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In 1978, Malcolm Knowles developed a theory he termed 'andragogy' where he suggested a number of principles that should guide adult learning. This theory is controversial, as many theorists think most of the principles apply to learning in children too. However, it is still a useful summary. Knowles said:
Adult learning is different from childhood learning
Adults need to be self-directing
Their experience can be drawn on as a rich source of learning
They are motivated by their need to know/do in order to fulfil their responsibilities at work, as a parent, their health or wellbeing etc
They like to apply learning immediately
They are often more motivated to learn by internal factors (eg satisfaction) rather than external rewards (such as qualifications)
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Task
Consider the following question, then click on the arrow to see a possible response.
People argue and disagree endlessly about Knowles. What do you think – do adults learn differently from children?
Nowadays schools teach in much the same way as we do. However, there are some things that are different for adults. All adults bring their experience of life to their learning and tutors can draw on this. This is a big plus. However, adults may have had poor previous education experiences which have reduced their confidence, or might have been taught in a particular way in the past and be reluctant to adapt to new methods.
Perhaps the best summary is from 1980. Bernard Lovell said that people learn best when:
They feel secure
They know what they have to do
Their needs are being met
They are actively involved
What is being taught is relevant to them
They can see they are achieving something
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