Functional Harmony Worksheet

1. Introduction to Functional Harmony

Functional harmony is a concept in music theory that explains how chords function within a key to create a sense of movement and resolution in music. This theory is crucial for understanding how pieces of music are structured and how different chords relate to one another.

2. The Three Main Functions

Functional harmony revolves around three primary chord functions: Tonic (T), Dominant (D), and Subdominant (S).

• Tonic (T): The tonic function provides a sense of stability and rest. It is the "home" chord, typically represented by the I chord (e.g., C major in the key of C major).

• Dominant (D): The dominant function creates tension and a need for resolution. It leads back to the tonic. This is often the V chord (e.g., G major in the key of C major) or V7 (G7).

• Subdominant (S): The subdominant function serves as a bridge between the tonic and dominant. It provides movement away from the tonic but not as much tension as the dominant. This is usually the IV chord (e.g., F major in the key of C major).

3. Chord Progressions and Their Functions

In functional harmony, chords are arranged in progressions that enhance their functions. Common progressions include:

• I - IV - V - I: This progression moves from the tonic to the subdominant, then to the dominant, and resolves back to the tonic.

• I - vi - IV - V: This progression, known as the "50s progression," starts with the tonic, moves to the submediant (vi), then the subdominant, and finally the dominant.

4. Identifying Chord Functions in a Key

To identify the function of a chord in a key:

• Determine the key of the piece.

• Identify the scale degree of the root of the chord.

• Assign the function based on the scale degree:

  • I, iii, and vi often have a tonic function.

  • V and vii° (diminished) often have a dominant function.

  • IV and ii often have a subdominant function.

5. Example Analysis

Let's analyze a simple chord progression in the key of C major: C - F - G - C.

• C (I): Tonic function - stability and resolution.

• F (IV): Subdominant function - movement away from the tonic.

• G (V): Dominant function - tension that seeks resolution.

• C (I): Returns to tonic, providing resolution.

6. Practice Exercise

Identify the functions of the following chords in the key of G major:

• G - C - D - G

• G - Em - C - D

Answer Key:

1. G (I) - C (IV) - D (V) - G (I)

2. G (I) - Em (vi) - C (IV) - D (V)

7. Conclusion

Functional harmony is essential for understanding the roles that different chords play within a key. By recognizing these functions, musicians can create more effective and expressive musical compositions. Practice identifying and using these functions to improve your musical analysis and composition skills.