Malware, or malicious software, is one of the most common threats to computer systems worldwide. It comes in many forms, each with the potential to disrupt operations, steal sensitive information, or cause severe damage to individuals and organizations. Understanding how malware spreads, the harm it can cause, and how to prevent infections is a critical part of cybersecurity. From ransomware to spyware, malware has been responsible for some of the most devastating cyber incidents in history. This lesson provides a detailed overview of malware types, real-world examples, and the steps necessary to secure systems against these threats.
Learning Objectives
I can define malware and describe its impact on computer systems.
I can identify and explain different types of malware, such as viruses, ransomware, and spyware.
I can suggest prevention techniques to reduce the risk of malware infections.
Malware: Malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or disable computers and networks.
Virus: A type of malware that attaches itself to files and spreads when the infected file is executed.
Worm: Malware that self-replicates and spreads across networks without needing a host file.
Ransomware: Malware that encrypts files and demands payment to restore access.
Trojan: Malware disguised as legitimate software, which grants attackers access to a system once installed.
Spyware: Software that secretly collects information about a user, such as passwords or browsing activity.
Adware: Software that delivers unwanted advertisements, often slowing down systems and tracking user behavior.
Rootkit: A type of malware that hides its presence and grants attackers control over a system.
Botnet: A network of infected devices controlled remotely by attackers to perform malicious tasks, such as DDoS attacks.
Keylogger: Malware that records every keystroke made by a user to capture sensitive information like passwords.
Phishing email: A fraudulent email designed to trick recipients into sharing sensitive data or installing malware.
Exploit kit: A toolkit used by attackers to find and exploit vulnerabilities in software or systems.
System patching: The process of updating software to fix vulnerabilities and improve security.
Zombie computer: An infected device that is part of a botnet and controlled by attackers.
Anti-malware software: Tools designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software.
Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain control of systems.
Ransomware encrypts files and demands payment for their release.
Malware spreads through phishing emails, malicious ads, or infected USB drives.
Spyware monitors user activity and can log sensitive information.
Adware forces unwanted pop-up ads, sometimes tracking users for targeted advertising.
Rootkits hide malware to avoid detection and gain system control.
Botnets use infected devices (zombie computers) to perform large-scale attacks.
Malware attacks can paralyze systems, corrupt files, or steal financial data.
Anti-malware tools and system updates (patching) help prevent infections.
Real-life case studies, like the WannaCry ransomware attack, highlight malware's devastating effects.
What is Malware?
Malware is any software designed to harm or exploit computer systems. Its impact can range from minor annoyances, such as pop-up ads, to severe damage, like encrypting entire systems or stealing sensitive data.
Impacts of Malware:
System Impacts:
Deleting files or corrupting the operating system.
Encrypting files (e.g., ransomware).
Stealing sensitive information (e.g., banking details via trojans).
Zombie Computers:
Infected devices can become part of a botnet used for attacks like DDoS or spamming.
Methods of Infection:
Malware can spread through:
Phishing emails with malicious attachments or links.
Malicious advertisements (malvertising).
Exploit kits that take advantage of system vulnerabilities.
USB drives infected with malicious code.
Real-Life Example:
In 2017, the WannaCry ransomware attack affected systems globally, including the UK's NHS, paralyzing hospitals and critical services by encrypting data and demanding payment in Bitcoin.
Detailed Malware Types:
Spyware: Tracks keystrokes and captures user activity. Example: Keyloggers steal login credentials.
Adware: Forces pop-up ads, often slowing down systems. Some adware also tracks users for targeted advertising.
Rootkits: Hide malware or allow attackers to gain system-level control, making them hard to detect.
Prevention Techniques:
Use anti-malware software to detect and remove malicious programs.
Regularly update operating systems to patch vulnerabilities.
Avoid clicking on suspicious links or downloading files from unknown sources.
The video dives into the world of malware, discussing the threats posed by spyware, ransomware, and more. It highlights practical tips for preventing malware infections and keeping systems secure.
Copy the definitions for all malware types (spyware, ransomware, etc.) into a table that clearly shows what type they are, how they attack, the system impacts, and how they can be prevented.
Summarize the WannaCry case study, focusing on its effects and how it spread.
What is the main purpose of ransomware?
Name three methods malware uses to infect systems.
What was the impact of the WannaCry ransomware attack on the NHS?
Explain the term "spyware" and describe how it can be used to steal information. (4 marks)
Describe two methods malware uses to infect systems and suggest how to prevent these infections. (6 marks)
Individual Activity: Research the WannaCry attack. Write a short paragraph explaining how it worked and its global impact.
Pair Activity: Create a flowchart showing how malware spreads (e.g., phishing email → download → infection).
Group Activity: Debate which malware type (e.g., ransomware, spyware) poses the greatest threat and why.