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Computers rely on memory to store and retrieve data quickly. Two primary types of memory, RAM and ROM, play essential roles in a system's operation. RAM provides temporary storage for active processes, while ROM contains essential startup instructions. Understanding their differences helps explain how computers function efficiently.
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, I can:
Understand the need for primary storage.
Know the difference between RAM and ROM.
Explain the purpose of ROM.
Explain the purpose of RAM.
Key Terms
Key Terms
Primary Storage - The main memory of the computer used for immediate access.
RAM (Random Access Memory) - Volatile memory used for temporary data storage while programs run.
ROM (Read-Only Memory) - Non-volatile memory that stores essential startup instructions.
Volatile Memory - Memory that loses its contents when power is lost.
Non-Volatile Memory - Memory that retains its contents even when power is off.
Firmware - Permanent software stored in ROM that helps a computer start up.
Boot Process - The sequence of events a computer follows when turning on.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) - A ROM-based system that initializes hardware before the operating system loads.
Cache Memory - A small amount of high-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data.
Memory Addressing - The way data locations are identified in RAM.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) - A type of ROM that can be reprogrammed electrically.
Key Ideas
Key Ideas
Computers need primary storage to store and retrieve data quickly while performing tasks. RAM acts as a workspace where the CPU processes active programs and data, making it crucial for system performance. However, RAM is volatile, meaning all stored data is lost when the computer turns off.
In contrast, ROM stores essential instructions, such as the firmware needed for a computer to boot up. It is non-volatile, meaning it retains data even when power is lost. Without ROM, a computer wouldn’t know how to start, while without RAM, it wouldn’t be able to multitask efficiently. The BIOS, stored in ROM, is responsible for initializing hardware components and launching the operating system.
RAM is designed to handle multiple tasks at once, making it essential for modern computing. ROM, however, ensures that vital instructions remain intact, ensuring the system boots correctly every time it is powered on.
Tips & Mistakes to Avoid
Tips & Mistakes to Avoid
✅ RAM is faster than secondary storage and crucial for multitasking.
🚫 Mistake: Thinking ROM can be used for general data storage—ROM is read-only.
Video: The need for primary storage
Video: The need for primary storage
Video: RAM vs ROM
Video: RAM vs ROM
Remember to add to your notes when the blue icon appears on the screen.
Case Study
Case Study
Apollo Guidance Computer
During the Apollo space missions, NASA relied on core rope memory, a type of ROM, to store essential flight control programs. Unlike modern RAM, this memory was hardwired and could not be altered once programmed. The guidance system had to be extremely reliable since astronauts depended on pre-stored instructions to navigate to and from the Moon.
The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was one of the first digital computers used for spaceflight. It allowed astronauts to execute complex navigation calculations mid-mission using pre-loaded software stored in ROM. The use of core rope memory made the system highly reliable, as data could not be changed accidentally. The AGC demonstrated how ROM plays a critical role in systems where data integrity is essential, such as spacecraft, medical devices, and embedded systems.
RED TASKS
RED TASKS
Use your workbook to complete the red tasks for this lesson. Everything you need is on the lesson webpage—only do online research if specifically told to.
Title Slide
Add a new section titled L1 - RAM and ROM.
Choose an image/icon that represents memory storage.
Key Terms & Definitions
Define the following terms clearly and in your own words: RAM, ROM, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, firmware, BIOS, memory addressing, and EEPROM.
Comparison Table
Create a detailed comparison table listing at least six key differences between RAM and ROM.
Include aspects like volatility, purpose, speed, and ability to be written to.
Ensure the table is well-organized and easy to revise from.
Diagrams
Create two labelled diagrams/flowcharts:
The first shows how RAM functions in an active computer system:
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is connected to RAM (Random Access Memory).
Arrows show that data moves between the CPU and RAM only while the computer is running.
RAM temporarily stores open programs, files, and data being used.
RAM is volatile, meaning it loses all data when the computer is turned off.
The second shows that ROM stores essential boot instructions:
The CPU is connected to ROM (Read-Only Memory).
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or firmware is stored in ROM.
When the computer is turned on, the ROM runs the Power-On Self-Test (POST) to check hardware.
ROM then loads the operating system (OS) into RAM so the computer can start.
ROM is non-volatile, meaning it keeps data even when the power is off.
Ensure labels are clear and concise.
5. Video Notes
Watch the two videos and add to your notes whenever you see the blue NOTES icon on-screen. Seperate your notes for each video into different slides.
6. Case Study Application
Summarize the Apollo Guidance Computer case study in at least one full slide.
Research another real-world example of ROM usage (e.g., gaming consoles, medical devices, or embedded automotive systems) and explain its significance.
✅ Before you finish:
Check that your slides are clear, well-organized, and complete.
Ensure that your answers are based on the lesson webpage (unless directed otherwise).
Exam-style questions must be fully answered in a markable format.
Label all diagrams and tables correctly.
Submit your completed slides for review.
- Exam-Style Questions
Explain two reasons why a computer needs both RAM and ROM. (4 marks)
Evaluate the impact of using EEPROM instead of traditional ROM in modern embedded systems. (6 marks)
Describe the differences between RAM and ROM in terms of volatility, purpose, and ability to be written to. (3 marks)
Explain how the BIOS stored in ROM helps a computer start up. (4 marks)
Discuss how RAM affects a computer's performance and ability to multitask. (5 marks)
- Real-World Reflection
Research and summarize where ROM is commonly used outside of computers (e.g., industrial machines, security systems, or consumer electronics).
Answer this structured question: If you were designing a new smartphone, what type of memory would you prioritize for speed and reliability? Justify your choice.
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