Understanding Micromobility - also known as Personal Electric Vehicles

Additional Research about E-bikes and Micromobility

Sustainability research:

• United States Department of Transportation report on Shared Micromolity and Microtransit (2023)

• Congestion and environmental impacts of short car trip replacement with micromobility modes (2022)

• Electric bicycles and cargo bikes—Tools for parents to keep on biking in auto-centric communities? (2021)

• E-bikes and their capability to reduce car CO2 emissions (2021)

• Electric Bike-share in the Sacramento Region is Replacing Car Trips and Supporting More Favorable Attitudes Towards Bicycling (2020)

• Electric Assisted Bikes (E-bikes) Show Promise in Getting People out of Cars (2019)

• E-bike carbon savings – how much and where? (2020)

• Evaluation of the potential of classic and electric bicycle commuting as an impetus for the transition towards environmentally sustainable cities: A case study of the university campuses in Liege, Belgium (2020)

• The E-bike Potential: Estimating the Effect of E-bikes on Person Miles Travelled and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2019)

• How E-bike Incentive Programs are Used to Expand the Market (2019)

• Freight Tricycle Operations in New York City (2014)

• National Electric Bike Owner Survey - Recent research from Portland State University found that e-bikes encourage new people to ride, gets those who already ride to ride more often, and people feel safer when riding e-bikes than standard bikes. E-bikes are replacing car trips as well. Results indicated that e-bike rides replaced 1,778 motor vehicle miles (average of 9.3 miles per trip) just within the last three trips reported by respondents. MacArthur J., (2017) 

Health, Accessibility & Safety research:

• E-Bike And Classic Bicycle-Related Traumatic Brain Injuries Presenting To The Emergency Department (2021)

• Do people who buy e-bikes cycle more? (2020)

• Adaptive Bike Share: Expanding Bike Share to People with Disabilities and Older Adults (2020)

• Investigating the Influence of Dockless Electric Bike-share on Travel Behavior, Attitudes, Health, and Equity (2020)

• Safety of e-bikes compared to conventional bicycles: What role does cyclists’ health condition play? (2020)

• Speeds of Young E-Cyclists on Urban Streets and Related Risk Factors: An Observational Study in Israel (2020)

• GoCycle research shows owning an e-bike makes you healthier, happier and less likely to use your car (2020)

• E-bike safety: A review of Empirical European and North American Studies (2019)

• Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities (2019)

• The Safety of E-Bikes in the Netherlands (2018)

• Health Benefits of electrically-assisted cycling: a systematic review (2018)

• Effect of E-Bike Versus Bike Commuting on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight Adults: A 4-Week Randomized Pilot Study (2018)

• Risky riding: naturalistic methods comparing safety behavior from conventional bicycle riders and electric bike riders (2015)

• Physical activity when riding an electric-assisted bicycle (2017)

• Cycling was never so easy! An analysis of e-bike commuters’ motives, travel behavior and experiences using GPS-tracking and interviews (2017)

• Comparing physical activity of pedal-assist electric bikes with walking and conventional bicycles (2017)

• Evaluation of Electric Bike Use at Three Kaiser Permanente NW Employment Centers in Portland Metro Region (2016)

• Pedelecs as a physically active transportation mode (2016)

• Using naturalistic data to assess e-cyclist behavior (2016)

• Risky riding: Naturalistic methods comparing safety behavior from conventional bicycle riders and electric bike riders, Accident; analysis and prevention A study of bike sharing users in Knoxville, Tennessee found that e-bike riders exhibit nearly identical safety behavior as regular bike riders. Langford, B., et al., (2015)  

• e-BikeSAFE: A naturalistic cycling study to understand how electrical bicycles change cycling behaviour and influence safety (2013)

• A comparative health and safety analysis of electric-assist and regular bicycles in an on-campus bicycle sharing system (2013)

• e-bikeSAFE: a naturalistic cycling study to understand how electric bicycles change cycling behavior and influence safety A 2013 study from the Netherlands explored how crashes and near-crashes are different for e-bikes as compared to traditional bikes. Dozza, M., et al, (2013) 

Attitudes research: 

• E-bikes on Public Lands: A Survey of E-bike Users in Colorado (2020)

• Perceptions of Conflict Surrounding Future E-Bike Use on the Arizona Trail (2020)

• Pedal-Assist Mountain Bikes: A Pilot Study Comparison of the Exercise Response, Perceptions, and Beliefs of Experienced Mountain Bikers (2019)

• Mountain bikers attitudes and perceptions of eMTBS (electric-mountain bikes) (2019)

• A North American Survey of Electric Bicycle Owners (2018)

• E-bikes in the Mainstream: Reviewing a Decade of Research (2016)

• Electric Bicycles: Public Perceptions & Policy. Results and analysis of a national survey of American bicyclists (2014)

•  e-bike pilot project City of Boulder (CO)

• Comprehensive library of e-bike research on the Light Electric Vehicle Education + Research Initiative website

• How people currently perceive electric bicycles and how these new types of bicycles might fit into our work. Results and analysis of a national survey of American bicyclists. McLeod, K., (2015)  

• Regulations of e-bikes in North AmericaA review of e-bike classifications and regulations and an exploration of conflicts between e-bikes and other vehicles found that as e-bike users increase, so do issues with vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. MacArthur, J. and Kobel, N., (2014)  

• Electric bicycles: public perceptions & policy In a 2015 survey, League of American Bicyclists members agree that e-bikes have positive aspects. More than 80% of respondents indicated that they agreed or somewhat agreed that electric bicycles can be used by older people and people with physical challenges, functionally replace cars for a wide variety of trips, offer transportation options to people who can’t drive, expand the number of people using bicycles, get more people biking more often and make family bicycling more accessible. McLeod, K., (2015)