Ethical considerations arise at every stage of the research process. Research meets ethics when decisions must be made about how to address the research question. Ethics come into play:
When seeking ethical approval from an ethics committee or another review body
When designing survey questions
When deciding who can or cannot participate
When planning the fieldwork
When preparing or signing informed consent for participants
When conducting the fieldwork
When collecting data
When analyzing data
When answering the research question
When presenting the research to peers or/and the public
Big Data consists of unstructured information. This is because Big Data often contains data collected during previous research for a different research question. Sometimes it is even a combination of multiple previous studies. The police, for example, use Big Data to solve unsolved cases. Nowadays, Big Data is also widely used in scientific research and the business world. The data is already there, and researchers dive into it to discover new insights. It represents a new way of approaching the 'old' data, because there is no prior knowledge of what will be found. However, there is hope that the use of Big Data on 'old' datasets will help answer unresolved research questions.
Big Data often helps society move forward because it enriches research. Cold cases are solved, new medicines are discovered, and unexpected insights emerge. However, Big Data also raises important ethical questions, such as:
Can Big Data be used without consent?
May researchers combine data from different studies?
Is the outcome of Big Data more important than individual privacy?
These are just a few of the issues society must confront when Big Data is used.
In the Big Data eCourse I co‑developed for Laudius, an entire chapter is dedicated to the ethical dimensions of Big Data. In this chapter, ten guiding rules are presented, similar to the “Ten Commandments” in Christianity, which outline essential principles for working responsibly with Big Data. It is ultimately up to the researcher, the ethics committee, and society to judge whether Big Data research complies with these ethical rules and to decide whether a particular study should be permitted.