Annotated bibliography
Ahlsén, Elisabeth. “The development of theories about brain and language.” Introduction to Neurolinguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Co. 2006, pp.9-20
There is a lot of different views about the relationship between languages and the brain. The brain is a very hard and complicated subject to study, so there is no way to be 100% sure about any theories. This chapter of the textbook explores many views and opinion on how language developpe in our brain, and how the different parts of the brain activate when we speak or write. Since it is a textbook, there isn’t really a claim, it is just general knowledge on the subject. This publisher based in Amsterdam creates a multitude of social sciences and humanities textbook send to school throughout the world. It is an academic textbook, and the author is a linguist at UCLA. This source will be integrated in my essay by setting the base for the subject of bilingualism in the brain. Understanding how the brain pathways work when we speak will help me explain how bilingualism works in our brain.
Yule, George. "The Language and the Brain." The Study of Language, Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 184-199.
The chapter of the source in a general introduction to what is neurolinguistics. The author just goes over all the major points of neurolinguistic and shows different views of the brain, and how each view is relevant for which type of studies. It also talks about speech mistake and which part of the brain causes which. The author, Goerge Yule, is a well-respected linguist, making this a reliable source. The source is a scholar textbook designed to linguistics student. I will integrate this source in my essay to give basic information. My subject can be quite complicated, and my audience will not necessarily be made of people who have knowledge in neurolinguistic, so this source will help me make my essay accessible to more people.
Blog Entry #2 04-02-2020
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Paradis, Michel. "Chapter 4: Cerebral lateralization and localization." A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilinguism, John Benjamins Publishing,2004, pp. 97-104
This source is about lateralization of the brain when we use language. Lateralization is a picture taken when we cut the brain in half to identify where the activity is when we speak. In this part of the source, they use lateral images to locate the brain activity when someone speaks two different languages, to see if the activity occurs in different regions of the brain. It shows different images depending on how many languages are spoken at the same time and how fast the switch is happening. This source is an eBook sold all over the world. The author of this book, Michel Paradis, is actually a linguist in the Linguistic department at McGill. This source will be integrated in my essay to explain how bilingualism functions directly in the brain. Also, with the help of this source, I will dress a portrait of the difference between a unilingual brain and a multilingual brain.
Paradis, Michel. "Chapter 1: Components of verbal communication, implicit and explicit memory." A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilinguism, John Benjamins Publishing,2004, pp. 7-14
This source explains how the brain functions when in comes to verbalizing more then one language at the time. Without necessarily talking about using more then one at once, understanding how the brain makes the choice to use a certain language and how it makes the choice to use which one, at which moment. This chapter is from the same eBook then the one before, so written by the same linguist and is as reliable as a source. I will integrate this source to explain furthermore of bilingualism works in the brain. By combining chapter 1 and chapter 4, I will be able to paint a beautiful picture of how multilingualism woks inside the brain.
Blog Entry #3 11-02-2020
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Costa, Albert. "How does builingualism sculpt the brain?" The Bilingual brain: and what it tells us about the science of language. Penguins Book, 2019, pp.59-67
The source is about research made on unilingual brains versus bilingual brains. The two works very differently. The languages pathways, or the way words get sent to our mouth, works differently depending on how many languages you speak. Albert Costa is a Spanish neuropsychologist, linguist, and researcher, based in Barcelona, who has dedicated his career the languages in the brain. This book is a translation of his latest study on bilingualism. He is affiliated with Pompeu Fabra University, who has a well-known linguistic department. He has dedicated the last 5 years to studying bilingual brains. He is very qualified and is research is well-explained and detailed. This source will help me on the part I want to do about bilingualism, because it explains how brains work differently, and how, learning a language younger (because he explains that too), shapes the brain in different ways.
Aktan-Erciyes, Asli. "Understanding Language Acquisition: Neural Theory of Language." Understanding Language Acquisition: Neural Theory of Language. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 2021
This source discusses old versus contemporary views in understanding language acquisition neurologically. This article shows us a couple of different opinions, and also, starts by explaining how the brain absorbs language. It also explains how and why it is easier for a child than an adult to learn another language. This researcher has written a couple articles about the matter, and his research looks solids. This journal posts a lot of research on linguistics studies, and I read a little about their process of choice, for the articles, they double check everything. They are a very reliable source when it comes to linguistics research. This article will help me explain language acquisition, and how the brain works when it is learning a language. So also will come help my arguments on how bilingual brains work.
Blog Entry #4 18-02-2022
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“Evidence from Neurolinguistic Methodologies : Can It Actually Inform Linguistic/Language Acquisition Theories and Translate to Evidence-Based Applications?” Second Language Research, vol. 34, no. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 125–43
This article is about the theories of second language acquisition. It is a recap of many theories on how the brain reacts to L2 acquisition. Although, in contrary to general theories, the author of this article claims that we can learn language as easily at any age. This journal is an international peer-reviewed that publishes theories about second language acquisition and how it influences people and the brain. This journal is reliable because it reviews the information in every article before publishing. This source will help me contradict the theory/argument that it is harder to learn as a adult, and how much easier it is to learn as a kid. This is one of the rare source there are that contradict the theory of age in language learning.
Yule, George. "Second Language Aquisition/Learning." The Study of Language, Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 233-241.
The source is about first language acquisition. It talks about how our brain receives it and then elaborates on the age factor. It also explores the most known, and what the author believes to be the most effective ways to teach and learn a second language. It also identifies different profiles of learners and how some characteristics affect their learning process. The authors claims that the age factor is one of the most important factors in second language learning. The author is a well-respected linguist, making this a reliable source. The book is designed for linguistics student. This chapter will help me explain the age factor in second language acquisition. It will also help me do the contrast with the source just before, who also speaks also about the age theory. Also, even if this source does not talk about the brain, it does talk about the process of learning.
Blog Entry #5 25-02-2022
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Robinson, Peter and Nick C. Ellis. "An English speaker learns the French word chat." Handbook of Cognitive linguistics and Second Language Acquisition, Aoyama Gakuin University and The University of Michigan, 2008, p. 95-97
The source is about the brain learns words from another language. It explains how the word “chat” is introduced and how the brain received it, and then what is the process for the brain to acquire that word. The authors argue that age does not have an impact on how the brain process second language acquisition. They argue that it works just the same, despite of age, and that age don’t not modify the challenges of learning a language. This textbook was created in collaboration between the University of Michigan and Aoyama Gakuin University, a ground-breaking University when it comes to neuroscience. This source will help counterbalance my argument that, yes, age affects language acquisition. With this source, I will be able to prove my point with proof that the opposite was tested.
Gu, Lingyun and John G. Harris. "A HMM-Based system for Training of Second Language Aquisition" Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 2003, pp.1-4
This source is about how to condition you brain in some ways to be able to learn a second language. It is a system that would make second language learning easier that it is. The authors claim that language does not affect language acquisition. The source is from a journal that double peer reviews every article before publishing. The 2 authors were also good researcher that did lots of research on languages. This source is old, so I will use it to compare old versus new views on the subject. Also, the fact that this source is opposite to my position on the subject will show that I acknowledge all the research before forming my opinion.
Blog Entry #6 11-03-2022
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Syahfitri, Purnama. “Second Language Aquisition and The Development through Nature-Nurture.” Journal Of Education, Teaching and Learning, vol. 2, no. 2, Oct. 2017, pp. 164–69. https://doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v2i2.280.
The source is about second language acquisition. They talk about how age, learning circumstances, motivation and personality will come and affect the learner’s ability. The journal of Education Teaching and Learning cross reference all of their articles. Syahfitri Purnama us a lecturer at Universitas Indraprata Pgri in Indonesia. She’s a linguistics specialist and beloved speaker. They do not only talk about the age factor which can bring a new, interesting angle to my paper. I will be able to write about the other aspects that influence second language acquisitions and use them to help me reenforce how important age is when it comes to language acquisition.
Blog Entry #7 25-03-2022
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Frost, Stephen J, et al. "Early and Late Talkiers: School-Age Language, Literacy and Neurolinguistic Differences." Oxford University Press, Aug 2011.
The source is about the differences between brains of late learners (16 and up) and brains of early learners (16 and down). This source is a contrast between the 2 types of brains. The authors claim that the differences are numerous and that younger brains have a net advantage. Oxford University Press is the largest university press there is, and also is the second largest. Every article published goes through a vigorous selection and then are all peer reviewed, making this a reliable source. I will integrate this source is my essay by using the fact that in their study, the late learners are older that in the other studies I have found. It will help me make contrast with other studies and also prove that no matter what, younger brains have an advantage.
Blog Entry #8 01-04-2022
Gitterman, Martin R., Luther F. Sies. “Neurolinguistic Processing and Brain Function: A General Semantics Perspective.” Institute of General Semantics, vol. 46, no. 4, Feb 1989, pp.328-333.
This source is about the development of the brain and how the area responsible for the talking and languages. The author claims that depending on the environment, the area will developpe differently, and pre-create bilingual brains. The Institute of General Semantics is a peer review new cite/journal. Even if this article is from the late 80s, the establishment is still going strong and still publishes a lot. The intended audience for this was linguistic or neurolinguistic fanatics or students I think since you do need a but of basic knowledge in the department to understand. I will integrate this source in the part where I talk about how the brain work, as it will help me explain how it develops.
Blog Entry #9 08-04-2022