Urban Agriculture

Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. It benefits heavily populated communities by enabling farmers to take an innovative twist to a traditional practice, providing environmental, economic, and social support.

Contextualizing the Issue at Different Scales

Global

Urban agriculture can be seen all around the world. There has been an increase in the attention that urban agriculture is getting recently as the word has spread about its many benefits. As urban populations continue to grow, it's become crucial that we're able to farm productively and without using up the same level of resources. Urban farming has proven itself as a solution. There is still room for improvement in this area and it is important to educate the world on the importance of urban agriculture so that it will continue to spread into other urban areas. It has been estimated that urban agriculture can meet 15 to 20 percent of global food demand in the future. This clearly shows the importance of urban agriculture in improving food security of people all around the world.

National

The United States has seen major growth in urban agriculture over the past few years. More people are beginning to see urban agriculture as a way to combat the negative effects of urban population growth. In the U.S. alone, nearly 83% of the population currently lives in urban areas and that number will continue to rise (World Bank, 2016). Yet, a very small percentage of our food is grown anywhere near urban populations. Popularity of urban agriculture is on the rise, but the U.S. food system still relies almost entirely on rural agriculture at this time. A study conducted on urban farms in 2012 found that of those surveyed, over 32% were found in the Northeast, 26% in the South, 22% in the West, and less than 19% in the Midwest (USDA, 2012). This survey also found that most urban farms in the U.S. are either non-profit or solely owned.

Local

GVSU currently partners with New City Neighbors, a local community development organization. The partnership provides high school students of Grand Rapids opportunities to serve their city and learn the skills and benefits of farming urban areas. In addition to New City Neighbors, members of GVSU's Farm Club joined the SAP in installing a high-tunnel greenhouse on the farm. The produce grown in this space will feed those in need. By joining together local influences, it is becoming clear how easy it is to give back into the communities we come from. The SAP is not currently involved with GVSU's downtown campus or any urban farming project and we see this as an issue. An opportunity is being missed to expand our education and advance urban agriculture.

Urban agriculture can take many different forms, ranging from high-tech systems to simple garden plots. Below are just a few examples of the many innovative practices being used today.

Hydroponic Farms

Community Gardens

Rooftop Farms

Backyard Gardens

Background Research

National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)

The National Institute of Food and Agriculture has a sustainable agriculture program which seeks to make farms more profitable, promote environmental stewardship, and enhance quality of life for farm communities. Sustainable agriculture is promoted through national program leadership as well as providing funding for research. NIFA runs a Community Food Projects (CFP) Competitive Grants Program that aims to fund 2 types of grants, CFP's and Planning Projects. We believe our project would be eligible to receive either grant based on their descriptions. CFP's are aimed to support projects with a one-time infusion of federal dollars to make such projects self-sustaining. The purpose of Planning Projects are to complete plans toward the improvement of community food security (NIFA). Our plan is in alignment with the primary goals of this program and would make a good candidate for this grant.

Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education (SARE)

The Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education is a competitive grants and education program in the United States. The focus of the program is about putting the principles of sustainable agriculture into practice. SARE financially supports research and education projects for farmers, researchers, students, and educators. They have funded 7,794 agricultural projects since 1988 and we hope that our project later becomes one of those. SARE grants are not intended for the startup costs of farms, but for projects involving research and education. Once our project is implemented, a grant from SARE would be very impactful for our long-term plan of advancing the research and education of urban agriculture projects.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

The USDA has a history of supporting urban agriculture as part of the local and regional food systems. Examples of this support include USDA farmers market programs, rural cooperative grants, child nutrition programs, and USDA research and cooperative extension services. The USDA also provides a variety of funding for small farmers that practice urban agriculture. In 2020, USDA announced the availability of $3 million dollars in grants through its new Office of Urban Agriculture and Innovative Production. “Such projects have the potential to address important issues such as food access and education and to support innovative ways to increase local food production in urban environments" (USDA). This program offers yet another opportunity for our project to be completely funded by grants.

Local Sprout

Local Sprout is a hydroponic farm based in San Antonio that aims to connect the community to a sustainable food system. This organization takes the initiative to install custom "edible landscapes" on site and continues to help their consumers maintain them. Through this process of custom hydroponic installation and maintenance, this program ensures a healthy yield of fruits and vegetables year round to consumers. The project aims to contribute to food security, provide education, and reduce environmental impact, which is very similar the goals of our own program, the SAP. Local Sprout provides us with an advanced model of what we hope the SAP could transform into after our project implementation.

Canberra City Farm

Canberra City Farm is an organic, urban agriculture farm in Australia which aims to remain viable, ecologically sustainable and accessible. The vision for Canberra City Farm is a community living in harmony with nature. They have a number of allotments that members can rent on an annual basis to grow their own food. The SAP already runs a very similar program to this in Allendale, but this could be further extended into the Pew campus with the implementation of our project. This farm is surrounded by the Jerrabomberra wetlands and has a lot of small insect eating birds in which help their crops. Also similar to the SAP, this farm has beehives from the ACT Beekeepers Association that work to pollinate their land. Canberra City Farm's goals align with our own at the SAP and their practices can be modeled to expand the outreach of the SAP.

SoCal Urban Farms

SoCal Urban Farms specializes in using "Tower Gardens" to sustainably grow produce. This system was created by Joe Wesley and Paul Stricker and allows for higher productivity, lower use of resources, and significantly less real estate. This system is proven to be more environmentally responsible because it does not use soil, consumes 98% less water than conventional gardening, and grows produce 30-50% faster than in soil. To inspire and encourage others, SoCal offers products and services for residential usage, like the "Tower Gardens" you see on the left. They work with others to plan community gardens, rooftop gardens, and greenhouses. SoCal Urban Farms also donates food to the needy of San Diego. The "Tower Gardens" are an innovative urban farming technique that could be incorporated into our project at a later time.

Implementation Plan

Our plan includes the construction and maintenance of a hydroponic system placed on GVSU's downtown Grand Rapids location. Hydroponics is an increasingly popular method of growing plants that uses a nutrient-rich solution with a water base, which means that soil isn't used at all in a hydroponics system. Instead, the roots of the plants are supported by such substances as peat moss, clay pellets, perlite, and rockwool. Not having to use soil is preferred in dense urban areas because there is a lack of farmable soil. This technique of farming is an innovative way to use small spaces to make a large impact. The system itself would be implemented and maintained by GVSU students and SAP volunteers. Although almost any crop can be grown hydroponically, the most common are leaf lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, strawberries, watercress, celery and some herbs. The produce collected from the plot will first be offered to campus dining services for use on the Pew campus. The produce leftover will be distributed back into the community through a farmers market held in the courtyard of the Pew campus, similar to the farmers market that's held on the Allendale campus. Ideally, we could open up the maintainence of the farm to local schools in order to teach students the benefits of knowing how to produce their own food and the impact of working together to improve the viability of cities through access to produce.

Kratky Hydroponic Method

Kratky hydroponics is one of the cheaper and easier methods of hydroponics. This method includes the technique of growing plants which are hanging with their roots submerged in a water reservoir with nutrient solution.

Plot Selection

We've selected 2 different plot locations based on the topography of the land, sun exposure, accessibility, and visual aesthetics. When using the Kratky hydroponic method, it's especially important to find a flat plot of land so that the water reservoir is balanced and all the crops are equally submerged. Option 1 & 2 provide different levels of sun exposure, which will later affect our crop selection. Option 1 would likely provide a balance of full sun in the morning and shade during the afternoon, while option 2 is likely to have full sun throughout the day. Both options provide great accessibility to GVSU students & faculty. It's important that the plot is highly accessible, visible and inviting to those passing by because our goal is to increase awareness of urban farming opportunities and encourage others to get involved. Visual aesthetics is another factor that comes into play when talking about increasing involvement. Proposing 2 options will avoid having to start our plan from scratch if an issue is to come up when working with one of the plots. Further inspection of the land and collaboration with GVSU will make clear what plot should be selected in the end.

Option 1

7,350 sq. ft. or 0.169 acre plot

Option 2

4,200 sq. ft. or 0.096 acre plot

*images taken from Google Earth

Budget

For the startup costs, the cost for seeds will be $0 because they will be provided by the SAP in Allendale. The cost for land will also be $0 because the land is already owned by GVSU. Labor costs will be $0 as well because the project will be led by volunteers and students. The rest of the budget is based on the larger plot option, so it will be a higher estimate for the smaller plot of land. At a maximum, there will be 7,350 square feet. There will be walkways which are two feet wide in between the sections of plants which are also two feet wide. So, there would be approximately 3,675 square feet of actual plants (7350/2=3675). For this hydroponics system, we will need lids for the cups which cost $0.24 each. With one plant per square foot (3,675) the cost of the lids would be $882 (3675 x $0.24). Net cups would also be necessary for the Kratky method of hydroponics which cost $0.19 each which totals to $698.25 (3675 x $0.19). The plastic liner for the water reservoir would cost $0.25 per square foot which totals to $918.75 (3675 x $0.25) We plan on digging the water reservoirs with the help of students and lining with plastic so that they hold water. A substrate (gravel), which acts in place of soil, costs $1.50 per square foot which would be $5,512.50 total (3675 x $1.50). Tools including shovels would cost approximately $20 per person with 10 people working on the project at any given time, the total cost for this would be $200 ($20 x 10). The grand total for all startup costs would be $8,211.50.

For the operating expenses after the startup costs, the nutrient solution would cost $2.80 per Vegetation cycle per plant ($2.80 x 3675 = $10,290). Utilities for water used on average costs $0.01 per gallon per plant per vegetation cycle (3675 x .01= $36.75). The grand total for the operating expenses per vegetation cycle would be $10,326.75.

Timeline

We are basing our timeline roughly around the typical agricultural season. This is typically from April until November. Most plants needs 90 days to complete a full harvest cycles. We would like to have all the supplies collected and land reserved before the first of April. Our first round of crops would include: Lettuce, Spinach, Bell Peppers, Green Onions. we picked multiple plants to increase biodiversity and an array of goods to harvest. The 90 day cycle would come to a close around July. We would take about two weeks maximum to clear our the remaining crops, distribute the collected harvest, and prepare for the second round of crops. Our second round of crops would begin end of July and would include: Tomatoes, Broccoli, Blueberries and assorted herbs. Herbs would consist of Oregano, Basil, Lavender, and Mint. We are hopeful to receive a decent bounty from this harvest before weather gets too cold. This plot will need very little preparation for winter months as opposed to traditional farming thanks to the hydroponic technique.




Triple Bottom Line Analysis

Our plan is aimed at bringing social, economic, and environmental benefits to the GVSU and Grand Rapids community through urban agriculture. Research has shown that urban agriculture provides support across all 3 aspects of the triple bottom line. Below are examples of these benefits when urban agriculture is implemented throughout cities. Our project is just one of many projects throughout Grand Rapids that join together in providing this support.

People

More individuals can benefit from learning how to live more sustainably through urban agriculture. Educating the youth and the general public is important so that we can continue to spread knowledge to increase sustainable urban agriculture.

Urban agriculture can . . .

  • Promote community cohesiveness and social bonding

  • Increase access to fresh, healthy food

  • Connect the community to nature

  • Create gathering places

  • Decrease food insecurity

  • Promote physical activity

  • Promote awareness and education of farming opportunities

  • Bring mental health benefits by providing an aesthetically pleasing environment

Profit

Supporting local farming and urban agriculture boosts the community's economy. When farmers sell more products, they are able to produce more products to be sold and they contribute more to the local economy.

Urban agriculture can . . .

  • Boost the local economy by circulating money within

  • Be more profitable than traditional farming

  • Save money on land costs

  • Increase property values of surrounding buildings

  • Introduce new employment & income

  • Save money on water by using a hydroponic system

Planet

Urban agriculture provides environmental, economic, and social support through utilizing space to fufill the needs of the community. The planet benefits from sustainability and environmentally friendly urban agriculture.

Urban agriculture can . . .

  • Revitalize abandoned or underutilized land

  • Cut down greenhouse gas emissions related to transportation

  • Utilize space more efficiently than traditional farming

  • Reduce energy & resource consumption

  • Reduce noise pollution

  • Mitigate the effects of climate change, like the Urban Heat Island

  • Serve as habitats for pollinators, birds, insects, etc.

  • Restore biodiversity

References

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Aurora University. (2019, September 19). Plants and policies: How urban farming is transforming cities. AU Online. Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://online.aurora.edu/plants-policies-urban-farming/.

Canberra City Farm. Urban Agriculture Australia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://urbanagriculture.org.au/canberra-city-farm/.

Connect to a Sustainable Food System. LocalSprout. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2021, from http://www.localsprout.com/.

Cost of hydroponic nutrients. The Cheap Vegetable Gardener. (2013, January 1). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.cheapvegetablegardener.com/cost-of-hydroponic-nutrients/.

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Global Urban Agriculture. CABI.org. (2021, March 4). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781780647326/.

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How urban agriculture can improve food security in US cities. Phys.org. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://phys.org/news/2019-02-urban-agriculture-food-cities.html#:~:text=Urban%20farming%20has%20grown%20by,can%20realistically%20ensure%20for%20cities.

Learn how much it costs to install a pond liner. HomeAdvisor. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/landscape/pond-liner-prices/#pond.

National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Sustainable Agriculture Program | National Institute of Food and Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from. https://nifa.usda.gov/program/sustainable-agriculture-program#:~:text=Sustainable%20Agriculture%20Program%20Sustainable%20agriculture %20seeks%20to%20provide,program%20leadership%20and%20funding%20for%20research%20and%20extension.

Sare Home Page. SARE. (2021, September 23). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.sare.org/.

Sustainable Agriculture Project Announces New Partnership with local Community Development Organization. GV Next. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.gvsu.edu/gvnext/2020/sustainable-agriculture-project-announces-new-partnership-with-local-community-development-organization.htm.

Urban Agriculture. United States Department of Agriciculture. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.nal.usda.gov/aglaw/urban-agriculture.

Urban Agriculture