Sinus

Sinus Paranasal 1 to 2 Views

Projections:

Waters

Lateral

Sinus Paranasal 3 or More Views

Projections:

Modified Caldwell

Waters

Lateral

SMV

Criteria:

Waters

- Maxillary sinuses seen with petrous ridges immediately inferior to the floor.

- Frontal sinus and ethmoid air cells are distorted, sphenoid not seen

- No rotation

Lateral

- Shows anteroposterior and superoinferior dimensions of the sinuses.

- Shows all 4 sinuses

- No rotation

- Superimposition of orbital roofs, mandible, etc.

SMV

- Symmetric petrosae

- Superimposed mental protuberance over anterior frontal bone

- Mandibular condyles anterior to petrosae

- Mastoid processes, foramen ovale and spinosum

- No rotation

Caldwell

-Frontal sinuses superior to frontonasal suture

-Anterior ethmoid cells on each side of nasal fossae and inferior to frontal sinuses.

-Sphenoid sinuses will be projected through nasal fossae just inferior to or between ethmoid air cells.

-No rotation

-Petrous ridges in lower third of orbit

Waters

SMV

Lateral

Modified Caldwell