Embedded Files
Chronik
"What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around, which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing [...] is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication"
Dennis Ritchie, "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System, October 1984
> During the time, when Bode Diagram and Nyquist Criteria were published, 1932.
"(...) Success is never more—nor intended to be more— than transient,lasting perhaps half a decade."
John von Neumann, 1955
"When Hilbert's collected works were published, the editors realized they couldn't publish the originals as they were full of errors, some serious. They hired a young & unemployed Olga Taussky-Todd to go over and correct them. It took 3 yrs"
Peyman Milanfar, Google
What means technological advancement for me? Take these historical examples:
During the Industrialization, the glass thermometers broke due the high temperature and pressure of the Steam Engines of Trains. Thus it required electric measurements to enable high-temperature oven for better Accuracy, ~1880ties (It also increased the purity of crafted materials through heat)
After the 2. WW, mostly Vacuum Tubes were used for switching the circuits of computers. Only after the invention of the transistor, it was possible to scale down the size and thus the numerical calculating capabilities. (Vacuum Tubes are still used for Microwave high frequencies. Thus Energies)
During the 1970ties in Bell Labs, Faggin invented chemical procedures to create inside of Polysilizium the dopings. He scaled the manufacturing process of smaller-sized transistors until the micrometer scale.
During the 1990ties CMOS was largely used instead of TTL. CMOS enabled lesser static losses,, and thus enabled lower thermal densities, which made more smaller and energy -efficient chips for the same price.
After 1990ties, ultraviolet light instead of mercury light was used to scale from micrometers until nanometer structures. The smaller wavelength enabled finer scaling.
There are way more examples, in the mechanical domain (First micrometer 18 century), electrical domaine (Kelvin Bridge, which made 1 Ohm measurement possible or ADC's which made finer resolution of making fine electromotors rotational movement possible) or optical (from Fraunhofer and Faraday's hand made crafting from glass until today's laser shaped, crystal growth processes or vaporized crystals.
This demonstrates based on the historical and physical laws of nature the technological scaling. Better then most teacher's explanations.
There are obviously more tricks or treats, like structural shapes (instead of rectangular, you choose hexagonal structures or even natural-based structures for better efficiencies.
Or you could just choose a different material, based on their measured thermic, electric, pressured etc. properties. Finer physical equation or findings (1980ties, people invented 6 different ways of measuring low temperature near absolute zero, because they couldn't believe their own measurements or mathematical proofs) enable this historical and technological scale. This includes for example knowing the molecular angle of SiO2 (various types of isotopes, thus angles) to configure the nozzle exactly at this angle for preciser surface preparation.
This also includes for example, that crystalline structure needs an optimal heat rate to crystallize during this slow tempering process to develop more uniformly. (Also Spin Coatings afterwards). Also small changes like choosing instead of latches, the FlipFlops in Chips, enabled better timings, and thus finer scalings and reactional times. (not only for storage speed or processing speed, which indirectly leads to faster stabilized motoric movements or focused heat dissipation.
The Computer History Museum selected interviews (subjective):
Paolo Gargini
https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/08/102714338-05-01-acc.pdf
Shang-Yi Chiang (Former TSMC)
https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2022/07/102792671-05-01-acc.pdf
Pat Gelsinger (Intel)
https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2019/06/102781029-05-01-acc.pdf
IEEE History Interviews:
David Ditzel
https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/07/102737949-05-01-acc.pdf
John Crawford (Chief Architect of the Intel 80386)
https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2014/07/102746866-05-01-acc.pdf
Dr. Jim Kaiser( Signal Processing in Bell Labs)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:James_Kaiser
Dr. Bernard Widrow (Signal Processing in Stanford)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Bernard_Widrow
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102746758
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Widrow
Dr. Thomas Kailath (Signal Processing, VLSI and more)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Thomas_Kailath
Dr. Kumar_Patel (Laser in Bell Labs)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Kumar_Patel
Dr. John_Whinnery (Radar in Berkley)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:John_Whinnery
Dr. Alfred_Fettweis (Radar and Signal Processing)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Alfred_Fettweis
Dr. Enders Robinson (Signal Processing for Geoseismic, MIT)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Enders_Robinson#Minimum_phase_and_seismogram
Dr. Wes_Anderson (NMR)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Wes_Anderson
Dr. Siegfried_S._Hecker (Uranium and Plutonium Research in Los Alamos National Lab)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Siegfried_S._Hecker
Dr. Herbert_Freyhardt (Superconductors)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Herbert_Freyhardt
Dr. David_W._Allan (Clocks in NIST for 3 decades)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:David_W._Allan
Dr. Martin_Graham (Prof in Berkeley)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Martin_Graham
Dr. Federico_Faggin (Z80, Fairchild. etc)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Federico_Faggin
Dr. Nils Nilsson (SRI, Co-Inventor of A* Algorithm)
https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Nils_Nilsson
Noble Prize in Bell Labs:
Clinton Davisson - discovery of electron diffraction in the famous Davisson–Germer experiment, 1937
William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen - their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect, 1956
Philip W. Anderson - "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems", 1977
Robert Woodrow Wilson and Arno Allan Penzias - cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), 1978
Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith - for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit- the CCD sensor, 2009
Bell Labs Invention:
Unix, C, Vocoder, Negative Feedback (Nyquist), thermal Noise (Johnson), One time pad(Vernam,Mauborgne, Shannon), Long distance television image (128-lines), radio astronomy long range short wave communication, stereo signals+ recordings, vocoder (voder first synthesizer), photovoltaic cell, transistor, zone melting, Karnaugh Map, transatlantic communications cable TAT-1, MUSIC first computer programs to play electronic music, greedy algorithms, laser, MOSFET, phase controlled scanning antenna arrays, gas laser, electret microphone, communication satellites (Telstar, vision by Pierce), Carbon Dioxide laser, Kondo effect, cosmic background microwave, BEFLIX, OFDM, molecular beam epitaxy, CCD, TTL, ESS diagnostics, tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display, task priority system for telephone exchange switching systems for telephones
Diese Bilder entstammen aus dem Zuse-Museum in Hoyerswerda.
Cultural Reminder:
Cultural Reminder:
---
Civilization starts by looking backward. (Mead's - interpretation of a femur)
If you don't pay this attention to all social groups, but only to a perceivable 'skilled‘ individual, then it will always continue to be an educational gap.
Education takes effort & time for all, (Not only by preference).
Take this little time with your intent for the cultural beneficiary.
Social & Cultural Integrity is necessary. (+political stability)
Friendly Reminder: Don't miss too much time, spend with your family!
Worth to note, that even Paul Erdős had his own number (Erdős Number) and even Neumann had several home partys.
> Loneliness does shape the brain.
"Patience, flexibility and intelligence" - John von Neumann
Source:
1.) https://in.pinterest.com/pin/doing-nothing-at-all-vs-making-very-small-consistent-efforts-lets-discuss-about-your-health-plan-we-can-t--199565827226299245/
2.+3.) Generated and Pictured by Stable Diffusion by me.
Some tips, only if it interests you..
Some tips, only if it interests you..
> Knowledge is meant to share, and not to brag or get guys on the nerve! :)
> List: 1.) Woman in Tech, 2.) Woman in Tech-Wiki
Focus on your Exams, instead of assimilating to many data points here.
Good luck! (Also Reminder: This website doesn't solve your exercises. It is good to have a map, but even I use a Navigator App.
It limits your performance to retain large amounts of memories, instead of practicing daily pieces and actually solving the task.)
Auditory: In the language domain of higher abstraction, it is getting harder for lectors to transmit an adequate explanation. Silence can be perceived as "deliberately meaning" or "power".
Intended Pauses: > Well-used conscious pauses can however enrich the message/whole conversation if you speak like a fast truck against a child.
> Help!
Written: One way to simplify a message is to utilize a modern Natural Language Processing Tool (NLP) such as GPT-3 or later GPT-4 to lower the entropy of the technical term, so as to abstract the words in your current language and hence make the message more readable to you.
Danger: It doesn't however explain to you, what the author actually meant with the new word by trading the word for a more general term. This can be seen in the mathematical notation a lot, how f.e. f(x,y,z) can be ambiguous. (+ Watermarked)
These tools of your choice give you however compared to the past 150 years a better + clearer language vision and furthermore invite more readers and interpretation to the language domain. (research field)
Please have faith, courage & patience!
Follow your words, not Mine.
(If you study medicine try to research 'Endoplasmatic Reticulum in Latin and Greek. Etymology will explain the 'fashioned' word.)
Thank you for your attention!
P.S: During 1871+-, there weren't that many scientific papers compared to today's count. This means: it is possible to derive all the classic equations (Mech. Engineering and Elec. Engineering) with the help of the timeline. Whenever I didn't progress, I checked
(1) instead of the logic,
(2) additionally the timeline. (after a while the 'Name' itself will tell you the time)
> Sometimes directly the solution.
The work was done by the orig. authors over years, & forwarded by teachers to be used in a briefer moment.
Still, it has to be thought through & written down.
Write down f.e. every corner case of Ohms Law or all the Electric Equation in a logical path. (R= U/I isn't the same as U= R*I + φ0) This is safer than remembering a salat full of equations, which actually is a beautiful road in nature.
> Education privileges one to search in a language domain, that is hidden lifelong from many readers due to their circumstances, education, or priorities.
Little Chronology:
Little Chronology:
ENIAC, MARK1, Bletchely, EDSAC (I + II)
IBM1401, (++.. IBM's),
Cray1, SGI,
HP, IBM Roadrunner, Fugaku, Chinas etc.
Diese Bilder entstammen aus dem Musee de l'art et metiers in Paris.
Woman in STEM (eigene kleine Collage)
Woman in STEM (eigene kleine Collage)
Some female examples:
- 19th Centuary: Female Astronomers (Henrietta Leavitt), first Encoder (Lovelace),
Early Lab Assistant in Electricity were females (Also founder of Alternative Current: Edith Clark)
- 1940-50ty: ENIAC Womans (>95%) encoded the first Mainframes for Ballistic Missiles, + Cryptographs (Joan Clarke)
- 1950-90ty: Grace Hopper(Cobol),
Kathleen Booth(Assembly+ Basic),
Frances Allen (IBM NLPs),
Lorinda Cherry (Bell Labs),
Mary Kenneth Keller,
Katherine Johnson (NASA),
Mary Golda Ross,
Lynn Conway(VLSI Founder),
Sophie Wilson(ISA ARM Founder),
Margaret Hamilton (> First Compilers, NLP's, Programming Language, Tests, Speech Encoding, Software Engineers, Rocket Engineers etc.)
"Transistor Girls" (Gold Wirer in Japan), "Sisters with Transistors" (First Utilizers of Synthesizers),
NASA had many proof writers + readers. Betty Shannons (Wife of Claude Shannon) as well.
Lorinda Cherry (Bell Labs) was specialiced in writing for "printing mathematics".
Little Chess facts:
Little Chess facts:
https://www.chessprogramming.org/Belle
> Worth to note, that Shannon designed Endgame, that could calculate the last 6 Chess moves.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm
Chess Enthusiasts:
John McCarthy plays chess in IBM,
Endgame from Claude & Betty Shannon,
(to calculate the last 6 moves of chess)Belle by Ken Thompson (Bell Labs),
(first for tournaments)Herbert Simon vs Allen Newell.
Source: Computer History Museum, Unix - Brian Kernighan, Wikipedia
Paul Dirac used to be the leader of chess club
Roger Penrose played with his grandmaster brother
Heisenberg, Teller, Bragg, Schrödinger, Planck, Oppenheimer, Einstein, etc.
+ Stephen Hawking with his son. :)
Side Facts:
During Arpanet (first internet 1970ties), the engineer used to send chess moves across the wires.
Ken Thompson wanted the fonts of a chess magazine. They refused, so he had to reverse engineer and recreate the fonts to his little system.
John von Neumann wasn't interested in chess, and responded, that he finds it solved.
Shannon had a bet, that an AI chess engine would beat the chess grandmaster until 2000 (Deepblue obviously demonstrated it)
At MIT they used to play chess in the 50ties in research labs.
1956 Los Alamos Chess, Regard the 6x6 chess board instead of 8x8 of original chess. :)
*The A-search Algorithm is one of the first heuristic AI algorithms, if you could call it such, which was used in Chess by McCarthy.
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse