Overview of Protein Synthesis
Overview of Protein Synthesis
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Word decoding
Word decoding
Decode the phrase, "Protein synthesis."
Decode the phrase, "Protein synthesis."
What are the monomers, or building blocks, for proteins?
What are the monomers, or building blocks, for proteins?
Answer the questions in your packet while watching the Amoeba Sisters video. It's a lot of information, so be sure to pause the video to process what they are explaining to you.
Answer the questions in your packet while watching the Amoeba Sisters video. It's a lot of information, so be sure to pause the video to process what they are explaining to you.
Scroll through the slides below to process what you just saw in the video about protein synthesis.
Scroll through the slides below to process what you just saw in the video about protein synthesis.
Reeley Productions Presents...Protein Synthesis 101.pptxSkill 1: A mutation is a change in the genetic code. It can be beneficial (good), detrimental (bad), or neutral. Explain the difference. What happens with insertion, deletion, substitution, inversion, and translocation mutations?
Skill 1: A mutation is a change in the genetic code. It can be beneficial (good), detrimental (bad), or neutral. Explain the difference. What happens with insertion, deletion, substitution, inversion, and translocation mutations?
Mutations = changes in the original DNA sequence of nucleotides.
Mutations = changes in the original DNA sequence of nucleotides.
Mutations can be good, bad, or neutral.
Mutations can be good, bad, or neutral.
Mutations can be created by copying errors during DNA replication. (S phase of the cell cycle)
Mutations can be created by copying errors during DNA replication. (S phase of the cell cycle)
They can alse be caused by environmental damage, like UV light from the sun, or pollutants in the air or water.
They can alse be caused by environmental damage, like UV light from the sun, or pollutants in the air or water.
Other times, they are caused by viruses, like HPV, human papillomavirus. This is a virus that damages the DNA in the cervix of women, causing the cells to reproduce too quickly and form a cancerous tumor. You may have seen Gardasil vaccine commercials on TV in which a teenaged boy or girl asks their parents, "Mom...Dad...did you know?"
Other times, they are caused by viruses, like HPV, human papillomavirus. This is a virus that damages the DNA in the cervix of women, causing the cells to reproduce too quickly and form a cancerous tumor. You may have seen Gardasil vaccine commercials on TV in which a teenaged boy or girl asks their parents, "Mom...Dad...did you know?"
- Point mutations mean that only one point (nucleotide) has been changed in a sequence. At most, one amino acid is changed. Sometimes these mutations don’t even change the proteins because there are several codes for the same amino acids. Refer to the charts on skill #3 of protein synthesis to see why. Substitution is an example.
- Frameshift mutations change everything from that point forward…all the way to the end of the mRNA copy. Examples are insertions and deletions.
- Chromosomal mutations mean that entire genes have been inserted, deleted, or moved around.
Look what happens below by just making a small change to the word 'shoer.'
Look what happens below by just making a small change to the word 'shoer.'
Original - horse shoer
Original - horse shoer
Insertion - shower
Insertion - shower
('w' was inserted, thus shoer becomes shower)
Deletion - shoe
Deletion - shoe
('r' was deleted, thus shoer becomes shoe)
Inversion - shore
Inversion - shore
(the 'e' and 'r' were inverted, or changed positions, thus shoer becomes shore)
Substitution - sheer
Substitution - sheer
(the 'o' was substituted for an 'e,' thus shoer becomes sheer)
Chromosomal Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
Entire genes are inserted, deleted, duplicated, or moved around.
Entire genes are inserted, deleted, duplicated, or moved around.
Image credit: Miller and Levine Biology Textbook
In the image below, look at the silent mutation. The original DNA code is CTC, which codes for the amino acid glutamine. For a silent mutation, you can change the second C to a T, which still codes for glutamine. Because the amino acid is not changed, the protein is unaffected and works normally. This mutation is silent, or neutral because it has no effect on the protein.
In the image below, look at the silent mutation. The original DNA code is CTC, which codes for the amino acid glutamine. For a silent mutation, you can change the second C to a T, which still codes for glutamine. Because the amino acid is not changed, the protein is unaffected and works normally. This mutation is silent, or neutral because it has no effect on the protein.
Missense mutations cause a change in the amino acid coded for. In this case, Valine is coded for instead of Glutamine. This will affect the protein because the chain of amino acids was changed. Remember that proteins have very specific "blob" shapes which helps them accomplish their function. If you change the shape of the protein, you affect the function. This could be beneficial, or good. It also could be detrimental, or bad. It depends on whether it helps the organism survive and reproduce or hinders it from doing those things.
Missense mutations cause a change in the amino acid coded for. In this case, Valine is coded for instead of Glutamine. This will affect the protein because the chain of amino acids was changed. Remember that proteins have very specific "blob" shapes which helps them accomplish their function. If you change the shape of the protein, you affect the function. This could be beneficial, or good. It also could be detrimental, or bad. It depends on whether it helps the organism survive and reproduce or hinders it from doing those things.
The last mutation is nonsense. There are "stop" codons in DNA which tell the RNA polymerase to stop reading because it has reached the end of the gene. If a mutation causes a stop codon to be added in the middle of the gene, all of the amino acids after the mutated stop codon will be left out of the protein. This almost always results in a nonfunctional protein. The organism will have some disease, caused by the dsyfunction of that protein.
The last mutation is nonsense. There are "stop" codons in DNA which tell the RNA polymerase to stop reading because it has reached the end of the gene. If a mutation causes a stop codon to be added in the middle of the gene, all of the amino acids after the mutated stop codon will be left out of the protein. This almost always results in a nonfunctional protein. The organism will have some disease, caused by the dsyfunction of that protein.
Image credit: BioNinja.com
Image credit: BioNinja.com
Even a tiny change in the genetic code can cause big changes in an organism. You may have heard of one or more of the following diseases, caused by a single incorrect nitrogen base (A, T, C, or G).
Even a tiny change in the genetic code can cause big changes in an organism. You may have heard of one or more of the following diseases, caused by a single incorrect nitrogen base (A, T, C, or G).
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis
Some cancers
Some cancers
Tay Sachs disease
Tay Sachs disease
Color blindness
Color blindness
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