Skull

Skull 1 to 3 Views

Projections:

PA

LT Lateral

Skull 4 or More Views

Projections:

PA

LT Lateral

Modified Caldwell

Townes

Criteria:

PA

- Orbits filled by petrous ridges

Lateral

• ​​Entire cranium included

• No rotation or tilt

- Superimposed:

• Mandibular rami

• Orbital roofs

• EAM

• TMJ’s

• Sella turcica not rotated

Townes

- Symmetrical petrous pyramids

- Foramen magnum with dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids inside

- Entire occipital bone

- Distance from lateral border of skull to lateral border of foramen magnum equal

- Entire vertex

PA Caldwell

Townes

Lateral

Modified Caldwell