Outline #1
The Setting for the “Scientific Revolution” of the 17th Century
The meanings of modernism and science:
cultural changes and goals in the 1400s-1600s
urban life and capitalism: an expanded class of the prosperous and educated
a social community with the traits to produce scientific interest and advance
technical needs: new techniques of warfare, fortification & building, mining, water management
exploration, new trade, and colonies: new needs, challenges, questions
new knowledge: humanist works, printed books and pamphlets, New World, technology (Nova Reperta), problems with traditional scholarship
the shift to a larger meaning and role for science in society
consideration of scientific practice raises questions:
what problems are considered proper and important?
what is the method of finding answers to questions of causation and pattern?
what counts as evidence?
what counts as a satisfying answer?
who does science, and where?
defining “modern” science
Intellectual traditions in the origins of modern science:
the Scholastic tradition of the universities and the Church [from 1300s – 1600s]
methods:
emphasis on text, criticism, disputation (Aristotle’s works)
the sciences of geometry, music, astronomy, arithmetic
Scholastic explanation: the use of logic and geometry
principles of knowledge and explanation:
first (formal), material, efficient, and final causes
balance of the 4 “elements” or “qualities”
the organic connection of change = growth = motion
science of motion:
unnatural and natural motion
the earthly and celestial realms
the place of perfect circular motion
ties to theology & questions of heresy: causation, substance
the Humanist reformers [1400s – 1600s]
promoting concern with human and practical affairs
opposed to excessive dependence on logical disputation (Scholasticism)
new critical tradition to purify ancient texts, find more texts
promoting new empiricism
ties to magical philosophy and neo-Platonism
the magical tradition
parallels and correspondences as explanatory of causation
the dream of technological manipulation
mathematical skills for astrology
revival of Hermetic texts (Corpus hermeticum) [mid-1400s]
practical investigations and technology of alchemy
controversial new drug therapies of the Paracelsians [mid-1500s]
critiques of the occult and witchcraft
artisan-technologist practitioners of the technological arts (engineering)
practical arts and engineering
unschooled
unpublished knowledge
empirical discoveries and developments
New philosophies and methods in the early 1600s
interest in both theoretical and practical questions
new non-classical approaches to problems
empiricist and quantitative methods
mathematical relationships and rules
analogies of nature and machinery
utopian hopes for the progress of knowledge and technology
© 2018 Dr. William Kimler