Kalid Mubarek

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 

WEEK-ONE

TEAM MEETING

The IETP course project group met on  to discuss the project and plan the next steps. The meeting was attended by all the group 29 members, including the advisor. the meeting proved to be productive in terms of Introduction, task assignments, timeline discussion, resource allocation, and planning the next steps. The group members left the meeting with a clear understanding of their responsibilities and a shared vision of achieving the project's goals.


WEEK-TWO

INDIVISUAL PROJECT IDEA PRESENTATION


Food Waste-to-Energy Conversion:

Explore  methods to convert food waste into energy, specially in our compound with  such as anaerobic digestion or thermal conversion technologies. Design a small-scale system that efficiently converts food waste into biogas, biofuels, or electricity, which can be utilized for on-site energy needs or fed back into the grid.

WEEK-THREE

TASK ALLOCATION AND BACKGROUD RESEARCH

 As a mechanical engineering student in this project. I have a certain task allocated based on my discipline, which can contribute in various ways. Here are some key areas where a mechanical engineer's expertise can be valuable:

            1.System Design and Integration:

Designing the prototype, the overall system layout and architecture of the automated irrigation system.

Integrating mechanical components with electronic and control systems for seamless operation.

         2.Mechanical Component Selection:

Choosing appropriate pumps, valves, pipes, and other mechanical components that are efficient and suitable for the irrigation system.

         3.Fluid Dynamics and Hydraulics:

Analysing the flow of water through the irrigation system to optimize efficiency and water distribution.

Calculating pressure requirements and ensuring that the system provides adequate water to each plant or area.

         4.Energy Efficiency:

Designing the system to be energy-efficient, considering the power requirements of pumps and other mechanical components.

Exploring renewable energy sources for powering the system, if applicable.

         5.Materials and Manufacturing:

Selecting materials that are suitable for the environment (corrosion-resistant, weather-resistant, etc.)

Overseeing the manufacturing process to ensure quality and reliability of mechanical components.

         6.Automation Mechanisms:

Designing and implementing mechanical automation mechanisms for valve control, pump activation, and other functions.

Ensuring that these mechanisms are robust and can handle the repetitive tasks associated with automated irrigation.

        7.Testing and Optimization:

Conducting tests to validate the functionality and efficiency of the irrigation system.

Iteratively optimizing the mechanical components based on test results and real-world performance.

        8.Maintenance Considerations:

Designing the system with maintenance in mind, making it easy to access and service mechanical components.

Developing preventive maintenance schedules to extend the system's lifespan.

         9.Regulatory Compliance:

Ensuring that the design and implementation comply with relevant safety and environmental regulations.

Reference                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ________________


WEEK-FOUR

DESIGN OF  IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND ADDITIONAL RESEARCH ON  FLUID DYNAMICS


This week, my focus was on two key components, one of which plays a great role in project implementation. 

                                      * Principals used to determine water distribution 

SEEPAGE IRRIGATION SYSTEM


SPRINKEL IRRIGATION SYSTEM

FIRST DESIGN DRAFT

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

I. Design of Automated irrigation system

In the design part, I tried to focus on the representation of the general project to lead the imagination into a streamline that is consistent throughout the team.  having a single pin point is essential for the project success. In this draft, I focused on the system layout and architecture of the automated irrigation system. There is a lot of detail missing. which will be prepared in coming design drafts untill the final draft. 

Seepage irrigation, also known as flood irrigation, involves the controlled flooding of fields with water. This traditional method relies on gravity to distribute water across the surface of the soil. It is commonly used for crops with high water requirements, such as rice.

Drip irrigation is a precise and efficient method that delivers water directly to the root zone of plants through a network of tubes, pipes, and emitters. This system minimizes water wastage by providing a slow and consistent drip, promoting water absorption and reducing evaporation. Drip irrigation is ideal for water-sensitive crops, conserving resources and allowing for precise control of water delivery.

Sprinkler irrigation involves the distribution of water through a network of pipes and pumps, which is then sprayed over the crops in the form of droplets. This system mimics natural rainfall and is suitable for a wide range of crops

II.  Additional Research on  Fluid Dynamics

he fluid dynamics of an Automated Irrigation System (AIS) involve the movement and control of water within the system. Several key fluid dynamics principles play a role in the efficient operation of such a system:

                                                                                        Pressure and Flow:

Pumps: The water movement in an AIS is often initiated by a pump, which generates pressure to move water through pipes and hoses.

Centrifugal Pump: Commonly used for its simplicity and efficiency.

Submersible Pump: Designed to be submerged in the fluid (typically a well or reservoir).

Diaphragm Pump: Uses a diaphragm to create a vacuum and draw in water.

Piston Pump: Employs reciprocating pistons to move water. Suitable for high-pressure applications.

Gear Pump: Uses rotating gears to move water. Suitable for situations requiring a constant flow rate.

                                                                           Nozzle Designs (Sprinkler Irrigation):                                   

Fixed Spray Nozzle: Emits water in a fixed pattern. Suitable for smaller, well-defined areas.

Rotary Nozzle:  Sprays water in a rotating pattern. Provides better coverage for larger areas.

Impact Nozzle: Emits water through the impact of a hammer on a deflector. Suitable for larger fields and can handle varying water pressures.

Fan Spray Nozzle: Produces a flat, fan-shaped spray pattern. Useful for covering rectangular or square areas.

Pipe Network Components:

PVC Pipes:

Commonly used for main water supply lines. Durable, lightweight, and resistant to corrosion.

Thin-walled tubing used in drip irrigation systems. Often made of polyethylene and designed for precise water delivery.

Valves:

Ball valves, gate valves, and butterfly valves are used to control water flow. Actuated valves can be automated for precise control.

REFERENCE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

WEEK-FIVE

PROPOSAL PREPARATION AND  SECOND DESIGN DRAFT

BILL OF MATERIAL

DESIGN DRATE 2

This week my focus was in preparing the second design draft and participating in making of the proposal for the project.

1. Proposal Preparation

The bill of material (BOM) was the target for week 5, so in the creation of the BOM, we needed to consider key elements, which include providing a comprehensive list of mechanical components for the project. This includes items such as sprinkler heads, pipes, valves, pumps, and filters. Specifying the quantity of each component required based on the size of the irrigation area Identifying potential suppliers or vendors for each component Include their contact information, pricing details, and any special considerations. Providing a cost estimation for each component, including unit prices and the total cost for each item Listing any additional materials required for the assembly and installation of the sprinkler irrigation system, and finally If applicable, suggest alternative components or options that could be considered based on cost, availability, or specific project requirements.


2. SECOND DESIGN DRAFT

We decide on drip irrigation for the project, so I was tasked with providing the second draft and integrating new ideas to the prototype design .

New ideas include filters, water reservoirs, irrigation dam , improved pump , new dimensions. There will be further improvement in coming weeks.


REFERENCE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

WEEK-SIX

PRESSURE REQUIRMENNT

On week six, my target was to have a better understanding of the pressure requirement and calculate the required pressure for an automated irrigation system, which involves considering several factors:

1.Elevation difference: This is the difference in height between the water source and the highest point where water needs to be delivered.

For the real system the elevation difference will be clearly visible and estimated to be around 2 meters. For the prototype the elevation difference will not be clearly visible, which makes it negligible.

2. As water flows through pipes, it experiences friction against the pipe walls, causing a pressure drop.

For the real system the elevation difference will be clearly visible and estimated to be around 2 meters. For the prototype the elevation difference will not be clearly visible, which makes it negligible.

3.Flow rate: The amount of water needed to be delivered per unit time. We need two flow rate  one for the real and one for the prototype.

4. Pipe diameter and length: The size and length of the pipes influence the pressure drop due to friction

5. Type of irrigation system: Drip irrigation system pressure requirements.

Here are the formulas for calculating the pressure requirements:

Additional factors to consider:

Safety factor: It's recommended to add a safety factor of 10-20% to account for unexpected variations in pressure.

Pump performance: The pump selected for the irrigation system should be able to deliver the required flow rate at the calculated pressure.

Pressure regulation: Depending on the system design, pressure regulators may be needed to maintain consistent pressure at different points in the irrigation system.

Software tools: EPANET, SWMM, WaterCAD

REFERENCE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

WEEK-SEVEN

Week 7 focus was on further and more accurate calculation for pressure for small scale drip irrigation.

Analysis Steps:

Measured elevation difference: Use a surveying tool or map to determine the vertical distance between the water source and the highest irrigation point. Calculated friction losses: Based on pipe diameter, length, and flow rate, estimate the pressure drop due to friction using hydraulic formulas or software tools.

Determined minimum emitter pressure: Refer to the manufacturer's specifications for the minimum pressure required for optimal operation of your chosen drip emitters. Added safety factor: Account for unexpected pressure variations by incorporating a safety margin (typically 10-20%) into the final pressure requirement.

Output: Recommended operating pressure: The minimum pressure needed to ensure efficient water delivery throughout the drip irrigation system, considering all factors. Pump selection: Based on the calculated pressure and desired flow rate, choose a suitable pump with sufficient power and capacity.

Benefits of Pressure Requirement Analysis:

Optimizes water use: By ensuring adequate pressure for even distribution, water waste is minimized.

Prevents system damage: Over-pressurization can damage pipes and emitters, while under-pressurization leads to insufficient water delivery.

Improves crop performance: Consistent and efficient irrigation promotes healthy plant growth and yield.


WEEK-EIGHT

Week eight focus was on preparation of application latter to the department and research on efficiency of the automated irrigation system.

Subject 1: Application Letter for Workshop Access

The process of composing an application letter for group 29 IETP requesting access to a departmental workshop. The letter aims to persuade the relevant authorities to grant our team permission to attend the workshop based on qualifications and potential benefits from the Practice.

Subject 2: The efficiency of an automated irrigation system 

Calculating the efficiency of an automated irrigation system involves assessing its water usage compared to its intended purpose and desired outcomes. Key metrics to consider:

1. Water Application Efficiency:

Pre-irrigation and post-irrigation water savings: Compare the water used by the automated system to traditional irrigation methods (manual or timer-based) to quantify savings.

Uniformity coefficient: This measures how evenly water is distributed across the irrigated area. A higher coefficient indicates better efficiency.

2.Crop Yield and Quality:

Crop yield per unit of water: Compare the harvested crop quantity to the total water used by the system. A higher yield per unit water indicates better efficiency.

Crop quality: Monitor fruit/vegetable size, flavour, and marketability to assess the impact of irrigation on overall crop quality.

3. System Efficiency:

Leakage and evaporation losses: Measure and minimize water losses due to leaks or evaporation from pipes, nozzles, or the soil surface.

Sensor accuracy and calibration: Ensure sensors accurately measure soil moisture, precipitation, and other factors to optimize water application.

Pumping energy consumption: Track the energy used by the system's pumps and consider energy-efficient alternatives.

4. Additional Considerations:

Climate and soil conditions: Different climates and soil types require varying irrigation strategies. Adjust calculations and efficiency metrics accordingly.

Crop type and growth stage: Water needs differ based on the specific crop and its 

growth stage. Adapt irrigation schedules for optimal efficiency.

Reference                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

WEEK-NINE


  


This week my focus was on finishing the authorization of the application and starting the preparation ess for manufacturing sheet metal base.

Based on the project prototype, we need a sheet metal base to hold the whole component.When preparing to weld sheet metal, there are several basic steps we should follow to ensure successful and high-quality welds. Here's a guide to help you with the preparation process:

1. Safety Precautions:

   - Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as welding gloves, a welding helmet with a proper shade, long-sleeved clothing, and safety glasses.

   - Ensure you are working in a well-ventilated area or use respiratory protection if necessary.

2. Clean the Metal Surface:

   - Remove any dirt, rust, paint, or coatings from the surface of the sheet metal. Use a wire brush, sandpaper, or a grinder to clean the metal thoroughly.

   - Cleaning the metal helps ensure good weld quality and proper adhesion.

3. Fit-Up and Clamping:

   - Align the sheet metal pieces to be welded to ensure proper fit-up. Use clamps or magnets to hold the pieces securely in place.

   - Proper fit-up helps maintain joint alignment during welding and reduces distortion.

4. Set Up the Welding Equipment:

   - Set up your welding machine according to the recommended settings for welding sheet metal. Consult the equipment manufacturer's guidelines or welding procedure specifications (WPS) for the appropriate parameters.

   - Use a lower heat setting and lower wire feed speed to prevent burn-through and distortion of the thin sheet metal..

5. Welding Technique:

   - Use short, intermittent welds instead of continuous long beads to minimize heat input and reduce the risk of warping or burn-through.  

WEEK-TEN

BEGINNING OF MANUFACTURING

The manufacturing of the prototype base has successfully begun with all necessary resources and personnel in place. The team is prepared to address any challenges that may arise and remains committed to delivering a high-quality product within the planned time frame. This initial stage marks a significant step forward in the development of automated irrigation system.

Progress:


WEEK-ELEVEN

IETP PROJECT ENDS

 Week Eleven was  the successful completion of the fabrication process for a small-scale automated irrigation system prototype. The project aimed to develop a user-friendly and efficient system for watering plants automatically, minimizing water waste and human intervention.

Mechanics:  

Drip irrigation lines and emitters installed for efficient water delivery to individual plants.

System housed in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor protection.

Challenges and Solutions: 

Implementing the water pump controller with the chosen microcontroller required adjustments to power output.

Optimizing the water distribution manifold for even delivery across various pot sizes involved iterative design modifications.

Testing and Results:

The prototype underwent numerous successful test cycles, demonstrating automated watering based on preset schedules and sensor readings.

Data logging functionality effectively tracked soil moisture, temperature, and water usage, allowing for data-driven adjustments to irrigation schedules.

Conclusion:

The successful fabrication of The IETP Project ( automated irrigation system )prototype demonstrates its potential for sustainable and efficient water management in urban gardens and small-scale agriculture. With further testing and development, this project holds promise for revolutionizing plant irrigation practices and reducing water waste.