Articulation

"Speech sounds, which can also be labeled as phones, represent physical sound realities; they are end products of articulatory motor processes. When talking about a child’s s-production in the context of an articulation test, for example, we refer to the speech sound or phone production of [s]. Speech sounds or phones are real, physical sound entities used in speech."

(Bauman-Waengler, 2020, p. 5)

Speech sounds are typically classified into two categories: vowels and consonants.

(Bauman-Waengler, 2020)

Vowels

Vowels are produced with an open vocal tract, allowing for an unobstructed airflow from the vocal folds to the lips, making them "open" sounds. They are categorized by front or back, high or low positions of the tongue and lips as shown in the vowel quadrilateral chart below.

(Bauman-Waengler, 2020)

(Bauman-Waengler, 2020, p. 27)

Consonants

"Three phonetic categories are used to characterize consonants: voicing features, place of articulation, and manner of articulation."

"Voicing is the term used to denote the presence or absence of simultaneous vocal fold vibration."

"Place of articulation describes where the constriction or narrowing occurs for the various consonant productions."

"Manner of articulation refers to the type of narrowing that the articulators produce for the realization of a particular consonant."

(Bauman-Waengler, 2020, p. 33-34)

(Bauman-Waengler, 2020, p. 33)

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