Donor Jiamao

Jiamao, a Kra-Dai language in southern Hainan constituting its own independent branch, contains many non-Sinitic words that are of Sino-Tibetan origin, but these words cannot be traced to any known branch of Sino-Tibetan. Hence, I have posited a "missing" "Donor Jiamao" branch.

Linguistic layers:

• 1. Independent Eastern Austroasiatic branch ("pre-Jiamao" #1)

  2. Independent Eastern Sino-Tibetan branch ("pre-Jiamao" #2)

  3. Independent Kra-Dai branch (bottom KD stratum of Jiamao)

  4. Central Tai influence (2nd KD stratum of Jiamao)

  5. Hlai superstratum (3rd KD stratum of Jiamao)

     1. pre-Hlai

     2. Late Hlai

  6. Recent Chinese loanwords (Min Chinese, etc.)

List of Jiamao words of Sino-Tibetan origin

star

Jiamao tsap7 tsin5

cf. Qiangic, Loloish, Ersuish forms

crab

Jiamao tsha:k9

*Karen chwɛ́q

*Karen tsɣɑi

vomit

Jiamao ʔɔŋ1

*TB ʔon nauseated / vomit

Meithei ong

Written Burmese ʔan

Jingpho ʔan

lung

Jiamao vuəŋ4

PTB *pwar

Tangkhulic *pʰaar

urine

Jiamao tsem5

Pakanic

PTB *tśi

TGTM ᴮtsjam

WT rtsam-pa

Kaike jyam

PTani *sum

Bodo, Kiranti, etc.

Comments: Para-Bodish origin?

pangolin

Jiamao tsa:4

Loloish *krap

arrow

Jiamao pe:1

PTB *b-la

to give

Jiamao mɯan1

Tangkhulic *mi

Kuki-Naga *pe(k)

squirrel

Jiamao ləːn5

PTB *s-ley/ŋ ~ s-rey/ŋ

WB hrañ

black

Jiamao tshey1

*Tangkhulic tsik

Tshangla, Central tsaŋ

Mondzish

to eat

Jiamao tey5

*Tani do

*Northern Naga they