Embedded Files
The OST list style is presented with a lead-in stem and ends with a colon. In list style, at least three items are listed and are written at the same level with parallel construction. There could be three types of list style:
Bulleted
Ordered
Combination
Bulleted Lists
Bulleted Lists
The bulleted style is chosen when the content is not a series of steps that are to be executed in a specific sequence. Each list item is independent of any order.
Example
Example
The following example demonstrates how to correctly write a bulleted list.
Input
Input
When you are in a laboratory, you must follow the lab rules to ensure safety. You must conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ask your teacher before proceeding with the activity. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher. Also, when first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so. You must always perform experiments that are authorized by your teacher. When in lab, do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory and do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
Output
Output
It is very important to follow rules in the laboratory to ensure safety. Following are the rules that one should follow in the lab:
Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ask your teacher before proceeding with the activity.
Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.
When first entering a science room, do not touch equipment, chemical, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
In this example, the content is not a series of sequenced steps that are observed to ensure lab safety. Hence, a bulleted-list style is chosen.
Mock-up
Mock-up
This is how the above storyboard output would be integrated as an e-learning courseware screen.
Non-Example: The following non-example demonstrates how not to write a bulleted list.
Input
Input
When you are in a laboratory, you must follow the lab rules to ensure safety. You must conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ask your teacher before proceeding with the activity. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher. Also, when first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so. You must always perform experiments that are authorized by your teacher. When in lab, do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory and do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
Output
Output
When you are in a laboratory, you must follow the given rules to ensure safety:
Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ask your teacher before proceeding with the activity.
Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.
When first entering a science room, do not touch equipment, chemical, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
In this non-example, the content is not a series of steps that needs to be presented in specific sequence. They are points that have to be observed irrespective of the sequence in which it is followed. Hence, an ordered list style is not required here.
Ordered Lists
Ordered Lists
The ordered list style is chosen when the content is a series of step that are executed in a specific sequence, that is, for procedures, processes and chronological events.
Example
Example
The following example demonstrates how to correctly write an ordered list.
Input
Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division takes from three minutes to six hours to complete. The first phase involved in cell division is called Prophase. In Prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. The formation of spindle apparatus starts. The second phase of cell division is called Prometaphase. Here, the nuclear envelop fragments, and spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores. The third phase is Metaphase. In this phase, the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. Then, cell phase enters the fourth phase called Anaphase. Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating to the opposite poles of the cell. Telophase, which is the fifth phase of cell division, is characterized by nuclear membranes assembling around two daughter nuclei. Now, the chromosomes decondense, and the spindle disappears. In the sixth and the last phase, Cytokinesis, cytoplasm divides into two cells.
Output
Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division takes from three minutes to six hours to complete. Cell division involves the following steps:
In Prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. The formation of spindle apparatus starts.
The nuclear envelop fragments, and spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores in Prometaphase.
The third step is Metaphase. In this phase, the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
The fourth phase is called Anaphase. Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating to the opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase, which is the fifth phase of cell division, is characterized by nuclear membranes assembling around two daughter nuclei. Now, the chromosomes decondense, and the spindle disappears.
In the sixth and the last phase, Cytokinesis, cytoplasm divides into two cells.
In this example, the cell division content is a series of phases that occurs in a specific sequence. Hence, an ordered-list style is chosen.
Mock-up
Mock-up
This is how the above storyboard output would be integrated as an e-learning courseware screen.
Non-Example
Non-Example
The following non-example demonstrates how not to write an ordered list.
Input
Input
Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division takes from three minutes to six hours to complete. The first phase involved in cell division is called Prophase. In Prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. The formation of spindle apparatus starts. The second phase of cell division is called Prometaphase. Here, the nuclear envelop fragments, and spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores. The third phase is Metaphase. In this phase, the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. Then, cell phase enters the fourth phase called Anaphase. Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating to the opposite poles of the cell. Telophase, which is the fifth phase of cell division, is characterized by nuclear membranes assembling around two daughter nuclei. Now, the chromosomes decondense, and the spindle disappears. In the sixth and the last phase, Cytokinesis, cytoplasm divides into two cells.
Output
Output
Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division takes from three minutes to six hours to complete. Cell division involves the following steps:
In Prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. The formation of spindle apparatus starts.
The nuclear envelop fragments, and spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores in Prometaphase.
The third step is Metaphase. In this phase, the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
The fourth phase is called Anaphase. Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating to the opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase, which is the fifth phase of cell division, is characterized by nuclear membranes assembling around two daughter nuclei. Now, the chromosomes decondense, and the spindle disappears.
In the sixth and the last phase, Cytokinesis, cytoplasm divides into two cells.
In this non-example, the content is a series of phases that occurs in specific sequence. By using a bulleted list, the correct sequence of the occurrences of the events is not conveyed.
Combination Lists
Combination Lists
The combination style is the combination of both ordered style and bulleted style. This style is used when the content demands both execution of specific sequence and bulleted list items. Generally multiple lists on a single screen are not preferred.
Example
Example
The following example demonstrates how to correctly write a combination list.
Input
Input
An objective is a statement that describes the indented result of an instruction. It describes what a learner should be able to do after executing the instruction. Objectives are stated upfront because instructional strategies depend upon the objectives and helps in deciding the desired outcome. Students are provided a direction to organize their own efforts towards accomplishment of the objectives. Also, objectives help in ascertaining achievement at the end of the instruction. To this end, Bloom’s taxonomy specifies six increasing levels of cognitive complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Output
Output
An objective is a statement that describes the indented result of an instruction. It describes what a learner should be able to do after executing the instruction. Objectives are stated upfront because:
Instructional strategies depend upon the objectives and helps in deciding the desired outcome.
Students are provided a direction to organize their own efforts towards accomplishment of the objectives.
Objectives help in ascertaining achievement at the end of the instruction.
To this end, Bloom’s taxonomy specifies six increasing levels of cognitive complexity:
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
In this example, the content demands for ordered as well as bulleted-style list. But, multiple lists on a single screen are generally not preferred. This example is presented for reinforcement of the two list types.
Mock-up
Mock-up
This is how the above storyboard output would be integrated as an e-learning courseware screen.
Non-Example
Non-Example
The following non-example demonstrates how not to write a combination list.
Input
Input
An objective is a statement that describes the indented result of an instruction. It describes what a learner should be able to do after executing the instruction. Objectives are stated upfront because instructional strategies depend upon the objectives and helps in deciding the desired outcome. Students are provided a direction to organize their own efforts towards accomplishment of the objectives. Also, objectives help in ascertaining achievement at the end of the instruction. To this end, Bloom’s taxonomy specifies six increasing levels of cognitive complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Output
Output
An objective is a statement that describes the indented result of an instruction. It describes what a learner should be able to do after executing the instruction. Objectives are stated upfront because instructional strategies depend upon the objectives and helps in deciding the desired outcome. Students are provided a direction to organize their own efforts towards accomplishment of the objectives. Also, objectives help in ascertaining achievement at the end of the instruction.
To this end, Bloom’s taxonomy specifies six increasing levels of cognitive complexity:
Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
In this non-example, the levels of Bloom’s taxonomy are correctly put using ordered-style list as they are a series of levels that needs to be presented in specific sequence. But, if we closely observe, a combination-style can be used for the content with a bulleted style for listing the reasons for stating objectives and ordered style for listing the levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.
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