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MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The properties define each material and distinguish it ones from others, define the behaviour of the material due to the their composition. The properties are the characteristics that define how materials behave and can be utilized in various applications.
The properties of matter are typically divided into two broad categories: physical properties and chemical properties. Each of these categories contains several specific properties that can be observed, measured, and analyzed to provide insight into the behavior and characteristics of substances.
Phisical properties
Phisical properties
Physical properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without altering the substance’s identity or chemical composition. Color, density, state of matter, hardness, conductivity, melting point, boiling point, solubility, mass, volume, shape, size, texture, magnetism, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, , sound conductivity., viscosity, transparency, opacity, elasticity, brittleness, odor.
Chemical properties
Chemical properties
Chemical properties are characteristics of a substance that can only be observed or measured during a chemical reaction, in which the substance undergoes a transformation into a different substance. Reactivity, flammability, combustibility, oxidation, corrosion resistance, acidity, basicity (alkalinity), toxicity, chemical stability, radioactivity, biodegradability, explosiveness, heat of combustion, resistance of rusting
Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties are the characteristics of a material that describe how it behaves when a force is applied to it and the effect of external actions. They are a mix between phisical properties. They explain how a material responds to tension, compression, bending, impact, or twisting for example, whether it stretches, breaks, bends, or returns to its original shape.
This is a very important classification in Technology, because it helps us choose the most suitable material for building structures, machines, tools, and everyday products.
Elasticity, plasticity, hardness, toughness, brittleness, ductility, malleability, tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, impact resistance, fatigue resistance, stiffness, flexibility...
Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties
They are physical properties that a material exhibits when forces are applied.
Mechanical properties: are physical properties that a material exhibits when forces are applied.
Hardness: is the resistance of a material to being scratched or pierced. For example, steel and diamond are hard, whereas cotton, sand and plasticine are soft.
Toughness: is the resistance of a material to being broken when we strike it. The tools we use to strike objects and the sports equipment used to hit balls (tennis rackets, hockey sticks, golf clubs and baseball bats) are made of tough materials. The opposite of tough is brittle.
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to break easily without significant deformation. Glass and porcelain are examples of brittle materials that are easily broken.
Deformability: is the ability of a material to be deformed. The opposite of deformability is rigidity (an example of a rigid material is marble).
Stiffness (Rigidity): is the resistance to deformation when a force is applied.
Elasticity: is the property that some materials have to deform when forces are applied, recovering their original form when forces end. (if it recovers its initial shape, like rubber)
Plasticity: is the property that some materials have to deform when forces are applied, maintaining the deformation when forces end (if it stays deformed when the force that deformed it has disappeared, like clay and plasticine).
Fatigue resistance: is the ability to resist failure after repeated cycles of loading and unloading.
Ductility: is the ability of a material to be stretched into a wire. Nylon and copper are examples of ductile materials.
Malleability: is the ability of a material to be pressed or rolled into sheet. Gold and paper are examples of malleable materials.
An exhaustive analysis requires studying many different material properties, including physical, chemical, and mechanical properties.
To properly understand and select a material, it is necessary to analyze a wide range of characteristics. For example materials that allow electricity, heat, or sound to pass through them have specific conductive properties (electrical, thermal, acoustic conductivity, thermal expansion... that affects to their behaviour.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES
They are physical properties related to the environment.
Environmental properties include the characteristics of materials related to their impact on the environment, such as toxicity, ease of recycling, and biodegradability.
Biodegradability is the property of a material to decompose into the chemical elements that make it up through the action of biological agents (such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms) within a relatively short period of time.
Toxicity: is the degree to which a material can cause harm to living organisms (humans, animals, plants) or the environment.
Recyclability (Ease of recycling): is the ability of a material to be collected, processed, and reused to manufacture new products without significantly losing its properties.
Environmental impact: is the overall effect that a material has on the environment during its life cycle (extraction, production, use, and disposal).
Sustainability: is the ability of a material to be produced and used in a way that does not deplete natural resources or cause long-term environmental damage.
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