed using a lower cut score for the Phase I WE, nearly all false negatives were eliminated. A follow-up study replicated the findings with a different sample. The authors discuss the advantages and dis- advantages of lowering the passing score on the screening test in light of their findings. The study and subsequent discussion provide an example of how an established passing score can be reconsidered and modified.

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United States. Court Interpreters Act.

Abstract: The 1978 Court Interpreters Act provides that the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall prescribe, determine, and certify the qualifications of persons who may serve as certified interpreters, when the Director considers certification of interpreters to be merited, for the hearing impaired (whether or not also speech impaired) and persons who speak only or primarily a language other than the English language, in judicial proceedings instituted by the United States

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Steele, Graham. 1992. "Court Interpreters in Canadian Criminal Law." Criminal Law Quarterly: 218-251.

Štefčík, Jozef. 2018. Einblicke in das Gerichtsdolmetschen in der Slowakei und seine methodisch-didaktischen Ansätze. Hamburg: Dr. Kovač Verlag.

ABSTRACT: This monograph covers definitions, fundamental problems, and research perspectives on court interpreting with a focus on Slovakia. The book presents a survey of court interpreters in Slovakia and suggests training proposals at the postgraduate level.

Stern, Ludmila. 2004. "Interpreting Legal Language at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: overcoming the lack of lexical equivalents." The Journal of Specialised Translation: 63-75.

ABSTRACT: This article explores difficulties experienced by court interpreters and the strategies they adopted in dealing with legal deliberations at the International Criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). After giving an outline of interpreting practices at ICTY, the author considers interpreting approaches used in this context. Problems created by the use and transfer of cognates, synonyms and neologisms in legal language are highlighted. The author shows why paraphrasing and other techniques of explicitation are often the most effective in an international legal context.

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Stern, Ludmila. 2012. "What can domestic courts learn from international courts and tribunals about good practice in interpreting?: From the Australian war crimes prosecutions to the international criminal court." T&I Review 2: 7-30.

ABSTRACT: It is widely accepted that ‘quality of interpreting is closely linked to the conditions under which interpreters are expected to work’ (Hale 2011). This article examines and compares working conditions provided by domestic and international courts to enable interpreters’ professional operations. Interpreting requirements include courtroom design that enables satisfactory acoustics and visibility, the provision of a dedicated preparation and work place, as well as conditions that include fatigue prevention and other aspects necessary for competent performance. The article shows that satisfactory terms of employment and working conditions in international courts (ICTY, ICC etc.) are in stark contrast to those in domestic courts (mainly in the common law English-speaking countries, and some civil law countries), and that very few domestic courts provide adequate working conditions for interpreters.

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Stern, Ludmila, and Xin Liu. 2019. "Ensuring interpreting quality in legal and courtroom settings: Australian Language Service Providers’ perspectives on their role." The Journal of Specialised Translation 32.

ABSTRACT: In today’s multicultural landscape, opportunities for interpreters to acquire professional competence through formal training in order to work in legal settings, including court, remain limited, especially in the so-called ‘rare languages’ of recent migrant communities. Ensuring high quality interpreting services is largely the responsibility of interpreting agencies — Language Service Providers (LSPs). This article explores the ways in which eight major Australian LSPs address the challenges of providing interpreting of a quality required in legal settings, including courts. In-depth interviews with LSPs’ management reveal an uneven pattern of initiatives undertaken to address interpreter training and legal/court expertise. To mitigate risk, some LSPs, especially those employing interpreters in the Aboriginal and the so- called new & emerging languages of recent migrants, refugees and asylum seekers (Stern 2018), have undertaken capacity building and assumed a trainer’s role not historically expected of them; most report imparting information that can benefit interpreters, and encouraging them to pursue professional development. While the scope of these initiatives remains limited and the pattern uneven, most LSPs have identified the necessary steps for interpreter upskilling, even if they remain aspirational.

internal-pdf://0943947597/Stern-2019-Ensuring interpreting quality in le.pdf

Stern, Ludmila, and Xin Liu. 2019. "See you in court: how do Australian institutions train legal interpreters?" The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 13 (4): 361-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2019.1611012.

ABSTRACT: Legal and court interpreters require advanced professional skills to perform their demanding tasks. How well does Australia prepare interpreters to fulfil the linguistic needs of its numerous communities, including ‘established’ migrant, indigenous, ‘new and emerging’ and deaf, in a variety of legal settings? Based on the online data and interviews with educators, this study provides an overview of formal legal interpreter training offered by two types of educational institu- tions, academic and vocational. The survey of the existing courses, curricula, aims and outcomes, content and settings, teaching methods and assessment, identifies the characteristics of these two approaches, considers advantages and disadvantages of each system, and ques- tions their effectiveness for preparing competent graduates for legal settings. Relying on the educators’ opinions, we consider what road- blocks Australian educational institutions encounter in meeting the requirements of the legal system and satisfying the needs of commu- nities where qualified legal interpreters are particularly lacking.

internal-pdf://0570840503/Stern-2019-See you in court_ how do Australian.pdf

Steytler, Nico C. 1993. "Implementing language rights in court: the role of the court interpreter." South African Journal on Human Rights 9 (2): 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.1993.11827905.

internal-pdf://0945117064/Steytler-1993-Implementing language rights in.pdf

Stromberg, Wayne H, and Gerald L Head. 1984. "Court Interpreter Training in the Language Laboratory." NALLD Journal 18: 6-20.

ABSTRACT: Demographic studies and statistics from state and federal courts indicate a

growing need for Spanish-English court interpreters with special training in consecutive and simultaneous court interpretation. The authors conducted a survey of 466 of

California's Spanish-English court interpreters to determine what the Spanish-English court interpreter's strongest skills needs are. Survey results are reported in this article, and the five strongest skills training needs are identified. The authors indicate how the language laboratory may efficiently be used to develop and enhance these five skills and how it may best serve a court interpreter training program. Emphasis is on applying the work of G.A. Miller and the training techniques of Robert Ingram to Spanish-English court interpreter training.

internal-pdf://3289099312/Stromberg-1984-Court Interpreter Training in t.pdf

Szantova Giordano, Stella. 2012. "“We Have to Get By”: Court interpreting and its impact on access to justice for non-native English speakers." International Journal of Law, Language & Discourse 2 (2).

ABSTRACT: Non-native English speakers find themselves on an unequal footing in American courts. While some of them possess reasonable proficiency in conversational English, almost all have poor or no proficiency in legal English, including the complex legal terminology used in the courtroom. Since legal language is heavily dependent on the legal system in which it is used, litigants who lack this understanding may fail to fully appreciate what is transpiring in the courtroom. Worse still, interpreters who lack it may interpret inadequately or completely incorrectly. While American federal and state judiciaries purport to provide non- native English speakers with equal access to justice through court interpreters, the reality is that the existing court interpreting system fails to protect their rights. Two pivotal problems are the lack of certification programs for prospective interpreters of minority languages and a deficient system of court interpreter appointment, often resulting in the selection of unqualified “interpreters.” This article explores the issues in the current court interpreting regime and suggests systemic improvements in court interpreter appointment and administration.

internal-pdf://0943947679/Szantova Giorda-2012-“We Have to Get By”_ Cour.pdf

Takeda, Kayoko. 2003. "A Report on the Deposition Interpreting Class at the Monterey Institute of International Studies." Interpretation Studies JAIS Dec.: 83-102.

ABSTRACT: Interpreting at depositions and other proceedings in civil litigation represents a significant segment of the Japanese interpreting market in the United States. There is also a solid need for interpreters at depositions taken in Japan. However, there seems to be no formal training course designed for this specialized field of interpreting. This paper describes the deposition interpreting class which has been offered experimentally as part of the advanced consecutive interpretation courses in the Japanese Program of the Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (GSTI/MIIS). The main objectives of this three-session class are to acquire general knowledge of legal procedures, terminology and professional protocol, and to study basic interpreting strategies for depositions. In light of the demand in the markets, and based on feedback from students and graduates, not only should these sessions be continued, but considerations should also be development to cover a wider scope of legal interpreting in the future. given to their further

internal-pdf://4146382025/Takeda-2003-A Report on the Deposition Interpr.pdf

Takeda, Kayoko. 2008. "Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal." Interpreting 10 (1): 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.10.1.05tak.

ABSTRACT: This paper gives an overview of the interpreting arrangements at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (1946-1948), focusing on some sociopolitical aspects of the interpreting phenomena, and discusses the behavior of the interpreters and monitors during the testimony of Hideki Tojo, Japan's wartime Prime Minister. It provides a contextualized examination of court interpreting rather than a microlinguistic analysis of interpreted texts. The study demonstrates how political and social aspects of the trial and wartime world affairs affected the interpreting arrangements, especially the hierarchical set-up in which three ethnically and socially different groups of 'linguists' (language specialists) performed three different functions in the interpreting process. An examination of the linguists' behavior during Tojo's testimony points to a link between their relative positions in the power constellation of the trial and their choices, strategies and behavior in interpreting and monitoring. These findings reinforce the view that interpreting is a social practice conditioned by the social, political and cultural contexts of the setting in which interpreters operate.

internal-pdf://1395235093/Takeda-2008-Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crim.pdf

Takeda, Kayoko. 2015. "Tribunal interpreting." In Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, edited by Franz Pöchhacker, 424-425. London: Routledge.

Tayler, Marilyn R. 1990. "Update from the New Jersey Department of Higher Education Interpreter Education Project: The New Jersey Legal Interpretation Project." In Proceedings of the Northeast Conference on Legal Interpretation and Translation, edited by Angela M Aguirre, 31-35. Consortium on Legal Interpretation & Translation.

Tayler, Marilyn R, Roda P Roberts, and Ellie de la Bandera. 1988. "Legal Interpreter Education: The New Jersey Legal Interpretation Project." In Languages at Crossroads. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the American Translators' Association, edited by Deanna Lindberg Hammond, 389-397. Medford, NJ: Learned Information.

Tedeschi, Guido. 1962. "Insufficiency of the Legal Norm and Loyalty of the Interpreter." Malaya Law Review 4 (2): 233-253.

internal-pdf://2953234037/Tedeschi-1962-Insufficiency of the Legal Norm.pdf

Teng, Wei, J. A. Burn, and I. H. M. Crezee. 2018. "I’m asking you again! Chinese student interpreters’ performance when interpreting declaratives with tag questions in the legal interpreting classroom." Perspectives 26 (5): 745-766. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2018.1444071.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the findings of a small empirical study in which interpreting students were asked to interpret authentic legal discourse from a video clip showing a lawyer cross-examining a witness in a New Zealand murder trial. The paper focuses on the way in which Mandarin-speaking students chose to interpret declaratives with tag questions. These were a common question form in the clip, which involved a lawyer engaging in aggressive cross-examination of an ambulance officer. The authors present an analysis of the manner in which Mandarin-speaking students interpreted the declaratives with tag questions, using assessment criteria developed by the first author. It is hoped that the findings may be beneficial to (legal) interpreter educators and students working between English and Mandarin.

internal-pdf://4005987883/Teng-2018-I’m asking you again! Chinese studen.pdf

Trabing, Eta. 1980. "Manual for Judiciary Interpreters (English- Spanish)."

Translators, National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and. 1998. "Frequently Asked Questions." Hieronymus 3.

internal-pdf://0749241871/Translators-1998-Frequently Asked Questions.pdf

Tse, Chung Alan. 1998. "Is the Simultaneous Mode Feasible and Desirable in Court Interpreting? The Hong Kong Experience and Experiment." Critical Link 2.

Abstract: Like many other jurisdictions, common-law or not, inter- preting services are provided in the Hong Kong courtroom. Under the existing arrangement in the present judicial system of Hong Kong, most of the interpreting is conducted in the consecutive mode. Simultaneous interpreting is usually carried out in the form of whispering interpreting, where the interpreter translates the submissions of the counsel for the benefit of the accused. As consecutive interpreting is generally acknowledged to be more time-consuming, the judiciary has attempted to introduce the simultaneous mode to all aspects of court proceedings where interpreting is required. In the present discussion, the author will compare the merits and demerits of consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting in the legal domain. He will attempt a conclusion by looking at the various implications of the introduction of simultaneous interpreting in the legal context with special reference to the Hong Kong judicial system.

internal-pdf://1275917927/Tse-1998-Is the Simultaneous Mode Feasible and.pdf

Undated, Cambridgeshire Constabulary. 1988. "Notes of Guidance for Interpreters and Police Officers."

United States. Administrative Office of the United States Courts. 1987. Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination Manual. Spanish-English. University of Arizona Federal Court Interpreter Certification Project.

Valdes, Guadalupe. 1990. "When Does a Witness Need an Interpreter? Preliminary Guidelines for Establishing Language Competence and Incompetence." La Raza Law Journal 3: 1-27.

internal-pdf://4084960259/Valdes-1990-When Does a Witness Need an Interp.pdf

Valero Garcés, Carmen, and Anne Martin, eds. 2008. Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting: Definitions and Dilemmas. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

ABSTRACT: At conferences and in the literature on community interpreting there is one burning issue that reappears constantly: the interpreter’s role. What are the norms by which the facilitators of communication shape their role? Is there indeed only one role for the community interpreter or are there several? Is community interpreting aimed at facilitating communication, empowering individuals by giving them a voice or, in wider terms, at redressing the power balance in society? In this volume scholars and practitioners from different countries address these questions, offering a representative sample of ongoing research into community interpreting in the Western world, of interest to all who have a stake in this form of interpreting. The opening chapter establishes the wider contextual and theoretical framework for the debate. It is followed by a section dealing with codes and standards and then moves on to explore the interpreter’s role in various different settings: courts and police, healthcare, schools, occupational settings and social services.

Valero Garcés, Carmen, Bettina Schnell, Nadia Rodríguez Ortega, and Fernando Cuñado. 2015. "Estudio preliminar sobre el ejercicio de la interpretación y traducción judicial en España." [Preliminary study on the practice of judicial interpretation and translation in Spain] Sendebar: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación (26): 137-166.

ABSTRACT: En este artículo analizaremos, desde un punto de vista crítico, si la formación que reciben actualmente en España los intérpretes y traductores judiciales en las universidades españolas es suficiente para desempeñar su trabajo con calidad ante los tribunales, y la confrontaremos con la opinión que tienen los profesionales del Derecho que trabajan habitualmente con intérpretes y traductores. Trataremos de recoger así una perspectiva nueva y no contemplada suficientemente hasta ahora en los planes de formación reglada: la del colectivo al que sirve el intérprete y traductor judicial. Los datos provienen de entrevistas personales y una encuesta anónima dirigida a operadores judiciales con el fin de conocer su punto de vista sobre el trabajo que realizan actualmente los intérpretes y traductores y sus propuestas para mejorar la calidad del mismo. Se trata de un estudio preliminar y parcial que necesita de análisis más profundos que esperamos acometer en el futuro.

This article explores, from a critical point of view, if the current training given to court interpreters and translators in Spain is sufficient in preparing them to do an adequate job in the courtroom and presents the opinions of legal professionals who work with interpreters and translators on a daily basis. We aim to present a new perspective, one that has not been sufficiently covered in existing curricula: that of the users of courtroom interpreting and translation services. Data comes from personal interviews and an anonymous survey of judicial legal professionals to know their views on the work carried out by interpreters and translators as well as their suggestions for improving the quality of the interpreting and translation services. This is a preliminary and partial analysis that requires a deeper study which we hope to undertake in the future.

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Vargas-Urpi, Mireia. 2018. "Judged in a Foreign Language: A Chinese-Spanish Court Interpreting Case Study." The European Legacy 23 (7-8): 787-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2018.1492814.

ABSTRACT: Recent legislation in Spain has transposed Directive 2010/64/EU, which recognises interpretation as an essential tool for safeguard- ing fairness in criminal proceedings, in particular, for preventing any state of defencelessness. Previous research, however, has suggested important deficiencies in court interpreting in this country. This article analyses court interpreting from Chinese to Spanish, based on a case study of a recording of a criminal trial that took place in Barcelona in February 2015. The trial was transcribed verbatim and annotated in accordance with Cecilia Wadensjö’s distinction between “talk as text” and “talk as activity.” The analysis focuses on examples of errors of interpretation (non- translated speech acts, omissions, and additions), speech style and non-renditions. The results are compared with those of a corpus of 55 court proceedings in which the interpretation was from Spanish to English and from French to Romanian. The article concludes with a discussion of the factors—such as lack of specialised train- ing, lack of deontological codes or general unawareness of the interpreter’s role—that may have affected the quality of the inter- pretation in the trial analysed. The low proportion of interpretation during that court session (only 17.6% of the total duration) is perhaps the most striking result of the case study.

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Vargas-Urpi, Mireia. 2019. "When non-renditions are not the exception: a corpus-based study of court interpreting." Babel 65 (4): 478-500.

ABSTRACT: This article seeks to explore the nature and function of non-renditions in a corpus of transcriptions of 55 authentic interpreted court proceedings from Barcelona (the TIPp corpus). By doing so, it establishes a dialogue with Cheung’s (2017) contribution about non-renditions in court interpreting in Hong Kong. The transcriptions of the TIPp corpus were annotated using the software EXAMARALDA following Wadenjsö’s (1998) distinction between “talk as text” and “talk as activity”. Non-renditions were considered a part of “talk as activity”. A distinction was made between justified non-renditions, i.e. those that were used to ask for a pause to interpret, to ask for clarification, to confirm possibly misheard information and to retrieve parts of the original message in case of a lapsus, and unjustified non-renditions, e.g. when interpreters give advice to the defendants or warn them, when they answer on behalf of defendants, or when they supply information not provided in the original utterances. The findings reveal alarming averages of non-renditions in the bilingual parts of the trial (58.3 per bilingual hour), with a higher ratio of unjustified non-renditions. These findings have a clear correlation with the poor working conditions of court interpreters in Spain and reveal an urgent need for professionalisation of this practice in this country.

Vázquez González, Carlos, and Raquel Castillejo Manzanares. 2013. "La interpretación judicial de la violencia de género: un estudio crítico sobre los límites a la discrecionalidad del juzgador." In Violencia de género y justicia, 398-427. Santiago de Compostela : Universidade, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2013.

Veiga Copo, Abel B. 2006. "La interpretación judicial de las condiciones del contrato de seguro." Revista española de seguros: Publicación doctrinal de Derecho y Economía de los Seguros privados (127): 475-528.

Veiga Copo, Abel B. 2009. "La protección del asegurado y la errática interpretación judicial." In Derecho de consumo: actas del Congreso Internacional sobre Derecho de Consumo, 245-304. Valencia : Tirant lo Blanch, 2009.

Verband der Zürcher Gerichtsdolmetscher und -übersetzer, ed. 2006. Tag des Behörden- Und Gerichtsdolmetschens. Zurich: Obergericht des Kantons Zürich. Zentralstelle Dolmetscherwesen.

Verhoeff, Carola. 2016. "SIGV: a brief introduction." In TraiLLD: training in languages of lesser diffusion, edited by Katalin Balogh, Heidi Salaets and Dominique van Schoor, 41-46. Leuven / Tielt: Lannoo Campus.

ABSTRACT: his chapter describes in detail the legal interpreting and translation programme at SIGV, Stichting Instituut van Gerechtstolken en -vertalers [Dutch Association for Legal Interpreters and Translators]. The course curriculum consists of five modules: two general modules on Dutch law and three language specific modules (criminal law, terminology and court interpreter training). The chapter concludes with a reflection on the need for adding new languages to the curriculum.

Viens, Christine, Georges L. Bastin, Solange Duhamel, and Roselyne Moreau. 2002. "L’accréditation des interprètes judiciaires au Palais de justice de Montréal." Meta: Journal des traducteurs 47 (2): 289-293. https://doi.org/10.7202/008016ar.

ABSTRACT: The complexity of the profession of an interpreter is obvious in the legal milieu, where the lack of providing quality service could have a major impact on the rights and liberties of people. This article first draws an outline of legal interpreting services, followed by the issue that led to adopt a qualification process for legal interpreters called to work for the Ministery of Justice of Québec. Finally, the principal elements of this process are described.

internal-pdf://3006257217/Viens-2002-L’accréditation des interprètes jud.pdf

Vigier Moreno, Francisco Javier. 2019. "Interpreting in Spanish criminal courts: preliminary results of the TIPp project’s corpus of real trials." Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 5 (3): 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00038.vig.

ABSTRACT: The quality of the interpreting carried out in criminal courts has come to the fore in Spain with the entry into force of domestic legislation transposing Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010, on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings, and Directive 2012/13/EU of 22 May 2012, on the right to information in criminal proceedings, which enshrines translation and interpreting as an essential element within procedural guarantees.

The TIPp project was aimed at developing resources that facilitate court interpreters’ tasks based on the data obtained from a representative corpus of authentic interpreter-mediated criminal proceedings. In this contribution we describe and analyse the corpus, highlighting aspects such as the interpreter’s mother tongue, the type of offence that was tried, the procedural situation of the non Spanish-speaking user and whether there was whispered interpreting or the interpreter was given any instruction.

Vigier-Moreno, Francisco J. 2020. "On the quality of outsourced interpreting services in criminal courts in Spain." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 66 (2): 208-225. https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00149.vig.

ABSTRACT: Globalisation, cross-border human mobility and international migration flows have prompted cross-linguistic and cross-cultural services (e.g. trans- lation and interpreting) in all spheres of current societies, including a sector as sensitive as justice. In Spain, as in many other countries, in the last two decades, despite fierce criticism from practitioners and academics, there has been a trend for the authorities to meet these needs by outsourcing these services to private companies rather than hiring qualified professionals individually, on the grounds that this system allows for cheaper and more efficient services. This article presents the most relevant results of a research project based on the analysis of a corpus of authentic interpreter-mediated criminal proceedings, the first project of this kind in Spain. After briefly explaining how the project was carried out and how the corpus was tran- scribed, annotated and analysed, special attention is paid to the findings in relation to the interpreters’ performance in terms of fidelity and accuracy, and some illustrative examples are provided. The aim is to address the quality of outsourced interpreting services in Spanish criminal courts as well as to indicate areas for improvement.

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Vigier-Moreno, Francisco J. 2020. "Creating research-based resources for court interpreters: an illustrative study on translation-oriented terminological records about Spanish criminal proceedings." Perspectives 29 (2): 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2020.1839522.

ABSTRACT: The quality of the interpreting services provided in criminal courts has come to the fore in Spain as a result of the transposition into domestic law of the EU Directives on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings and on the right to information in criminal proceedings. Since one of the greatest challenges faced by court interpreters is precisely the lack of appropriate terminological resources, in this article we describe how we used empirical research results (to wit, the exploitation of a corpus of authentic, interpreter-mediated criminal proceedings) to create resources that can help court interpreters to perform their task with accuracy, rigour and diligence. More specifically, we focus on translation-oriented terminological records, as adopted in the TIPp project (on the quality of court interpreting) on the basis of the approach developed in previous research on the translation of technology law (Law10N). We describe in detail the process of creating the Spanish-English record for the illustrative term letrado de la administración de justicia. By describing this process (including term selection, information mining, equivalence search and acceptability analysis), we highlight the usefulness of this type of terminological record and its potential for other thematic subfields and language pairs.

internal-pdf://2511711672/Vigier-Moreno-2020-Creating research-based res.pdf

Villarreal, Yrma. 2001. "A Quest for the Professionalization of the Chicago Area Court Interpreters." Critical Link 3. Third International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings.

Abstract: The Chicago area court interpreters certification project has not been an easy one. The fear of being saddled with unfamiliar standards posed a threat on our already comfortable and established system. Administrators only knew that the court interpreters were getting the work done. Academia knew nothing about court interpreting and very little about the needs of the community for such professionals. With this background, we looked to the certification project as a guiding light. It had literally taken years to have court interpreters and court administrators consider the court interpreters’ certification programme. That is why it is imperative that any policy for offering the certification exams include in the negotiations the members who ultimately will be responsible for offering the certification in any given state. If not done, the objective, which is to certify court interpreters, is not accomplished and this will only be one more exam without much meaning.

internal-pdf://3275844125/Villarreal-2001-A Quest for the Professionaliz.pdf

Vlachopoulos, Stefanos. 2012. "Towards a Creativity-based Framework for Defining and Describing Court Interpreting: Based on the true story of court interpreting in Greece." International Journal of Law, Language & Discourse 2 (2).

ABSTRACT: The purpose of the paper is to tell the story of court interpreting in Greece. Drawing on a questionnaire-based survey among legal professionals, the general picture of the role, the performance and appreciation of the court interpreter in Greece is established. In the second part of the paper a definition and a descriptive approach to the interpreting process in courts is put forward that allows both non-language professionals to understand what is at stake in court interpreting and at the same time to promote professionalization. I will make a case for the examination of the actual process of (court) interpreting by applying the notion of creativity, which is considered to be a very promising tool for describing and examining problem-solving procedures in general.

internal-pdf://3616831683/Vlachopoulos-2012-Towards a Creativity-based F.pdf

Wadensjö, Cecilia. 2020. "The bilingual courtroom: court interpreters in the judicial process." The Translator 26 (3): 313-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2020.1851483.

internal-pdf://2953234019/Wadensjö-2020-The bilingual courtroom_ court i.pdf

Wallace, Derek. 2012. "Bringing people with us: legislative writing as political rhetoric." Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 32 (1): 83-101. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2012-0005.

ABSTRACT: Contemporary linguistic and rhetorical analysis of legislative writing reveals various kinds of indeterminacy, much of it either accidental or unavoidable, but some designed to politically influence subsequent court interpretation. Analysis to date, however, has concentrated on final texts, preventing discov- ery of rhetorical strategies only evident from an analysis of the text’s evolution. Focusing on a contentious attempt in the New Zealand Parliament between 2005 and 2007 to repeal a section in the 1961 Crimes Act that provided parents or guardians with a defense for using excessive physical force on their chil- dren, this article reports on an investigation into whether analysis of succes- sive stages of the formal legislative process, including the oral debates in the House of Representatives, might reveal textual traces of non-ambiguous lan- guage use designed less to clarify the law than to secure the assent of opposing parties. As well as confirming reliance of the legislative text on indeterminacy, what of particular interest showed up was a significant use of redundancy: a feature which could appear on the surface to be nothing more than a mecha- nism for achieving precision — the holy grail of legal discourse — but which in this instance performs additional rhetorical work.

internal-pdf://2302808546/Wallace-2012-Bringing people with us_ legislat.pdf

Wallace, Melissa. 2012. "Rethinking Bifurcated Testing Models in the Court Interpreter Certification Process." In Assessment Issues in Language Translation and Interpreting, edited by Dina Tsagari and Roelof van Deemter, 67-83. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

ABSTRACT: In the United States, with 44 out of 50 states holding membership in the Consortium for Language Access in the Courts, the court interpreting certification exam administered by this entity holds absolute primacy and is the most important gatekeeper to the profession. This study explores whether or not success in one mode of interpreting on the Consortium’s oral certification exam could potentially predict successful performance in the other two modes; likewise, the viability of utilizing an abbreviated testing model, positing the mode that appears to predict overall success as a screening exercise, is contemplated. In order to isolate a potential predictor mode, this chapter explores precedents for the use of abbreviated testing models with Consortium exams and recreates a small study on a vastly larger scale, contributing an evidence-based analysis of some 6,000 raw exam scores spanning over a decade. With substantial data supporting the relationship between success in the simultaneous mode and overall success on the Consortium certification exam, the implementation of a bifurcated model could have a potentially very real impact on the way the Con- sortium exam is administered.

internal-pdf://0719884797/Wallace-2012-Rethinking Bifurcated Testing Mod.pdf

Wallace, Melissa. 2015. "A further call to action: training as a policy issue in court interpreting." The Interpreter and Translator Trainer: 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399x.2015.1051769.

ABSTRACT: This article gathers research from three studies conducted by industry stakeholders in US court interpreting – research which provides a blueprint for prioritising quality in courtroom language access and which concretely links court interpreter training to policy decisions in the areas of language access and interpreter certification testing. The first study examines training experiences of Spanish/English court interpreters in one US state (Wisconsin); the second surveys practising court interpreters in the same state to demarcate specific skill domains and content in which court interpreters wish to receive training; and the third study examines failure rates on the state-level oral court interpreting exams on a national level over a 15-year period, suggesting some key strategies to mitigate such failure. In light of the aforementioned studies, as well as in response to the National Center for State Court’s recent publication entitled A National Call to Action, this article represents a further call to action, beseeching educators and policymakers to create meaningful training opportunities, to acknowl- edge the relationship between lack of training and widespread oral exam failure, and to reward and incentivise training and credentialing through proactive policy decisions.

internal-pdf://0081598332/Wallace-2015-A further call to action_ trainin.pdf

Wallace, Melissa. 2015. "Current dilemmas in court interpreting: improving quality and acces through smarter testing and administration protocols." MonTI: Monografías de traducción e interpretación Special Issue 2: 217-236.

ABSTRACT: Court interpreting certifying bodies face a plethora of challenges in their quest to identify competent judicial interpreters so that speakers of all languages might be assured of due process under the law and equal access to justice. For the entities which develop and administer the oral certification exams which act as gateways to the profession of court interpreting, two such dilemmas are of particular interest: the first is high rates of exam failure, with a frustrating number of candidates not meeting minimum levels of qualification to practice in court. The second is an increasing need for qualified interpreters of languages of lesser diffusion. In the face of ubiquitous budget constraints, this article explores an abbreviated testing model as a mitigator of extreme exam failure at the same time as it reveals the results of a recent pilot project which focused on centralizing interpreting services protocols while prioritizing interpreter quality.

Los organismos oficiales que certifican a los intérpretes jurídicos se enfrentan a un gran número de desafíos a la hora de identificar a intérpretes competentes. Para las entidades que desarrollan y administran los exámenes orales de certificación, dos de estos dilemas son de especial interés. Uno de esos dilemas es el alto número de fracasos en los exámenes, ya que muchos de los candidatos no cumplen los requisitos mínimos en los exámenes de certificación. El segundo es una necesidad creciente de identificar a intérpretes cualificados en lenguas de menor difusión. A la vista de las limitaciones presupuestarias actuales, el presente artículo explora un modelo abreviado de examen que pudiera ayudar a disminuir el número de postulantes que suspenden los exámenes de certificación. Al mismo tiempo se revelan los resultados de un estudio piloto enfocado en la centralización de servicios de interpretación cuya prioridad fue seleccionar intérpretes cualificados.

internal-pdf://3172685485/Wallace-2015-Current dilemmas in court interpr.pdf

Wallmach, Kim. 2015. "Truth and reconciliation commissions." In Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, edited by Franz Pöchhacker, 427-428. London: Routledge.

Weissman, Deborah M. 2000. "Between Principles and Practice: The Need for Certified Court Interpreters in North Carolina." North Carolina Law Review 78: 1899-1964.

ABSTRACT: North Carolina demographics are shifting rapidly to include increasing numbers of Latinos. Response to the changing population varies from constructive adaptation and supportive policies to hostile and nativist reactions that deny and deprive Latino residentsof theirhuman and legalrights. Often decisive in defining differences,languagerepresentsperhapsthe most notable obstacle that arises as Latinos weave themselves into the tapestry of North Carolina communities. Many Latinos speak Spanish and have only limited proficiency in English, and in North Carolina, as elsewhere in the United States, an individual's inability to speak English often results in discrimination and disadvantages. Because Latinos may have a heightened need to

seek redress of wrongs experienced due to their newcomer or outsider status, access to the courts through certified, competent courtinterpretersis centralto the mannerin which North Carolina undergoesthis dramaticdemographictransformation. The courts' response to Latino newcomers will influence how they are treated by individualsand institutionsin the state. North Carolinashould adopt a statutory approach expanding the availability of court interpretersto all legal proceedings and ensuring the competence of those who interpret.

internal-pdf://0719884455/Weissman-2000-Between Principles and Practice_.pdf

Wilson, Grace. 1998. "Courts See Rise in Need for Interpreters." In The Journal-Wichita.

Wirthlin, Anne Louise, and Mary Rose Zingale. 2013. "New Funding for Court Interpreters Helps Clients, Judges... and Justice." Tennessee Bar Journal 49: 15-17.

ABSTRACT: The article discusses the Tennessee Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) government agency and its 2012-2013 budget which includes two million dollars of funding for court interpreters as of January 2013. Information on the costs associated with Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 13 cases involving indigent litigants is provided, along with a historical overview of AOC funding and an examination of several rules of civil and criminal procedure in Tennessee.

internal-pdf://1990377500/Wirthlin-2013-New Funding for Court Interprete.pdf

Witter-Merithew, Anna. 1990. "Power and Powerlessness: Interpreting as a Profession." In Proceedings of the Second Annual Institute for Court Interpreters, 71-77. Trenton, NJ: Administrative Office of the Courts, Court Interpreting, Legal Translating and Bilingual Services Section.

Woehrling, José. 2002. "Document complémentaire à l’étude intitulée “Les droits des minorités linguistiques et culturelles dans un Québec souverain”." Revista de Llengua i Dret 37: 37-104.

ABSTRACT: In the original study, published 1992, we examined the rights that should be recognized in a sovereign Québec, first to the Anglophone minority, second to other minorities. this update, we examine the developments in the field of linguistic and cultural rights of minorities over the last decade, first in Canadian constitutional law, then in international law. In the Canadian constitutional case law, three developments have had -or could have- the effect of broadening the scope of the rights recognized to official language minorities (Anglophones Québec and Francophones elsewhere in Canada), and therefore of further constraining Québec's capacity legislate in order to protect and promote the French language. In the Beaulac case in 1999, the Supreme Court clarified the differences between, on the one hand, the judicial language rights of Francophones and Anglophones and, on the other, the right the assistance of an interpreter, implicitly contained in the right to a fair trial, which all persons are entitled, regardless of their language. With regard the categories of persons eligible for public instruction in English Québec, the Québec Superior Court interpreted, in the 2000 Solski case, the relevant constitutional provisions as allowing all Canadians, regardless mother tongue, usual language or language of instruction, to send one of their children to a non-subsidized private English-language school in order to obtain at the same time (or shortly thereafter) the permanent right to send all their children to English-language public schools in Québec. Finally, in its 1998 Reference on the secession of Québec, the Supreme Court ruled that the Canadian Constitution contains implicit structural principles of normative value, particularly the principle of respect for and protection of minorities. This ruling was followed by a number of judicial proceedings in which the petitioners asked the courts to use this principle in order to recognize linguistic rights not explicitly found in the Constitution. Generally speaking, Canadian courts have so far shown judicial restraint and refused to allow new minority linguistic rights to be derived from structural principles. As for developments in international law, in its 1993 observations in the Ballantyne case, the United Nations Committee on Human Rights concluded that the Québec Charter of the French Language, in so far as it required the exclusive use of French in commercial signs and company names, violated the freedom of expression guaranteed article 19 of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights. In 1999, the Waldman case, the Committee came to the conclusion that the provisions of the Canadian Constitution creating special rights for Catholics and Protestants were incompatible with article 26 of the Covenant against discrimination. Can the same reasoning be applied to constitutional provisions that create special rights for Anglophones and Francophones? A negative response seems in order, given that, the state must be neutral in religious matters, it manifestly cannot be neutral in language matters, since it obviously must express itself in one or more languages, which are then given preferential treatment, and it clearly cannot express itself in all the languages spoken on its territory. The study also examines the Declaration on the Rights Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1992, and the General Comment of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights on article 27 of the Covenant, adopted in 1994. Finally, with a view to ascertaining trends in international law in this area, the two main instruments adopted by the Council of Europe in the last decade, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Agreement on the Protection of National Minorities, are also taken into account.

internal-pdf://1374482651/Woehrling-2002-Document complémentaire à l’étu.pdf

Wood, Jeffrey B. 1984. "Protecting Deaf Suspects' Right to Understand Criminal Proceedings." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75: 166-197.

ABSTRACT: Although American criminal suspects who are deaf possess the same constitutional rights as hearing suspects, they are often denied full protection of those rights. The criminal justice system protects the rights of criminal suspects by guaranteeing Miranda warnings, public trials, the right to confront witnesses, and the assistance of counsel. These protections, however, involve the use of spoken words that deaf criminal suspects cannot comprehend without the aid of a sign language inter­preter. Although it is not a perfect guarantee, sign language interpreta­tion is essential to protect fully deaf criminal suspects' right to understand the proceedings at all stages of the criminal process.

internal-pdf://3899949140/Wood-1984-Protecting Deaf Suspects' Right to U.pdf

Woodcock, Mike. 1991. "Verdicts to be seen and heard." The Times: 26.

Woodsworth, Judith. 1990. "Court Interpreting in Canada: New Developments in Training and Accreditation." In Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of the International Federation of Translators, edited by Mladen Jovanovic, 730-736. Belgrad: Prevodilac.

Woolard, Kathryn. 1992. "The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 2 (2): 229-231. https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.229.

ABSTRACT: Review of The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Susan Berk-Seligson. Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 299 pp. $19.95 (paper)

internal-pdf://2389393220/Woolard-1992-The Bilingual Courtroom_ Court In.pdf

Zambrano, Mayela. 2017. "Intérpretes sin certificación en los tribunales: Estudio de caso." In Les Llengües minoritzades en l’ordre postmonolingüe, edited by Esther Monzó-Nebot and Juan Jiménez-Salcedo, 253-263. Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, I analyze a case of legal discursive practice in a United States court where an unqualified interpreter was used to provide access to an LEP (Limited English Proficiency person), in the case Ponce v. State of Indiana. In 2014 the Indiana Supreme Court overturned a 40-year sentence due to mistranslations of the defendant’s rights. The need to provide adequate access to resources that aid comprehension becomes evident precisely when considering the defendant’s rights. By studying in depth the cultural and linguistic mediation in this particular case, we can gain a better understanding of the syntactic, pragmatic and lexical and semantic choices made by an unqualified interpreter in the courtroom. The analysis will point to common errors in this situation to advocate for the need to truly guarantees equal access to the legal system.

internal-pdf://4120871618/Zambrano-2017-Intérpretes sin certificación.pdf

Zambrano, Pilar. 2007. "Objetividad en la interpretación judicial y objetividad en la moral: una reflexión a partir de las luces y sombras en la propuesta de Ronald Dworkin." Persona y derecho: Revista de fundamentación de las Instituciones Jurídicas y de Derechos Humanos (56): 281-326.