L1: Architecture of the CPU

This lesson introduces the architecture of the CPU, the central component of every computer system. We will examine its key components, including the ALU, Control Unit, Registers, and the concept of the Von Neumann architecture. Understanding these elements is essential for grasping how the CPU processes data and executes instructions.

Learning Objectives

I can identify and describe the key components of the CPU (ALU, Control Unit, Cache, Registers).
I can explain how these components work together to process instructions.
I can understand the structure and purpose of the Von Neumann architecture.
I can explain how the CPU uses memory to store data and instructions.

Key Terminology

CPU (Central Processing Unit): The main part of the computer that processes data and executes instructions.
Von Neumann Architecture: A system where data and instructions share the same memory and are processed sequentially.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.
Control Unit: Directs the flow of data and instructions within the CPU.
Registers: Small, fast storage areas inside the CPU for temporary data and instruction storage.
Cache: High-speed memory in the CPU for storing frequently accessed instructions and data.
Program Counter (PC): A register that tracks the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
Memory Address Register (MAR): Holds the memory address of data or instructions being accessed.
Memory Data Register (MDR): Temporarily stores data fetched from or written to memory.
Bus: A communication pathway that allows data to move between the CPU, memory, and other components.

Image shows a representation of the Von Neumann architecture.

Key Ideas

The CPU consists of three main components:
- ALU: Handles arithmetic and logical operations.
- Control Unit: Directs data flow and coordinates the CPU’s activities.
- Registers: Store temporary data needed for processing.
The Von Neumann architecture describes how data and instructions are stored in the same memory and processed one at a time.
The CPU communicates with memory and other components via buses:
- Data Bus: Transfers data between the CPU and memory.
- Address Bus: Carries memory addresses from the CPU to memory.
- Control Bus: Sends control signals, such as read or write operations.
Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently accessed data close to the CPU.
The Program Counter (PC), MAR, and MDR are essential for managing the flow of instructions and data.

CPU Components & their Function

The video explains the roles of the ALU, Control Unit, Registers, and Cache in the CPU.

Von Neumann Architecture

The video describes the Von Neumann architecture and its impact on how data and instructions are stored and processed.

Lesson Flashcards

Guided Note-Taking

Create a comprehensive set of notes in three parts:

Part 1: Draw and label a diagram of the CPU, including the ALU, Control Unit, Registers, Cache - use the diagram in the first video as your guide. Annotate the diagram with descriptions of each component’s role.

Part 2: Work in pairs to create a comprehensive explaination of the Von Neumann architecture. Your slide should have the following sections. Use the video and online research to complete the task.

Definition – Explain that it is a computer architecture model. Explain what a computer model is.
Stored Program Concept – Describe how instructions and data are stored in the same memory.
Key Components – Using a table, explain the role of the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Registers (e.g., Program Counter, MAR, MDR, Accumulator), Memory (RAM), Buses (Data Bus, Address Bus, Control Bus), and Input/Output (I/O) devices in the Von Neumann architecture.
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle – Briefly explain how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed. You should have a sentence to introduce the FDE Cycle and a sentence for each step. Include the correct registers in each step.
Impact – State why it is important (e.g., used in most modern computers).

Comprehension Questions

What are the three main components of the CPU?
What does the ALU do?
Explain the concept of the Von Neumann architecture.
What is the purpose of the Program Counter?
How does the CPU use the MAR and MDR during processing?

Activities

Von Neumann Debate: In small groups, discuss the advantages and limitations of the Von Neumann architecture and share your findings with the class.

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