Problem-Solving

Problem solving requires systematically applying a series of steps to arrive at a vetted, well-reasoned, evidence-based solution.*

Reflecting over Problem Solving

This reflection should focus not on the problem you solved and the solution that resulted, but on the steps you took to arrive at the best solution. Briefly describe the context(s) requiring you to apply these skills, but develop the essay around how you systematically applied the steps below. Explain how your application of these steps resulted in new findings or an optimal path that lead to the solution. Last, explain how you know your solution worked or is working. What impact does it have on addressing the problem or issue at hand? Tip: Don't be afraid to discuss the consequences of skipping a step or not applying a step fully. What happened or could have happened as a result? Doing so shows that you know the importance of applying a methodical approach to problem solving, over rushing to "fix" a problem.

  1. Define the problem

___ Explain the problem-issue (e.g., terms, issues, scope, importance, implications)

___ Break down problem into components (e.g., causes and effects, symptoms, theoretical frameworks)

___ State the purpose of analysis

  1. Gather information

___ Identify and collect reputable sources

___ Select methodology or research design most suitable for solving the problem

___ Synthesize in-depth information representing various points of view

  1. Analyze findings

___ Group data according to logical and/or theoretical patterns

  1. Propose Criteria

___ Identify and justify standards for judging options

  1. Identify and evaluate options

___ Evaluate options according to criteria (e.g., history, logic, criteria, feasibility, pros and cons)

  1. Select “best” option

___ Describe solution based on analysis of criteria and options

  1. Recommend action

___ Describe plans for implementing solution, including resources, required resources, pros and cons

  1. Evaluate outcomes

___ Describe plans to review results or recommendations

Additional critical thinking (reasoning) components†

___ Identifies an answerable and important research question

___ Articulates a broad, fair, and flexible point of view

___ Gathers fair, accurate, reliable, comprehensive data

___ Applies theories, concepts, axioms, principles accurately

___ Identifies justifiable, crucial, consistent assumptions

___Identifies the implications of their reasoning

___Draws sound, justifiable, consistent inferences

*Adapted from PSAA 675: Consulting Capstone Syllabus and Learning Outcome Modules.
†Paul, R. and Elder, L. (June 1996). The Critical Thinking Community describes "Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Student Reasoning" at http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/using-intellectual-standards-to-assess-student-reasoning/602.
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