Working tree of the Sino-Tibetan phylum

How to cite:

Hsiu, Andrew. 2019. Working tree of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Sino-Tibetan Branches Project (STBP). <https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/working-tree>.

The following working classification of Sino-Tibetan is based on analysis of data that I had tabulated over the years (see the downloads page).

• 1. Proto-Sino-Tibetan

     1. Kamengic linkage

        1. Hruso-Miji (Hrusish)

        2. Kho-Bwa

           1. Puroik

           2. Bugun

           3. Western

              1. Sherdukpen, Sartang

              2. Chug, Lish

     2. Siangic linkage

• • • 1. Koro-Milang (Siangic)

      2. Idu-Taraon (Digarish)

• 1. 3. Songlin

     4. Nungish

• • • 1. Trung

      2. Anong

      3. Rawang

• 1. 5. Karenic

• • • 1. Pa'o

      2. Karen

• 1. 6. Gong

     7. Kathu

     8. Tujia

• • • 1. Northern

      2. Southern

• 1. 9. Sinitic

     10. Greater Burmo-Qiangic linkage [modified from Jacques & Michaud 2011] (convergence area; not a branch)

• • • 1. "Southeast Chamdo" [Suzuki & Nyima 2018]

         1. Lamo

         2. Larong

         3. Drag-yab

      2. Horpa-Lavrung

• • • • 1. Horpa

           1. Northern (sTodsde, etc.)

           2. Eastern

           3. Central (Daofu)

           4. Northwestern

           5. Western (Minyag)

        2. Lavrung

• • • • • 1. Eastern (Yelong, Nianke, Dashidang)

          2. Central (Guanyinqiao, etc.)

          3. Western (Puxi, Xiaoyili)

• • • 3. rGyalrong [Gates 2012]

• • • • 1. Zbu

        2. Japhug

        3. Tshobdun

        4. Situ

• • • 4. Qiangic linkage

• • • • 1. Tangut

        2. (pre-Baima)

        3. Rma

        4. Guiqiong

        5. Greater Choyo

           1. Choyo

           2. nDrapa (Zhaba)

           3. Minyak (Muya)

        6. Prinmi

• • • 5. Ersuic

• • • • 1. Ersu

        2. Tosu

        3. Lizu

• • • 6. Naic linkage

• • • • 1. Namuyi

        2. Xumi

        3. Naish

• • • 7. Lolo-Burmese

• • • • 1. Burmish

        2. Loloish

• • • 8. (pre-Bai)

      9. (pre-Cai-Long-Waxiang)

• 1. 11. ("Donor Kra-Dai" ?)

     12. ("Donor Jiamao") [see Hsiu 2018]

     13. ("Donor Kra") [see Ostapirat 1995, etc.]

     14. ("Donor Hmong-Mien") [see Ratliff 2010; Benedict 1987]

     15. Greater Western Sino-Tibetan linkage

• • • • 1. Far Western linkage

           1. West Himalayish [Widmer 2014]

              1. Western

              2. Eastern

           2. Raji-Raute

        2. Dura

        3. Greater Magaric linkage

• • • • • 1. Kham

          2. Magar

          3. Chepang-Bhujel

• • • • 4. Bodish (Tibetan Plateau linkage; + EST substratum [Zemp 2018])

• • • • • 1. Tamangic (TGTM)

          2. Kaike [Honda 2008]

          3. Tibetic

          4. East Bodish

          5. Basum

          6. Nam (?)

• • • • 5. Newaric linkage [Turin 2004]

• • • • • 1. Newar

          2. Baram-Thami

• • • • 6. Kiranti [Opgenort 2005]

• • • • • 1. Western

          2. Eastern

• • • • 7. Lhokpu-Dhimalish [Grollmann 2017]

• • • • • 1. Lhokpu (+ substratum of Dzongkha [van Driem 2001])

          2. Dhimal-Toto

• • • • 8. Lepcha [Bodman 1988]

        9. Ole

        10. Gongduk (+ substratum of East Bodish) [van Driem]

        11. Tshangla

        12. Tani (which has a Greater Siangic substratum) [Blench 2014]

• • • • • 1. Western

          2. Eastern

• • • • 13. Miju-Meyor linkage

• • • • • 1. Meyor [DeLancey 2015]

          2. Miju

• • • • 14. Central Sino-Tibetan linkage [DeLancey 2015] (convergence area; not a branch)

• • • • • 1. Sal linkage [Matisoff 2013]

             1. Bodo-Garo

             2. Konyakian (Northern Naga)

             3. Jingpho-Luish

          2. Mru-Khongso [Peterson 2009]

• • • • • • 1. Mru

            2. Anu-Khongso

• • • • • 3. Taman [Huziwara 2016]

          4. Pyu

          5. Kuki-Chin-Naga

• • • • • • 1. Northern (Ao-Angami) area [cf. Coupe 2012]

               1. Angami-Pochuri

                  1. Angamic-Sumic

                  2. Angamic

                  3. Angami, Chokri

                  4. Khezha

                  5. Mao

                  6. Poumai (?)

                  7. Sumic

                  8. Sumi

                  9. Rengma

                  10. Pochuric

                  11. Meluri

                  12. Ntenyi

               2. Greater Central Naga

• • • • • • • • 1. Makury

                2. Long Phuri

                3. Para (Jejara)

                4. Central Naga

                5. Lotha

                6. Sangtam

                7. Yimchungrü

                8. Ao (Chungli, Mongsen, etc.)

• • • • • • 2. Karbi

            3. Meithei

            4. Southern branch

• • • • • • • 1. Greater Zeme ("Western Naga")

                 1. Zeme, Mzieme, Liangmei

                 2. Nruanghmei

                 3. Maram

                 4. Khoirao

                 5. Puiron

              2. Maram, Khoibu

              3. Greater Tangkhulic ("Eastern Naga")

• • • • • • • • 1. Akyaung Ari

                2. Tangkhulic

• • • • • • • 4. Koki (Kokak)

              5. "Southern Naga" (NW Kuki-Chin)

              6. Kuki-Chin

• • • • • • • • 1. Northern

                2. Central

                3. Maraic

                4. Southern

                5. Khomic