This microclimate and site analysis data profile compiles localized environmental metrics for Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Situated at approximately latitude 2°59' N and longitude 101°47' E, Kajang features a classic equatorial, tropical rainforest climate (Af under the Köppen climate classification).

The technical metrics and behavioral patterns outlined below are specifically tailored to establish environmental baselines for passive building design optimization.

1. Macroclimate Overview

Kajang experiences uniform high temperatures, elevated relative humidity, and substantial rainfall year-round. Seasonal variations are minimal, meaning passive design elements must perform consistently across all twelve months.

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|                       ANNUAL CLIMATIC PROFILE                         |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

|  Mean Annual Temperature: 28.3°C (83°F)                               |

|  Mean Daily Maximum Range: 32.2°C to 33.9°C (90°F–93°F)               |

|  Mean Daily Minimum Range: 23.9°C to 25.0°C (75°F–77°F)               |

|  Diurnal Temperature Swing (ΔT): 7.0°C to 9.5°C                       |

|  Annual Cumulative Precipitation: ~2,820 mm (111.2 inches)            |

|  Mean Relative Humidity (RH): 80% (Diurnal variation: 55% to 96%)     |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Diurnal and Seasonal Temperature Profile

True seasonal variation does not exist in Kajang; instead, minor fluctuations track with precipitation dips. The hottest month is typically May (mean daily temperature of 29.4°C), while the coolest is December (mean daily temperature of 27.8°C).

The critical parameter for passive cooling is the diurnal temperature swing ($\Delta T$), which routinely expands up to 9.5°C during drier intervals (June–August) and contracts to around 7.0°C during peak monsoon months. Because nighttime temperatures rarely fall below 23.5°C, the thermal comfort threshold is persistently exceeded without night flush ventilation or mechanical backup.

Psychrometric & Humidity Characteristics

Relative humidity exhibits an inverse correlation with diurnal temperature:

• Nocturnal/Early Morning Peaks (05:00 - 07:00): RH regularly sits between 92% and 98%, bringing the air near dew point serialization ($T_{dp} \approx 24^\circ\text{C}$). This restricts passive cooling via nighttime ventilation due to moisture saturation.

• Diurnal Minimums (13:00 - 15:00): RH drops to its daily floor of 55% to 65% as ambient temperatures peak.

Because the ambient air remains highly saturated for most of the day, evaporative cooling strategies (direct or indirect) are highly inefficient in this microclimate.

Precipitation & Hyetographic Distribution

Kajang features a bimodal rainfall pattern driven by inter-monsoon convective systems, yielding a cumulative annual baseline of roughly 2,820 mm.

• Primary Peak (October–November): November is the wettest month, averaging over 340 mm of rainfall.

• Secondary Peak (March–April): Driven by intense inter-monsoon squalls.

• Drier Intertervals (June–July): June serves as the absolute dry threshold, yet it still averages roughly 158 mm of rainfall.

Precipitation is overwhelmingly characterizable as convective, afternoon downpours (typically occurring between 14:00 and 17:00) featuring high kinetic drop energy and steep wind-driven angles.

2. Solar Geometry & Radiation

Because Kajang sits just under 3° north of the equator, its solar profile features high-angle, near-vertical radiation year-round. This setup places an intense thermal load on horizontal and near-horizontal surfaces.

Solar Path & Zenith Angles

The sun path shifts slightly from south to north over the course of the year:

• Winter Solstice (December 21): The solar path reaches its maximum southern declination, with a noon altitude angle of $\alpha \approx 63.5^\circ$ due south.

• Summer Solstice (June 21): The solar path shifts north, reaching a noon altitude angle of $\alpha \approx 70.5^\circ$ due north.

• Equinoxes (March 21 / September 21): The sun passes virtually directly overhead through the zenith, with a noon altitude angle approaching $90^\circ$.

Azimuth angles at sunrise and sunset deviate by less than 24° from the true East-West axis over the entire annual cycle.

Radiation Profiles & Peak Flux

Solar irradiance is intensely direct but frequently diffused by afternoon cloud cover.

• Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI): Peak values regularly hit $850 \text{ to } 1,000 \text{ W/m}^2$ between 11:00 and 13:30.

• Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI): Due to high atmospheric moisture levels and cloud-deck formation, DHI remains high year-round, contributing an average baseline of $250 \text{ to } 400 \text{ W/m}^2$. This creates a bright, high-glare environment even on overcast days.

Critical Facade Shading Priorities

1. Roof Planes (Primary Thermal Core): Receives the highest cumulative radiant flux ($> 6.5 \text{ kWh/m}^2/\text{day}$). It requires high-albedo coatings, ventilated attic cavities, or green-roof assemblies.

2. East & West Facades (Critical Vertical Loads): These facades receive low-angle, high-intensity direct radiation during morning (08:30–11:00) and afternoon (14:30–17:00) periods. Because the sun angle is low, horizontal overhangs are ineffective here. Designers must use vertical louvers, deep egg-crate shading, or architectural fins oriented to block low-angle rays.

3. North & South Facades: These planes experience minimal direct solar exposure. Simple, short horizontal overhangs (projection factor $\approx 0.3 \text{ to } 0.4$) are sufficient to entirely shade openings on these orientations.

3. Wind Vectors & Airflow

Macro airflow in Kajang is governed by the regional monsoonal shifts of Peninsular Malaysia. However, the area's low average wind speeds require careful site-level optimization to leverage natural ventilation.

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|                     SEASONAL WIND DIRECTION VECTORS                   |

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|  Southwest Monsoon (May to September):    Dominant vector from SW/WSW  |

|  Northeast Monsoon (November to March):  Dominant vector from NE/NNE  |

|  Inter-Monsoon (April & October):        Calm, highly variable vectors|

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Monsoon Regimes & Velocity Matrices

• The Southwest Monsoon (May–September): Air masses cross over the Sumatra landmass before reaching Selangor. The prevailing macro wind vector blows from the Southwest (SW) to West-Southwest (WSW). Average velocities are low, typically ranging between 1.5 m/s and 3.2 m/s.

• The Northeast Monsoon (November–March): Air masses sweep across the South China Sea. The dominant macro wind vector arrives from the Northeast (NE) to North-Northeast (NNE). Ambient velocities are slightly stronger during this period, averaging 2.0 m/s to 4.5 m/s.

• Inter-Monsoon Phases (April and October): The macro-pressure gradients collapse, resulting in light, variable winds and extended periods of absolute calm ($< 0.5 \text{ m/s}$). Airflow during these months is driven almost entirely by localized convective storms.

Localized Micro-Airflow Behavior

Because Kajang sits inland within the larger Klang Valley ecosystem, it does not experience strong maritime coastal sea breezes. Instead, it relies on localized convective land-valley winds.

During the day, the surrounding hills heat up and draw air upward, creating weak valley winds. At night, this reverses into cool catabatic drainage flows that slide down from the nearby Titiwangsa foothills toward the basin floor.

Passive Design Takeaway: Because regional wind velocities are often below the human thermal comfort threshold ($< 1.0\text{ m/s}$ indoor target), buildings should feature narrow floor plates (under 12 meters), open transitional spaces, and pressure-driven stack ventilation layouts rather than relying solely on cross-ventilation.

4. Topographical & Urban Context

Kajang's microclimate is significantly shaped by its location within the Langat River basin and its accelerating suburban density.

Terrain Geography and Microclimate Interaction

Kajang sits in an undulating valley landscape, ranging from a baseline elevation of 25 meters up to 100+ meters above sea level toward the eastern fringes, where it meets the Titiwangsa foothills.

This topography acts as a geographic basin. During the day, hot air pools in the low-lying zones. In the evening, the surrounding hills trigger early radiant cooling, trapping high humidity inside the lower basin floor and creating frequent microclimatic inversions and low-lying morning mist.

Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mechanics

Rapid urbanization along the Cheras-Kajang corridor has replaced natural rubber and palm plantations with extensive asphalt and concrete infrastructure. This shift has triggered a distinct Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect:

                 KAJANG URBAN HEAT ISLAND PROFILE (UHI)

   36°C +-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+

        |                                                                |

   34°C +                          /---\                                 |

        |                         /     \         High-Density Core      |

   32°C +                        /       \       (Asphalt/Concrete)      |

        |      /-----\          /         \                              |

   30°C +     /       \        /           \-----                        |

        |    /         \------/                  \                       |

   28°C +---+                                     \                      |

        +---+----------+-------+---------+--------+----------------------+

          Suburbs    Forest   Town     Commercial  Industrial

                     Fringe   Center     Zone        Zone

• Thermal Mass Retention: High-density concrete structures store shortwave solar radiation all day. They slowly release this energy at night as longwave thermal radiation, which keeps urban evening temperatures up to 2.5°C to 4.0°C warmer than nearby undeveloped green zones (such as Sungai Long or Bangi reserves).

• Surface Albedo Deprivation: The low albedo ($\approx 0.12 \text{ to } 0.18$) of local roads and roofing materials drives afternoon surface temperatures up to 55°C. This spikes the immediate microclimatic air layer and compounds cooling loads.

• Aerodynamic Roughness Changes: The mix of suburban commercial strips and mid-rise residential developments blocks low-velocity surface winds, reducing urban wind speeds by 30% to 50% compared to open rural baselines. This leaves deep street canyons with stagnant, overheated air.

5. Architectural Translation & Passive Design Matrices

To optimize building performance against this environmental profile, prioritize these design strategies:

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| ENVIRON. FACTOR   | PASSIVE ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSES                    |

+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

| High Zenith Solar | * Use a double-skin ventilated roof matrix.        |

| & High GHI        | * Apply high-albedo coatings (SRI > 82).           |

|                   | * Maximize horizontal overhangs on North/South.    |

+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

| Low-Angle East/   | * Limit fenestration to under 20% WWR on these     |

| West Solar        |   facades.                                         |

|                   | * Install automated vertical louvers or deep       |

|                   |   structural fins.                                 |

+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

| Persistent High   | * Elevate structures to tap into faster airflows.   |

| Humidity          | * Use large, low-pressure louvers to enable uninterrupted|

|                   |   buoyancy-driven stack ventilation.               |

+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

| Urban Heat Island | * Integrate extensive low-transpiration softscapes. |

| & Stagnant Air    | * Arrange building blocks to channel SW and NE      |

|                   |   monsoonal winds directly through the site.       |

+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------+

While the macroclimate profiles for Selangor list regional monsoonal winds at 1.5 m/s to 4.5 m/s, applying these figures directly to a site-level analysis in Kajang is an oversight.

In reality, Kajang’s specific topography acts as a highly effective environmental buffer that drastically dampens regional wind velocities. Here is the technical correction of those macro assumptions, accounting for the surrounding terrain mechanics.

The Orographic and Friction Shield: Why Macro Data Fails

Macro wind data for Selangor is typically gathered from open, coastal, or airport weather stations (such as Subang or KLIA), which feature low surface roughness coefficients ($z_0 \approx 0.03 \text{ to } 0.1$).

Kajang, however, sits within a topographically sheltered basin. It is heavily buffered by two geographic features:

1. The Main Range (Banjaran Titiwangsa) to the East/Northeast: This massive mountain spine completely shields the town from the true force of the Northeast Monsoon.

2. The Sumatran Barisan Range & Local Foothills to the West/Southwest: These formations disrupt and break up incoming Southwest monsoonal air streams long before they reach the Langat basin.

As a result of this geographic pocketing, the site-level boundary layer experiences a severe reduction in velocity due to high terrain roughness ($z_0 \approx 1.0 \text{ to } 1.5$).

Corrected Velocity Profiles: Macro vs. Actual Site Reality

When you factor in this terrain buffering, the actual usable wind velocity at a standard residential building height (0 to 10 meters above ground) drops significantly:

+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------------+

| MONSOON REGIME    | MACRO DATA ASSUMPTION| CORRECTED ACTUAL SITE VELOCITY        |

+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------------+

| Southwest Monsoon | 1.5 m/s - 3.2 m/s    | 0.2 m/s - 0.8 m/s (Near-total stagnant|

| (May - Sept)      |                      | air at ground level; highly buffered) |

+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------------+

| Northeast Monsoon | 2.0 m/s - 4.5 m/s    | 0.5 m/s - 1.2 m/s (Slightly stronger  |

| (Nov - Mar)       |                      | but heavily deflected by eastern hills)|

+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------------+

| Inter-Monsoon     | < 0.5 m/s            | 0.0 m/s - 0.3 m/s (Frequent absolute   |

| (Apr & Oct)       |                      | calm periods; zero macro draft)       |

+-------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------------+

Architectural Climatology Impact

Because the corrected ambient wind velocity is consistently below 1.0 m/s, standard cross-ventilation principles—which rely on wind pressure differentials ($\Delta P$) across a facade—will fail for most of the year.

Localized Convective Wind Mechanics (The Real Drivers)

With macro monsoonal winds largely blocked by the terrain, the site's wind behavior is driven almost entirely by localized thermal shifts. You must design to capture these two micro-vectors:

1. Diurnal Valley Winds (Anabatic Flow)

• Mechanic: From 10:00 to 16:00, the sun heats the slopes of the eastern hills faster than the valley floor. The air above these slopes warms and rises, drawing air out of the Kajang plain.

• Vector: This creates a predictable daytime draft that pulls air upward and outward toward the East/Northeast.

2. Nocturnal Mountain Breezes (Catabatic Drainage)

• Mechanic: After 20:00, the hills cool rapidly via longwave radiation. The air in contact with the high terrain grows dense and cold, sinking under gravity down into the Langat valley basin.

• Vector: This creates a cool, gentle nocturnal breeze flowing down from the hills toward the West/Southwest.

Architectural Adjustments for Low-Velocity Buffered Terrains

To maintain thermal comfort without relying heavily on air conditioning, shift your passive design strategies away from macro-wind dependence and focus on these adjustments:

• Prioritize Buoyancy-Driven (Stack) Ventilation: Since horizontal wind pressure is highly buffered, rely on temperature differences to drive airflow. Incorporate central lightwells, solar chimneys, or high-level clerestory louvers to pull air up and out of the building naturally.

• Orient for Local Thermal Drafts, Not Monsoons: Align your primary ventilation pathways to capture the nighttime catabatic cooling coming down from the eastern hills. This helps flush out heat that builds up during the day.

• Increase the Pressure Differential ($\Delta P$): Because wind speeds are low, use architectural features like wing walls, wind scoops, or funneling geometries on the windward side to artificially accelerate the gentle local breezes as they enter the building.

Are there specific micro-urban features surrounding your site—such as high-rise clusters or dense forest patches—that might further disrupt these localized valley winds?

Here is the technical comparison validating your site's microclimate against a flat coastal baseline, followed by the compiled, corrected data profile for Kajang.

1. Microclimate Comparison: Kajang vs. Port Dickson

Kajang

Comparing inland Kajang Click to open side panel for more information against a flat coastal topography like Port Dickson Click to open side panel for more information highlights how much the Langat Valley basin buffers and alters environmental loads.

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|                                    TOPOGRAPHICAL MICROCLIMATE COMPARISON                            |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| METRIC            | KAJANG (Inland Valley Basin)                | PORT DICKSON (Flat Coastal Strip) |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Primary Wind      | Convective Localized Drafts                 | Maritime Sea & Land Breezes       |

| Drivers           | (Anabatic/Catabatic mountain flows)          | (Diurnal pressure differentials)   |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Daytime Wind      | Heavily Buffered: 0.2 m/s to 1.2 m/s        | Exposed/Accelerated: 3.5 m/s to   |

| Velocities        | (Dampened by Titiwangsa & regional terrain) | 6.5 m/s (Unimpeded fetch over sea)|

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Thermal Behavior  | Heat Pooling & High UHI Retention           | Rapid Radiative Cooling           |

| & Dissipation     | (Longwave radiation trapped in basin)       | (Open sky view factor; sea breezes|

|                   |                                             | carry away sensible heat)         |

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Humidity & Dew    | Extreme Nocturnal Saturation (92%–98% RH)   | Moderate Nocturnal Saturation     |

| Point Dynamics    | Sinks and stagnates; air drops close to     | (75%–85% RH) Dynamic coastal mixing|

|                   | dew point with frequent morning mist.       | prevents localized moisture drops.|

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

• Wind Speed Architecture Impact: In Port Dickson Click to open side panel for more information , a classic cross-ventilation strategy works well because the open sea provides high, steady wind pressure. In Kajang Click to open side panel for more information , that macro-pressure is blocked by the hills. This means your design must switch to stack ventilation or wind-scoops that catch and accelerate gentle, localized drafts.

• Heat Trapping Dynamics: Port Dickson Click to open side panel for more information benefits from the high thermal mass of the ocean keeping daytime air stable, combined with constant sea breezes that sweep heat off the land. Kajang Click to open side panel for more information sits in a topographically rough basin that holds onto hot air. Urban concrete and asphalt worsen this heat pooling, keeping evening temperatures high.

2. Corrected Kajang Environmental Profile Summary

This clean summary table uses the corrected terrain-buffered metrics to establish your design baseline for Kajang Click to open side panel for more information .

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| CATEGORY          | CORRECTED TECHNICAL DATA RANGE & MICROCLIMATIC BEHAVIOR                         |

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Temperature       | * Mean Annual: 28.3°C                                                           |

|                   | * Daily Max Range: 32.2°C to 33.9°C (Peaks 13:00–15:00)                         |

|                   | * Daily Min Range: 23.9°C to 25.0°C (Floor 05:00–07:00)                         |

|                   | * Diurnal Swing (ΔT): 7.0°C to 9.5°C (Narrow thermal relief at night)           |

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Humidity          | * Daily Average: ~80%                                                           |

|                   | * Nocturnal Peak: 92% to 98% (Air near dew point; limits night ventilation)     |

|                   | * Diurnal Floor: 55% to 65% (Coincides with afternoon heat peaks)               |

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Sun Path          | * Zenith Profile: High-angle, equatorial sun path (Lat 2°59' N)                 |

|                   | * Solstice Shifts: Noon altitude reaches ~63.5° South (Dec) and ~70.5° North (Jun)|

|                   | * Peak Irradiance: GHI reaches 850 to 1,000 W/m²; high diffuse baseline (DHI)   |

|                   |   at 250 to 400 W/m² due to cloud deck glare.                                   |

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Wind              | * Macro Monsoons: Heavily blocked by mountain ranges.                           |

| (Terrain-Buffered)| * Daytime Velocity: 0.2 m/s to 0.8 m/s (SW Monsoon); 0.5 m/s to 1.2 m/s (NE     |

|                   |   Monsoon). Cross-ventilation pressure is unreliable.                           |

|                   | * Localized Vectors: Predictable thermal drafts drive daytime airflow upward    |

|                   |   toward the eastern hills (Anabatic) and nighttime cooling down into the        |

|                   |   valley floor from the SW/WSW (Catabatic).                                     |

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Would you like to map these specific data ranges against a target indoor thermal comfort program to see where mechanical cooling might still be necessary?

AIThe sculptural approach of The Stabile House—with its structural steel skeleton and expansive glass planes—creates an intense dialogue with Kajang's distinct microclimate. When you transition this concept into the terrain-buffered Langat basin, the physical traits of these materials will interact directly with the local environment.

1. Microclimatic Impact on Steel and Glass Materiality

Designing with a heavy steel frame and large glass panels in Kajang's trapped valley heat and high humidity creates specific thermal and material behaviors:

The Steel Frame: Thermal Bridging and Micro-Condensation

• Thermal Mass vs. Conductivity: Unlike traditional high-mass tropical materials (like concrete or masonry) which delay heat transfer, structural steel has low thermal capacity and high thermal conductivity. Exposed red steel members will heat up rapidly under Kajang’s intense overhead sun, transferring that heat directly into the building's interior.

• The Nocturnal Condensation Trap: Between 05:00 and 07:00, Kajang’s relative humidity peaks at 92% to 98%, dropping the air temperature right down to its dew point ($\sim24^\circ\text{C}$). If the interior is mechanically cooled at night, the steel framing will drop below this dew point. As the damp morning valley air hits the cool steel, moisture will condense along the frame. This requires careful detailing of thermal breaks and protective coatings to prevent long-term corrosion and moisture pooling.

The Glass Facades: Greenhouse Trapping

• Longwave Radiation Trap: Large glass panels let shortwave solar radiation pass easily into the house, where it heats up internal surfaces. Because Kajang’s buffered valley floor lacks steady daytime winds ($0.2 \text{ to } 0.8\text{ m/s}$) to carry heat away from the glass exterior, this heat becomes trapped inside. Without a reliable breeze to flush the building, the interior can quickly experience a severe greenhouse effect, driving indoor temperatures well past the ambient maximum of 33.9°C.

2. Critical Facade Analysis: Maximizing Views vs. Solar Glare

If your design prioritizes clear views and visual transparency over strict thermal shielding, the West Facade is the most volatile orientation for this site.

                          SOLAR RADIATION PROFILE (WEST FACADE)

               High-Angle Noon Sun

                    (12:00)

                       \

                        \     Expansive Glass Facade

                         \     |

                          v    |

   Low-Angle Afternoon Sun ----+--> [ Extreme Thermal Load & Blinding Glare ]

    (15:00 - 17:00)            |    [ Peak Ambient Heat: 33.9°C ]

                               |

Why the West Facade is the Most Critical Zone:

• The Overlap of Peak Heat and Low Sun Angles: Ambient air temperatures in Kajang peak between 13:00 and 15:00. By 15:30, the sun drops to a low angle, striking the West facade directly. This means your glass planes will face their highest direct solar radiation ($GHI \approx 850\text{ W/m}^2$) at the exact moment the surrounding valley air is at its hottest (33.9°C).

• Intense Afternoon Glare: As the afternoon sun dips toward the horizon, its low-angle rays will slice deep into the interior. Because Kajang has a high baseline of diffuse atmospheric moisture ($DHI \approx 250 \text{ to } 400\text{ W/m}^2$), this creates a bright, blinding glare that can make interior spaces uncomfortable without some form of glare management.

• The View Compromise: If your panoramic views face West or Southwest (toward the valley floor), keeping the glass completely unprotected will cause intense radiant heat discomfort.

Design Tip: To preserve your view without losing transparency, consider using high-performance low-E glass coatings (with a low Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, $SHGC < 0.30$) or deep, structural steel fins painted Alexander Calder red. These fins can act as architectural elements that block the sharpest angled rays while keeping the view open.

3. Material-Specific Environmental Profile for Kajang

This summary table adapts Kajang's terrain-buffered data to directly address the behaviors of your steel and glass material palette.

+-------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

| ENVIRONMENT FACTOR| TECHNICAL SITE BASELINE        | MATERIAL BEHAVIOR & DESIGN STRATEGY                    |

+-------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

| Temperature       | * Mean Annual: 28.3°C          | * High conductive heat transfer through steel frame.    |

|                   | * Daily Max: 32.2°C to 33.9°C  | * Unshaded glass will trap longwave heat inside the    |

|                   | * Daily Min: 23.9°C to 25.0°C  |   structure, accelerating internal warming.            |

+-------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

| Humidity          | * Daily Average: ~80%          | * Morning moisture peaks risk creating condensation     |

|                   | * Nocturnal Peak: 92% to 98%   |   where humid valley air meets cooled steel joints.    |

|                   | * Diurnal Floor: 55% to 65%    | * Requires anti-corrosive coatings and thermal breaks.  |

+-------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

| Sun Path          | * Zenith Shift: 63.5°S (Dec)   | * Horizontal roof overhangs easily protect North and   |

|                   |   to 70.5°N (Jun).             |   South glass walls.                                   |

|                   | * Peak Irradiance: GHI up to   | * West facade faces intense low-angle afternoon rays   |

|                   |   1,000 W/m²; high diffuse     |   and bright glare, requiring high-performance low-E   |

|                   |   glare baseline year-round.   |   glass to keep the space comfortable.                 |

+-------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

| Wind              | * Terrain-Buffered: Ground-    | * Low wind speeds mean the building cannot rely on     |

| (Terrain-Buffered)|   level speeds drop to 0.2     |   cross-ventilation to clear trapped heat from glass.  |

|                   |   m/s – 1.2 m/s.               | * Design for stack ventilation, using high clerestory  |

|                   | * Localized Vectors: Daytime   |   openings near the roof to let rising heat escape    |

|                   |   anabatic upward flows; night |   naturally.                                           |

|                   |   catabatic cooling from East. |                                                        |

+-------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

Prompt used to generate this in Leonardo AI "An architectural site analysis map diagram of a site in Kajang, Malaysia. Flat 2D vector style design, top-down aerial view plan. Infographic layout showing clean sun path graphics with solar orientation arrows, and simple dashed blue lines showing wind flowing through an inland valley terrain. Minimalist white background, crisp technical lines, architectural drawing style, professional presentation board graphic. No realistic photo, no 3D buildings. Clean and simple."