Project1:Measure the resistance

Step 1: Assemble the Equipment

1. Set Up Mechanical Components:

1. • Assemble the apparatus using the "Infrastructure & 3D Print (Resistance)" guide.

2. Connect Electrical Components:

2. • Wire the Arduino microcontroller according to the provided circuit diagram.

2. • Connect the motor to the appropriate output pins on the Arduino or motor driver.

2. • Attach the probes to analog input pins for resistance measurement.

2. • Double-check all connections for secure and correct placement.

Step 2: Prepare the Sample with a 2B/4B Graphite Pencil

1. Draw the Graphite Line:

1. • Place a sheet of paper on a flat surface.

1. • Using a 2B/4B graphite pencil and a ruler, draw a straight line of the specified length (e.g., 10 cm).

1. • Trace over the same line 20 times to ensure uniform thickness and conductivity.

1. • Apply consistent pressure to maintain uniform graphite deposition.

2. Secure the Sample:

2. • Stick double-sided tape in the appropriate position on the 3D printing bed. 

   • Carefully place the paper with the graphite line onto the double-sided tape, aligning it to the desired position. 

2. • Ensure the probes make gentle contact with the ends of the graphite line.

3. Check Alignment:

3. • Verify that the line is straight.

Step 3: Upload the Arduino Resistance Measurement Code

1. Connect Arduino to Computer:

1. • Use a USB cable to connect the Arduino to your computer.

2. Open Arduino IDE:

2. • Launch the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) on your computer.

3. Load the Resistance Measurement Code:

3. • Open the provided "Programming Code (Resistance)" file in the Arduino IDE.

3. • Review the code to understand its functionality.

4. Configure Settings:

4. • Ensure the correct board and port are selected under the "Tools" menu.

4. • Adjust any parameters in the code if necessary (e.g., calibration constants).

5. Upload the Code:

5. • Click the "Upload" button to compile and transfer the code to the Arduino.

5. • Wait for the "Done uploading" message to confirm successful upload.

Step 4: Conduct the Measurement

1. Open Serial Monitor:

1. • In the Arduino IDE, click on "Tools" and select "Serial Monitor".

1. • Set the baud rate to match the one specified in the code (e.g., 9600 baud).

2. Start the Scanning Process:

2. • Move the probe along the graphite line.

2. • Maintain a consistent speed to ensure uniform data sampling.

2. • Observe the movement to prevent the probe from slipping or losing contact.

3. Monitor Data Collection:

3. • As the probe moves, the Arduino will measure the resistance at various points.

3. • The resistance values will be displayed in the Serial Monitor in real-time.

3. • Ensure the readings are within expected ranges and that data is streaming smoothly.

4. Complete the Scan:

4. • ove the probe along the graphite line. Stop at five selected points to measure and record the resistance value and the distance from the starting point for each of these five points. 

Step 5: Record and Analyze the Data

1. Copy Data to Excel:

1. • Select all the resistance readings from the Serial Monitor.

1. • Copy and paste the data into a new Excel spreadsheet.

1. • Separate the data into columns if needed (e.g., Distance and Resistance).

2. Organize the Data:

2. • Assign appropriate headings to each column.

2. • Calculate the corresponding distance for each resistance reading if not already provided.

2. • Ensure all units are consistent (e.g., centimeters for distance, ohms for resistance).

3. Create a Graph:

3. • Highlight the data and insert a scatter plot chart.

3. • Set Distance on the X-axis and Resistance on the Y-axis.

3. • Add chart elements like titles, axis labels, and a trendline if appropriate.

4. Analyze the Results:

4. • Observe the trend shown in the graph.

4. • Determine if the resistance increases linearly with distance.

4. • Note any anomalies or deviations from expected behavior.

Step 6: Investigate the Effect of Line Thickness

1. Prepare a Thicker Graphite Line:

1. • On a new sheet of paper, use the 2B/4B graphite pencil and ruler to draw a straight line of the same length.

1. • This time, trace over the line 50 times to increase its thickness and conductivity.

2. Repeat Measurement Steps:

2. • Secure the new sample in the apparatus as before.

2. • Verify the Arduino code is running; re-upload if necessary.

2. • Perform the scanning process by repeating Steps 3 and 4.

3. Record Data and Analyze:

3. • Transfer the new resistance data to Excel.

3. • Plot the graph of Resistance vs. Distance for the thicker line.

3. • Compare this graph to the previous one to see how increased thickness affects resistance.

4. Observe Relationships:

4. • Examine how the resistance values differ between the 10-times and 20-times traced lines.

4. • Determine the impact of line thickness (number of layers) on electrical resistance.

Step 7: Investigate the Effect of Pencil Grade

1. Prepare Samples with a 6B Graphite Pencil:

1. • Repeat Step 2 using a 6B graphite pencil instead of a 2B/4B pencil.

1. • Draw one line traced 20 times and another traced 50 times on separate sheets.

2. Conduct Measurements:

2. • For each 6B sample, repeat Steps 3 and 4 to collect resistance data.

2. • Ensure all conditions are consistent with previous measurements for accurate comparison.

3. Record and Analyze Data:

3. • Copy the resistance readings into Excel.

3. • Plot Resistance vs. Distance graphs for the 6B samples.

3. • Compare these graphs to those obtained with the 2B/4B pencil.

4. Compare Results Across Pencil Grades:

4. • Analyze how the pencil grade affects resistance.

4. • Discuss the influence of graphite content in different pencil grades on conductivity.

Step 8: Summarize Findings

1. Compile All Data:

1. • Organize all the graphs and data tables in a single document.

1. • Label each graph clearly with the pencil grade and number of traces.

2. Interpret the Results:

2. • Summarize the relationships between resistance, distance, line thickness, and pencil grade.

2. • Highlight any consistent trends or unexpected results.

3. Draw Conclusions:

3. • Discuss how the experiment demonstrates the principles of resistivity.

3. • Explain the impact of material properties (like graphite content) on electrical resistance.

Project2:Measuring Resistance Using an RLC Circuit

Step 1: Assemble the Equipment

1. Set Up Mechanical Components:

1. • Assemble the apparatus using the provided "Infrastructure & 3D Print (Resistance)" guide.

1. • Attach the motor securely to the base and install the clamps to hold the paper and probes in place.

2. Connect Electrical Components:

2. • Set up the RLC circuit as shown in the provided circuit diagram. The components should include a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor in series.

2. • Connect the Arduino microcontroller to the circuit to monitor and control the system.

Step 2: Draw the Graphite Line

1. Prepare the Graphite Line:

1. • Use a 2B/4B graphite pencil and ruler to draw a straight line on paper.

1. • The line length should match the specified length from the sample (e.g., 10 cm).

1. • Trace the line 20 times to ensure a consistent thickness of graphite for better conductivity.

2. Secure the Sample:

2. • Place the paper with the graphite line between the clamps of the setup.

2. • Tighten the clamps to secure the paper in place, ensuring that the probes make firm contact with the graphite line.

3. Check the Setup:

3. • Make sure that the graphite line is properly aligned with the scanning mechanism, allowing for smooth movement during the measurement.

Step 3: Upload the RLC Circuit Code

1. Connect Arduino to Computer:

1. • Use a USB cable to connect the Arduino to your computer.

2. Open Arduino IDE:

2. • Launch the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) on your computer.

3. Load the RLC Circuit Code:

3. • Open the provided "Programming Code (Resistance)" file in the Arduino IDE, which controls the RLC series oscillation circuit.

3. • Review the code to understand its functionality, especially how it handles the measurements and data recording.

4. Upload the Code:

4. • Click the "Upload" button in the Arduino IDE to compile and upload the code to the Arduino.

4. • Wait for the "Done uploading" message to confirm that the code has been successfully transferred.

Step 4: Observe Damping Oscillations

1. Open Serial Monitor:

1. • In the Arduino IDE, go to "Tools" and select "Serial Monitor" to open the real-time data window.

2. Start the Scanning Process:

2. • Slowly move the probe along the graphite line.

2. • As the probe moves, observe the oscillation behavior in the Serial Monitor.

3. Monitor Damped Oscillations:

3. • The RLC circuit will exhibit a damped oscillation pattern due to the resistance of the graphite line.

3. • Pay attention to how the oscillations are damped over time (i.e., underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped behaviors).

4. Capture Oscillation Data:

4. • Take screenshots or record the data corresponding to the underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped oscillation patterns.

4. • Ensure you have clear data for each type of damping behavior.

Step 5: Adjust Resistance to Achieve Critical Damping

1. Adjust Resistance:

1. • Continue scanning the graphite line and adjusting the resistance until the system reaches critical damping.

1. • Critical damping occurs when the system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without oscillating.

2. Record the Length of the Line:

2. • Once critical damping is achieved, note the length of the graphite line between the probes.

Step 6: Calculate and Analyze Data

1. Use the Data from the First Experiment:

• Based on the measurements from the first experiment, use the length of the graphite line to convert the length into resistance using the relationship R=ρL/A​, where ρ\rhoρ is the resistivity and A is the cross-sectional area.

 2. Calculate β2 and ω02​:

Use the following formula to calculate the damping factor β and the natural angular frequency ω0​:

Where:

• β is the damping coefficient,

• ω0​ is the natural angular frequency of the undamped system.

Compare Experimental and Theoretical Values:

• Calculate the theoretical value of ω0​ and compare it with the experimental results obtained from the oscillation data.

• Analyze the percentage error between the calculated β2 and ω02​.

Step 7: Investigate the Effect of Pencil Grade and Line Thickness:

1. • Repeat the experient using a 6B graphite pencil instead of a 2B/4B pencil.

   • Repeat the experient using different thickness .