Plural Rules
when it's consonant y, change the y to i, add es. cherry-cherries, baby-babies, penny-pennies.
when it's vowel y, just add s. boy-boys day-days, delay-delays
words that end in f or fe, change the f to v, add es. leaf-leaves, scarf-scarves, wife-wives.
some words totally change to make a plural (irregular plurals). person-people, child-children, man-men, woman-women, mouse-mice, goose-geese, foot-feet, tooth-teeth
words that end in s, ss, ch, zz, sh, x; add es. church-churches bus-buses,fox-foxes, flush-flushes, mess-messes
Middle Consonant Rules
double the middle consonant with short vowels. ex: middle, little, pattern, happy
use a single middle consonant with long vowels. ex: staple, motor, ladle, gravy
Adding a Suffix
If the word ends with e, drop the e, add the suffix. hope-hoping-hoped , stare-staring-stared, care-caring-cared
If the word has a short vowel, double the final consonant, add the suffix. hop-hopping-hopped , tip-tipping-tipped, bat-batting-batted ,fun-funny
Adding "shun" - tion, sion
If the base word ends in t just add -ion. react-reaction
If the base word ends in e, drop the e, add -tion. introduce-introduction
f the base word ends in te, drop the te and then add -tion. create-creation
IIf the base word ends in ss, just add -ion. confess-confession
If the base word ends in de, drop the de, and then add -sion. conclude-conclusion
If the base word ends with d, drop the d, and add -sion. pretend-pretension
If the base word ends with se, drop the se, and add -sion. fuse-fusion
If the base word ends with it, change the t to s, and add -sion. permit-permission