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Don't just learn it, experience it! DP Business Management
  • Home
  • Course Guide
    • Aims & Objectives
    • Command Terms
    • Concepts, Contexts & Content
    • Curriculum Overview
    • Assessment
      • Paper 1
      • Paper 2
    • Case Studies
    • Links to TOK
    • Symposium Series
    • Book Reviews
  • Course Units
    • Unit 1 Organisation
      • U1.1 Intro to business management
        • U1.1.1 The role of business
        • U1.1.2 Business functions
        • U1.1.3 Sectors of business activity
        • U1.1.4 Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship
        • U1.1.5 Reasons for starting a business
      • U1.2 Types of organisations
        • U1.2.1 For-profit organisations
        • U1.2.2 Non-profit organisations
        • U1.2.3 Other types of organisations
      • U1.3 Organisational objectives
        • U1.3.1 Vision and mission statements
        • U1.3.2 Aims, objectives, strategies and tactics
        • U1.3.3 Ethical objectives
        • U1.3.4 SWOT analysis
        • U1.3.5 Ansoff matrix
      • U1.4 Stakeholders
      • U1.5 External environment
      • U1.6 Growth and evolution
        • U1.6.1 Economies and diseconomies of scale
        • U1.6.2 Merits of small vs large organisations
        • U1.6.3 Internal vs external growth
        • U1.6.4 Impact of globalisation
        • U1.6.5 Multinational companies
      • U1.7 Organisational planning tools (HL)
    • Unit 2 HR
      • U2.1 Functions and evolution of HR management
      • U2.2 Organisational structure
      • U2.3 Leadership and management
      • U2.4 Motivation
      • U2.5 Organisational culture (HL)
      • U2.6 Industrial/employee relations (HL)
    • Unit 3 Finance & Accounts
      • U3.1 Sources of finance
      • U3.2 Costs and revenues
      • U3.3 Break-even analysis
      • U3.4 Final accounts
      • U3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
      • U3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL)
      • U3.7 Cash flow
      • U3.8 Investment appraisal (HL)
      • U3.9 Budgets (HL)
    • Unit 4 Marketing
      • U4.1 The role of marketing
      • U4.2 Marketing planning
      • U4.3 Sales forecasting (HL)
      • U4.4 Market research
      • U4.5 The 4 Ps (product, price, promotion, place)
        • U4.5.1 Product
        • U4.5.2 Price
        • U4.5.3 Promotion
        • U4.5.4 Place
      • U4.6 The extended marketing mix of seven P's (HL)
      • U4.7 International marketing (HL)
      • U4.8 E-commerce
    • Unit 5 Operations
      • U5.1 The role of operations management
      • U5.2 Production methods
        • U5.2.1 Job production
        • U5.2.2 Batch production
        • U5.2.3 Mass production
        • U5.2.4 Cellular manufacturing
        • U5.2.5 Changing production method
        • U5.2.6 Choosing production method
      • U5.3 Lean production and quality management (HL)
        • U5.3.1 Methods of lean production
        • U5.3.2 Cradle-to-cradle design and manufacturing
        • U5.3.3 Quality control and quality assurance
      • U5.4 Location
        • U5.4.1 Factors in locating a business
        • U5.4.2 Impact of globalisation on location
        • U5.4.3 Outsourcing and offshoring
      • U5.5 Production planning (HL)
      • U5.6 Research and development (HL)
      • U5.7 Crisis management and contingency planning (HL)
  • IA
    • IA1 Overview
    • IA2 SL Written Commentary
      • IA2.1 IA criteria - SL
      • IA2.2 Sample IAs
    • IA3 HL Research Project
      • IA3.1 IA criteria - HL
      • IA3.2 Sample IAs
    • IA4 Tips and checks
  • EE
    • EE1 Overview
    • EE2 Choice and treatment of topic
    • EE3 Assessment Criteria
    • EE4 Examples
  • Skills
    • S1 Research
    • S2 Business tools
Don't just learn it, experience it! DP Business Management
  • Home
  • Course Guide
    • Aims & Objectives
    • Command Terms
    • Concepts, Contexts & Content
    • Curriculum Overview
    • Assessment
      • Paper 1
      • Paper 2
    • Case Studies
    • Links to TOK
    • Symposium Series
    • Book Reviews
  • Course Units
    • Unit 1 Organisation
      • U1.1 Intro to business management
        • U1.1.1 The role of business
        • U1.1.2 Business functions
        • U1.1.3 Sectors of business activity
        • U1.1.4 Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship
        • U1.1.5 Reasons for starting a business
      • U1.2 Types of organisations
        • U1.2.1 For-profit organisations
        • U1.2.2 Non-profit organisations
        • U1.2.3 Other types of organisations
      • U1.3 Organisational objectives
        • U1.3.1 Vision and mission statements
        • U1.3.2 Aims, objectives, strategies and tactics
        • U1.3.3 Ethical objectives
        • U1.3.4 SWOT analysis
        • U1.3.5 Ansoff matrix
      • U1.4 Stakeholders
      • U1.5 External environment
      • U1.6 Growth and evolution
        • U1.6.1 Economies and diseconomies of scale
        • U1.6.2 Merits of small vs large organisations
        • U1.6.3 Internal vs external growth
        • U1.6.4 Impact of globalisation
        • U1.6.5 Multinational companies
      • U1.7 Organisational planning tools (HL)
    • Unit 2 HR
      • U2.1 Functions and evolution of HR management
      • U2.2 Organisational structure
      • U2.3 Leadership and management
      • U2.4 Motivation
      • U2.5 Organisational culture (HL)
      • U2.6 Industrial/employee relations (HL)
    • Unit 3 Finance & Accounts
      • U3.1 Sources of finance
      • U3.2 Costs and revenues
      • U3.3 Break-even analysis
      • U3.4 Final accounts
      • U3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
      • U3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL)
      • U3.7 Cash flow
      • U3.8 Investment appraisal (HL)
      • U3.9 Budgets (HL)
    • Unit 4 Marketing
      • U4.1 The role of marketing
      • U4.2 Marketing planning
      • U4.3 Sales forecasting (HL)
      • U4.4 Market research
      • U4.5 The 4 Ps (product, price, promotion, place)
        • U4.5.1 Product
        • U4.5.2 Price
        • U4.5.3 Promotion
        • U4.5.4 Place
      • U4.6 The extended marketing mix of seven P's (HL)
      • U4.7 International marketing (HL)
      • U4.8 E-commerce
    • Unit 5 Operations
      • U5.1 The role of operations management
      • U5.2 Production methods
        • U5.2.1 Job production
        • U5.2.2 Batch production
        • U5.2.3 Mass production
        • U5.2.4 Cellular manufacturing
        • U5.2.5 Changing production method
        • U5.2.6 Choosing production method
      • U5.3 Lean production and quality management (HL)
        • U5.3.1 Methods of lean production
        • U5.3.2 Cradle-to-cradle design and manufacturing
        • U5.3.3 Quality control and quality assurance
      • U5.4 Location
        • U5.4.1 Factors in locating a business
        • U5.4.2 Impact of globalisation on location
        • U5.4.3 Outsourcing and offshoring
      • U5.5 Production planning (HL)
      • U5.6 Research and development (HL)
      • U5.7 Crisis management and contingency planning (HL)
  • IA
    • IA1 Overview
    • IA2 SL Written Commentary
      • IA2.1 IA criteria - SL
      • IA2.2 Sample IAs
    • IA3 HL Research Project
      • IA3.1 IA criteria - HL
      • IA3.2 Sample IAs
    • IA4 Tips and checks
  • EE
    • EE1 Overview
    • EE2 Choice and treatment of topic
    • EE3 Assessment Criteria
    • EE4 Examples
  • Skills
    • S1 Research
    • S2 Business tools
  • More
    • Home
    • Course Guide
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Command Terms
      • Concepts, Contexts & Content
      • Curriculum Overview
      • Assessment
        • Paper 1
        • Paper 2
      • Case Studies
      • Links to TOK
      • Symposium Series
      • Book Reviews
    • Course Units
      • Unit 1 Organisation
        • U1.1 Intro to business management
          • U1.1.1 The role of business
          • U1.1.2 Business functions
          • U1.1.3 Sectors of business activity
          • U1.1.4 Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship
          • U1.1.5 Reasons for starting a business
        • U1.2 Types of organisations
          • U1.2.1 For-profit organisations
          • U1.2.2 Non-profit organisations
          • U1.2.3 Other types of organisations
        • U1.3 Organisational objectives
          • U1.3.1 Vision and mission statements
          • U1.3.2 Aims, objectives, strategies and tactics
          • U1.3.3 Ethical objectives
          • U1.3.4 SWOT analysis
          • U1.3.5 Ansoff matrix
        • U1.4 Stakeholders
        • U1.5 External environment
        • U1.6 Growth and evolution
          • U1.6.1 Economies and diseconomies of scale
          • U1.6.2 Merits of small vs large organisations
          • U1.6.3 Internal vs external growth
          • U1.6.4 Impact of globalisation
          • U1.6.5 Multinational companies
        • U1.7 Organisational planning tools (HL)
      • Unit 2 HR
        • U2.1 Functions and evolution of HR management
        • U2.2 Organisational structure
        • U2.3 Leadership and management
        • U2.4 Motivation
        • U2.5 Organisational culture (HL)
        • U2.6 Industrial/employee relations (HL)
      • Unit 3 Finance & Accounts
        • U3.1 Sources of finance
        • U3.2 Costs and revenues
        • U3.3 Break-even analysis
        • U3.4 Final accounts
        • U3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • U3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL)
        • U3.7 Cash flow
        • U3.8 Investment appraisal (HL)
        • U3.9 Budgets (HL)
      • Unit 4 Marketing
        • U4.1 The role of marketing
        • U4.2 Marketing planning
        • U4.3 Sales forecasting (HL)
        • U4.4 Market research
        • U4.5 The 4 Ps (product, price, promotion, place)
          • U4.5.1 Product
          • U4.5.2 Price
          • U4.5.3 Promotion
          • U4.5.4 Place
        • U4.6 The extended marketing mix of seven P's (HL)
        • U4.7 International marketing (HL)
        • U4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5 Operations
        • U5.1 The role of operations management
        • U5.2 Production methods
          • U5.2.1 Job production
          • U5.2.2 Batch production
          • U5.2.3 Mass production
          • U5.2.4 Cellular manufacturing
          • U5.2.5 Changing production method
          • U5.2.6 Choosing production method
        • U5.3 Lean production and quality management (HL)
          • U5.3.1 Methods of lean production
          • U5.3.2 Cradle-to-cradle design and manufacturing
          • U5.3.3 Quality control and quality assurance
        • U5.4 Location
          • U5.4.1 Factors in locating a business
          • U5.4.2 Impact of globalisation on location
          • U5.4.3 Outsourcing and offshoring
        • U5.5 Production planning (HL)
        • U5.6 Research and development (HL)
        • U5.7 Crisis management and contingency planning (HL)
    • IA
      • IA1 Overview
      • IA2 SL Written Commentary
        • IA2.1 IA criteria - SL
        • IA2.2 Sample IAs
      • IA3 HL Research Project
        • IA3.1 IA criteria - HL
        • IA3.2 Sample IAs
      • IA4 Tips and checks
    • EE
      • EE1 Overview
      • EE2 Choice and treatment of topic
      • EE3 Assessment Criteria
      • EE4 Examples
    • Skills
      • S1 Research
      • S2 Business tools

Previous

U3.9 Budgets (HL)

Next

Lesson aims

  • Explain the importance of budgets for organisations
  • Analyse the different roles of cost centres and profit centres
  • Calculate and interpret variances
  • Analyse the role of budgets and variances in strategic planning

Importance of budgets for organisations

  • Budget - quantitative financial plan that estimates revenue and expenditure over specified future time period.
  • Budget holder - person involved in formulation and achievement of a budget.
  • Planning
  • Motivation
  • Resource allocation
  • Coordination
  • Control

Cost and profit centres

  • Cost centre - section of a business where costs are incurred and recorded.
  • Profit centre - section of a business where both costs and revenues are identified and recorded.

Benefits

  • Aiding decision making
  • Better accountability
  • Tracking problem areas
  • Increasing motivation
  • Benchmarking

Problems

  • Indirect cost allocation
  • External factors
  • Central conflicts
  • Staff stress

Variance analysis

  • Variance analysis - a tool used to compare a business’ budgeted (planned) expenditure with the actual expenditure over a period of time.

Three different outcomes of variance analysis:

  • Favourable variance - things were better than expected.
  • Adverse variance - things turned out worse than expected.
  • No variance - things turned out as planned.

Variances can occur in three different areas of a budget:

  • Revenue variances
  • Cost variances
  • Profit variances

Example projects with budget overspend

Role of budgets and variances in strategic planning

  • Strategic planning
  • Control
  • Measuring performance
  • Motivation
  • Communication
  • Coordination

Advantages

  • Help to control revenue and expenditure
  • Provide realistic targets
  • Help in coordination of various business departments
  • Help to assess organisational performance
  • Assist in detecting causes of any deviations in budget so that corrective measures can be taken to rectify them
  • Provides objective way of appraising budget holders

Limitations

  • Inflexible budgets that do not consider unforeseen changes in external environment may be difficult to stay within and therefore be unrealistic.
  • Significant differences between budgeted and actual results could make budget lose importance as planning tool.
  • Long-term future gains due to unexpected circumstances could be lost by looking only at current budgeted amount.
  • Highly underspent budgets towards end of year could result in unjustified wasteful expenditure by managers.
  • Could result in resentment and affect motivation in people not involved in setting budgets.

Tasks

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