Countries of origin include Mexico, Central and South America, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic.

Phonemes

• Spanish has five vowels /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, /a/.

• The diphthongs /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /ɔɪ/ are similar.

• Consonants /t/ and /d/ are dentalized.

• Consonants /v, z, h, ð, ʃ, dʒ, ʒ, ŋ/ are not present in Spanish

• There are two different productions of the /r/ phoneme /r̄/ and /ɾ/

• There are many consonant clusters that are not found in Spanish. They include /st, sp, sk, sm, sl, sn, sw, tw, kw, skɹ, spl, spɹ, skw/.

Syllable Structure and Stress

• The deletion of intervocalic flaps and other consonants in GAE results in syllable reduction.

• Unstressed syllable deletion is common.

• Shift of stress from the first to the second word in noun compounds.

• Shift of stress from the second to the first word in verb  particles.

• Shift of stress on specific GAE words.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)

Phonemes

• The vowels /ɪ, ʊ, ɝ, ɚ/ are not present in the Vietnamese as well as most diphthongs. 

• The consonants /g, ð, θ/ are not present in Vietnamese.

• In certain dialects /z, v, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ do not occur.

• In Vietnamese the only consonants that can occur in a final-word position are /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ/.

• There are no consonant clusters in Vietnamese

Syllable Structure and Prosody

• In Vietnamese specific tones convey phonetic meaning.

• Vietnamese is primarily compromised of one syllable words.

• Vietnamese speakers typically have trouble learning sentence stress patterns and prosody in GAE.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)

Phonemes

• The vowels /ɪ, æ, ʊ/ are not found in the Korean Language.

• The consonant sounds /f, v, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, ɹ, j/ are not contained in the Korean inventory.

• The only consonant clusters in the Korean language are intersyllabic.

Syllable structure and Prosody

• In Korean, word-final consonants are not realized unless they are followed by a vowel in the same syllable.

• Usually have trouble with the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.

• Tend to pronounce words with equal emphasis.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)

Phonemes

• The vowels /æ, ɑ, ɝ, ɚ, ʌ, ə/ are not found in Cantonese.

• The consonants /v, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, ɹ/ are not in the Cantonese inventory.

• There are no consonant clusters besides for /kʷ, kʷʰ/

Prosodic Differences

• Stress is typically inserted randomly in words.

• Each word is articulated separately.

• Equal stress is placed on each syllable.

• The intonation falls at the end of a sentence; therefore a question may have falling intonation.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)

Phonemes

• The vowels /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ʌ, ə, ɝ, ɚ/ are not found in Filipino/Tagalog.

• The consonants /f, v, z, ʒ, θ, ð/ are not in the Filipino/Tagalog inventory.

• The r-sound is similar to the Spanish trilled "r."

• Initial consonant clusters exist, but they are from borrowed words.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)

Phonemes

• The vowels /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, o, ʌ, ə, ɝ, ɚ/ are not found in Hmong.

• The consonants /ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, w, ɹ/ are not in the Hmong inventory.

• There are no consonant clusters besides in Hmong.

Syllable Structure and Stress

• Most words in Hmong are one-syllable.

• Hmong does not have word-final consonants.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)

Phonemes

• The vowels /ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, o, ʊ/ are not found in Arabic.

• The /p/ consonant is not in the Arabic inventory.

• The /b, g, v, ʒ, tʃ/ consonants are produced inconsistently.

• The Arabic r-sound depends on the dialect and can be the alveolar trill, dental tap, or post-velar fricative.

• /n/ and /ŋ/ are interchangeable.

• Arabic has fewer consonant clusters than GAE.

Stress and Written-Spoken Correspondence

• In Arabic stress is predictable as opposed to GAE.

• Arabic has one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters.

(Bauman-Waengler 2020)