The popularity and spread of the new sciences can be seen in the 1700s in both public (government-sponsored) and private (gentlemanly) societies for the promotion of natural philosophy. For example, a short list of new government bodies shows the geographical spread across Europe (and its colonies):

L’Académie royale des sciences, Paris - 1666

Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften [Royal Prussian Society of Sciences], Berlin – 1701

Academia Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitinae, St. Petersburg – 1725

Societas regia literaria et scientarium, Uppsala - 1728

Royal Academy of Medicine and Natural Science, Madrid - 1734

Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften [Royal Academy of Sciences], Berlin – 1744

Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen [Royal Holland Society for Sciences], Haarlem – 1752

Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften [Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities], Munich – 1759

L’Académie royale de Belgique, Brussels – 1772

Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen [Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences], Batavia [Jakarta] - 1778

Outside of royal patronage, interested gentlemen and merchants promoted the civic and economic virtues of engaging scientific knowledge and advances. A similar geographic spread of civic societies and informal coffeehouses and clubs as sites for experiments, demonstrations, lectures, discussions, and publication:

Accademia del Cimento [Academy of Experiment], Florence – 1657-1667

Collegium Curiosorum, Uppsala – 1710

American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia - 1743

Lunar Society, Birmingham - 1765

Batavian Society for Experimental Philosophy, Rotterdam – 1769

Natural History Society of Utrecht – 1777

Accademia di Scienze Lettere e Arti, Padua - 1779

Physical Society, Middelburg – 1780

Women’s Physical Society, Middelburg – 1785

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society – 1781

Società Italiana, Verona - 1782