1 Introduction

Hittites do not appear in ancient Greek folklores.

By the time the ancient Greeks began writing history, the Hittites had already been forgotten.

However, many ancient Greeks appear in Hittite texts.

It is extremely difficult to find the true history of ancient Greek folklore, which has passed through the hands of many people.

The contents of the Hittite texts are true and convey the history of that time to the present.

Here I will describe the Greek names of the following individuals recorded in Hittite texts and their genealogies.

Attarisiya, Atpa, Kupanta-Kurunta, Uhha-Ziti, Piyama-Kurunta, Tapalazunauli, Manapa-Tarhunta, Masturi, Piyama-Radu, Tawagalawa, Kukkunni, Alaksandu, Walmu.

2 About Attarisiya

2.1 Attarisiya in Hittite texts

Attarisiya (or Attarsiya) was the oldest Greek recorded in the Hittites.

Recorded in the Hittite text, the Indictment of Madduwatta (CTH 147).

Attarisiya was the general of Ahhiyawa.

In 1400 BC, Attarisiya attacked Madduwatta and captured his territory. [1]

In 1385 BC, Attarisiya and Madduwatta attacked Alasiya (Cyprus). [2]

2.2 Greek name of Attarisiya

Attarisiya is presumed to be the following character who appears in ancient Greek folklore.

He is Ancaeus, son of Astypalaea, daughter of Phoenix, son of Agenor.

Ancaeus was born in 1424 BC.

Ancaeus was related to Miletus, Cyprus, and Cydonia (in Crete), and had a genealogical link to Atreus of Mycenae.

2.3 Relationship with Ancaeus and Miletus

In 1425 BC, Phoenix's daughter Astypalaea, who was among the Cadmus emigrants, married Acmon (or Celmis, Damnameneus, Ideaan Heracles) from Aptera in northwest Crete. [3]

Acmon, with his four brothers, emigrated from Crete to Cheronesus on the other side of the Rhodes, drove out the Carians, and founded five towns. [4]

135 years before Acmon, Cyrnus, who was among the emigrants of Xanthus, son of Triopas, had founded Cyrnus in Cheronesus on the other side of the Rhodes. [5]

Ten years after Acmon's settlement, Triopas, son of Erysichthon from Rhodos, founded Triopion on the Cnidus peninsula opposite Rhodes. [6]

Ancaeus, son of Acmon and Astypalaea, became king of the Leleges. [7]

Leleges was the name given to mixed-race people who did not belong to any particular tribe. [8]

In other words, the people under Ancaeus' rule were Greeks who co-inhabited the Carians and were of mixed blood. [9]

Ancaeus married Samia, who lived near the mouth of the Maeander River. [10]

Samia was the daughter of Carian, who ruled near Miletus, and it is assumed that she was a prisoner of war.

Ancaeus became king of the Leleges, ruling over the Greeks and Carians living in the area from Cheronesus to Miletus. [11]

In ancient times, Miletus was called Lelegeis and was the residence of the Leleges. [12]

By the time of the Trojan War, Leleges settlements had extended to Troas. [13]

2.4 Relationship with Ancaeus and Cyprus

In 1438 BC, iron was discovered by chance during a forest fire on Mount Ida in Crete. [14]

The discoverers were Celmis and Damnameneus. [15]

They lived in the Aptera of Berecynthus and were called the Ideaan Dactyls. [16]

Later, Celmis and Damnameneus also discovered iron in Cyprus. [17]

Celmis and Damnameneus were the uncles of Acmon, father of Ancaeus. [18]

2.5 Relationship with Ancaeus and Cydonia

In 1425 BC, Astypalaea's sister Europa, who was in the Cadmus emigrants with Ancaeus' mother Astypalaea, married Cydon, son of Tegeates, who lived in Cydonia near Aptera. [19]

Cydon migrated from Tegea in Arcadia to Crete and founded Cydonia in 1430 BC. [20]

Cardys, the son of Cydon, lived in Cydonia and married a daughter of Acmon, and had a son, Clymenus. [21]

Cardys and the daughter of Acmon were cousins, having a common grandfather, Phoenix, son of Agenor.

Ancaeus and Cardys were also stepbrothers and cousins.

When the Acmon brothers migrated from Aptera in Crete to the Chersonese, many Arcadians from Cydonia near Aptera also joined the immigrant group.

2.6 Relationship with Ancaeus and Atreus

The father of Tantalus, father of Pelops, father of Atreus, is presumed to be Clymenus, the son of Cardys and the daughter of Acmon. [22]

In other words, Atreus and Ancaeus were homologs with Acmon (Idaean Heracles) as their common ancestor.

2.7 Genealogy of Ancaeus

Ancaeus' father, Acmon, was an Idaean Dactyl and a race of Telchines. [23]

The Telchines traced their ancestry back to Telchin, the third king of Aegialeia (later Sicyon).

In 1690 BC, the Telchines lost a battle with Apis of Argos and migrated to Crete, led by Telchin's son Cres. [24]

Telchin's father Aegialeus was the son of Inachus, the founder of Argos, and brother of Phoroneus. [25]

Astypalaea, mother of Ancaeus, was the daughter of Phoenix, son of Agenor, brother of Belus, father of Danaus of Argos. [26]

2.8 Military action against Cyprus

According to Hittite Texts, Attarisiya went on an expedition to Alashiya (Cyprus), and events that seem to be related to it are recorded in ancient Greek historical sources.

In 1410 BC, Sandocus, son of Astynous, migrated from Tyre in Phoenicia to Cilicia and founded Celenderis. [27]

Astynous was the son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, daughter of Cecrops, first king of Athens. [28]

Searching for a place to settle with Sandocus, Pygmalion founded Carpasia in the northeastern part of Cyprus. [29]

In 1390 BC, Cinyras, son of Sandocus, migrated from Celenderis in Cilicia to the southwest coast of Cyprus and founded Palaepaphos. [30]

These migrations are presumed to be related to Attarisiya's military operations.

Phoenix, the father of Astypalaea, mother of Ancaeus, was king of Tyre in Phoenix. [31]

Phoenix's wife Perimede appears to have been a descendant of Cecrops' daughter Herse, and Sandocus and Astypalaea were first cousins or second cousins.

Thus Ancaeus (Attarisiya) and Cinyras, son of Sandocus, who migrated from Cilicia to Cyprus, were related.

The migration of Cinyras is presumed to be the result of Attarisiya's military campaign against Cyprus.

3 About Atpa

3.1 Atpa in Hittite Texts

A group of Lazpa (Lesbos) artisans defected to Atpa in Millawanda. [32]

Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira negotiated with Atpa regarding the return of the artisan group. [33]

Atpa's wife was Piyama-Radu's daughter. [34]

3.2 Cleochus, grandson of Ancaeus (Attarisiya)

Ancaeus had four sons, Perilaus, Enudus, Samus, and Alitherses, and a daughter, Parthenope. [35]

The sons of Ancaeus expanded the territory of the Leleges by moving to Samos and Chios. [36]

There was also a son who inherited Miletus from Ancaeus.

In 1294 BC, Miletus, the son of Aria, migrated from Crete to Asia Minor and founded the city of Miletus. [37]

Before the town was called Miletus, it was called Anactria. [38]

The kings of Anactoria were Anax and his son Asterius. [39]

It is assumed that Anax was the son who succeeded Ancaeus.

In 1318 BC, the Hittite king Mursili II attacked and captured Millawanda (Miletus). [40]

The cause of this battle was King Ahhiuwa's alliance with Uhha-Ziti. [41]

Mursili II's chronicle states that King Ahhiuwa was in Millawanda. [42]

This King Ahhiuwa appears to be Cleochus of Miletus. [43]

Ahiuwa is identified with the Achaeans, and Miletus is presumed to have been their center.

Asterius, son of Anax, fled to an island near the island of Lade, which lies before Miletus, and died. [44]

Also, Cleochus, believed to be the son of Anax, joined Uhha-Ziti's army. Cleochus was then defeated in a battle with Mursili II and taken prisoner by the Hittite forces along with Uhha-Ziti's son Piyama-Kurunta. [45]

Cleochus' future fate is unknown, but he was buried in the Didymaeum near Miletus. [46]

3.3 Miletus, grandson of Cleochus

Cleochus' daughter Aria fled to Crete with her son Miletus. [47]

In 1294 BC, Miletus, son of Aria, with the help of Minos' brother Sarpedon, migrated from Crete to Asia Minor and restored his grandfather's former territory. [48]

Sarpedon then moved to Milyas (later Lycia). [49]

The Greek name of Atpa is presumed to be Miletus, the grandson of Cleochus. [50]

3.4 Controlled territories of Miletus (Atpa)

Ancaeus, son of Miletus, resided on Samos. [51]

Eurypylus, son of Miletus, resided on Cos. [52]

Thus, Atpa ruled not only Caria centered on Miletus, but also the islands of the Aegean Sea between Samos and Cos.

3.5 Successor to Atpa

The son who succeeded Miletus (Atpa) is presumed to be the Ahhiyawa king appearing in the Tawagalawa letter (CTH 181).

Internal strife erupted in the Hittite Empire, leading to a battle between Mursili III and his uncle (later Hattusili III), in which Mursili III was defeated. [53]

In this battle, Wilusa (Troy), Millawanda (Miletus), and Ahhiyawa (the Achaeans) supported Mursili III. After the battle, Wilusa and Millawanda, previously subordinate to the Hittites, gained independence. [54]

Laomedon of the independent Wilusa, seeking to improve relations with Millawanda, married his daughter Hesione to the son of Atpa of Miletus. [55]

Later, during the reign of Atpa's son, Millawanda was attacked by the Hittites and became a Hittite vassal state. After Atpa's son was defeated in battle against the Hittites, he was pardoned by the Hittites and continued to rule Millawanda.[56]

Although Atpa himself had been hostile to the Hittites, it is thought that his son was pardoned because he had married Laomedon's daughter Hesione.

3.6 Hesione's Husband

The name of the son who succeeded Atpa is unknown.

Hesione had a son named Trambelus, who ruled Miletus during the Trojan War era. [57]

One tradition states that the king of Miletus when Hesione bore her son Trambelus was Arion. [58]

Furthermore, the tradition of the Trojan expedition features the two sons of Nomion of Miletus, Nastes and Amphimachus. [59]

The story of the Argonauts' expedition features Erginus, son of Astypalaea, from Miletus. [60]

Thus, Hesione's husband is presumed to be one of Arion, Nomion, or Erginus.

3.7 Caunos (Tawagalawa), son of Miletus

Miletus (Atpa) also had a son named Caunos.[61]

In 1260 BC, Caunos migrated from Miletus to Caria, near Lycia, and founded Caunus. [62]

It is said the Leleges lived there at the time, and Caunos was their leader. [Parthe.11]

Trambelus, son of Caunos's half-brother, was king of the Leleges residing in Miletus. [63]

The region where Caunos was founded was the same region where Caunos' ancestor Acmon (Idaean Heracles) had migrated from Crete and lived alongside the Carians.

The Greek name for Tawagalawa, the brother of the Ahhiyawa king appearing in the Tawagalawa letter, is thought to be Caunos.

The inhabitants of Lukka (Lycia), a Hittite vassal state attacked by Piyama-Radu, fled to Tawagalawa. [63-1]

At that time, Millawanda (Miletus) was a Hittite vassal state, and Caunos was also aligned with the Hittites.

4 About Kupanta-Kurunta

4.1 Kupanta-Kurunta in Hittite texts

According to Hittite texts, Kupanta-Kurunta of Arzawa invaded Hittite territory and was defeated by Tudhaliya I and Arnuwanda I. [64]

Kupanta-Kurunta then attacked Madduwatta, captured and plundered its territory. [65]

Tudhaliya I sent General Piseni to recover the territory of Madduwatta. [66]

4.2 Greek name of Kupanta-Kurunta

Kupanta-Kurunta was the first king of Arzawa. [67]

Since the time of Hattusili I in the 17th century BC, there has been a region called Arzawa. [68]

It is likely that the original inhabitants of Arzawa were not Greeks and did not have a strong leader.

In 1390 BC, the Pelasgians living in Thessaly were chased by the sons of Deucalion and migrated elsewhere. [69]

Among them, Manes, believed to be the son of Silenus, migrated to Maeonia in Lydia. [70]

The Pelasgians, led by Manes, cohabited with the natives, and Manes became king of Arzawa.

Kupanta-Kurunta, the first king of Arzawa, is presumed to be the same person as Manes, since he lived in the same period and region.

4.3 Successor of Kupanta-Kurunta

Kupanta-Kurunta's daughter married Madduwatta. [71]

Madduwatta is presumed to be Carian.

The next king of Arzawa after Kupanta-Kurunta was Tarhuntaradu. [72]

If I draw up a genealogy, there is a gap of one generation between Kupanta-Kurunta and Tarhuntaradu.

It is believed that Kupanta-Kurunta was succeeded by Madduwatta, who was succeeded by Tarhuntaradu who is presumed to be son of Madduwatta.

4.4 Tarhuntaradu

Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt's 18th Dynasty sought to marry his daughter to Tarhuntaradu. While it remains unclear whether this marriage was ultimately consummated, it is a fact that there was interaction between the two. [73]

In ancient Greek tradition, there is no mention of Manes' son-in-law or his daughter's son, and the Greek names of Madduwatta and Tarhuntaradu are unknown.

4.4.1 Tarhuntaradu and Perseus

During the reign of Tarhuntaradu, Arzawa reached its peak, penetrating deep into Hittite territory and occupying Tuwanuwa (Tyana), about 240 km south of Hattusa. [73-1]

At about the same time, Perseus, the son of Danae, who had left Argos, went on an expedition to Iconium (Konya) in Lycaonia. [73-2]

Iconium is located about 185 km west of Tuwanuwa.

Perseus appears to have just come of age at this time, and to have taken part in the expedition of Tarhuntaradu, king of Arzawa, with the army of Ahhiyawa.

The temple within the fortress of Mycenae, founded by Perseus, housed a scarab belonging to Tiye, wife of Amenhotep III. [73-3]

This scarab was likely given to Perseus by Tarhuntaradu, who had ties to Amenhotep III, and Perseus is presumed to have placed it in the temple.

4.5 Anzapahhadu

Tarhuntaradu was succeeded by Anzapahhadu. [74]

Anzapahhadu was the same generation as Tarhuntaradu, and is probably Tarhuntaradu's younger brother.

In 1344 BC, Anzapahadu defeated the Hittite army led by Tuthaliya III's general Himuili. [75]

Afterwards, the Arzawa army led by Anzapahhadu was defeated and annihilated by the Hittite army led by Suppiluliuma I. [76]

It is likely that Anzapahadu was also killed in battle.

4.6 Maskhuiluwa

Anzapahhadu was succeeded by Maskhuiluwa, son of Tarhuntaradu. [77]

In 1322 BC, Maskhuiluwa was exiled to Uhha-Ziti and went into exile to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I, where he married his daughter Muwatti. [78]

Later, when Arzawa was captured by the Hittites and divided into three vassals, Maskhuiluwa became king of Mira. [79]

4.7 Descendants of Kupanta-Kurunta

Manes (Kupanta-Kurunta) had a son, Cotys, but he does not appear as king of Arzawa. [80]

Cotys was succeeded by his son Atys. [81]

During the time of the sons of Atys, a war broke out between Uhha-Ziti and the Hittites, and most of the descendants of Manes emigrated elsewhere.

In 1300 BC, the people of Arzawa, led by Tyrhenus, son of Atys, migrated to the Italian peninsula. [82]

It is assumed that Tyrrhenus did not emigrate directly from Lydia to Italy, but lived in Lemnos for 18 years.

Tyrrhenus was Pelasgian, but most of the people of Arzawa spoke the Luwian language. [83]

Alternatively, the Pelasgians may have also come to speak the Luwian language during the 90 years between their migration from Thessaly to Maeonia and their migration to the Italian peninsula.

The Pelasgians, who had migrated from Thessaly in 1390 BC and settled on the Italian peninsula, could not communicate with the people who had migrated alongside Tyrrhenus. [84]

5 About Uhha-Ziti

5.1 Uhha-Ziti in Hittite texts

Uhha-Ziti was the last king of Arzawa before it became a Hittite vassal state. [85]

Uhha-Ziti had two sons named Piyama-Kurunta and Tapalazunauli.

Uhha-Ziti deposed Maskhuiluwa, who succeeded Arzawa king Tarhuntaradu. [86]

Maskhuiluwa defected to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I and married his daughter Muwatti. [87]

In 1318 BC, Uhha-Ziti was attacked by the Hittite army and resisted using Apasas (Ephesus), the capital of Arzawa, but he died of illness. [88]

Piyama-Kurunta was taken prisoner by the Hittites and taken to Hattusa. [89]

Tapalazunauli was besieged by Hittite forces, but escaped from the siege. [90]

5.2 Greek names of Uhha-Ziti and his sons

Based on Uhha-Ziti's behavior and age, it is assumed that Uhha-Ziti's Greek name was Tantalus, the father of Pelops.

The Greek name of Piyama-Kurunta is thought to be Broteas, son of Tantalus, and the Greek name of Tapalazunauli is thought to be Pelops. [91]

5.3 Genealogy of Tantalus

Tantalus is presumed to be the son of Clymenus, grandson of Acmon (Idaean Heracles). [92]

As mentioned above, the Greek name of Attarisiya was Ancaeus, son of Acmon and Astypalaea, daughter of Phoenix.

So Tantalus was the son of Clymenus, the nephew of Attarisiya, a Greek who fought against the Hittites for the first time.

5.4 First residence of Tantalus

Tantalus lived in Berecyntian land near Mount Ida in the northwest Anatolia Peninsula. [93]

Tantalus ruled over such vast lands that it took ten days to travel from one end to the other to sow seeds in his fields. [94]

Tantalus fled to Pessinus, near the source of the river Sangarius in Phrygia, pursued by Ilus, son of Tros of Troy. [95]

Tantalus may have ruled over a wide area from Mount Ida to Pessinus.

5.5 Emigration to Lydia

Pessinus was located just to the west of Gordium and adjoined Hittite-held territory.

Ilus, the son of Tros, attacked Tantalus who was in Pessinus. [96]

After being defeated in battle, Tantalus moved to Lydia near Mount Sipylus. [97]

5.6 Seize control of Arzawa

The region where Tantalus migrated was under the control of Arzawa.

At that time, the king of Arzawa was Maskhuiluwa, son of Tarhuntaradu, who succeeded Anzapahhadu. [98]

Tantalus amassed great wealth by mining gold from deposits around Mount Sipylus. [99]

It is assumed that Idaean Dactyls, who were engaged in mining around Mount Ida, also participated in Tantalus' migration to Lydia.

Tantalus, with his wealth and the support of the Maeonians, whose leaders were descendants of Manes, whose common ancestor was Inachus of Argos, ousted Maskhuiluwa and became king of Arzawa.

5.7 Battle against Hittite

5.7.1 Cause of War

Maskhuiluwa, expelled from Arzawa, sought refuge with the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I and married his daughter Muwatti.[100]

Suppiluliuma I and his successor Arnuwanda II both died of plague, preventing the Hittites from immediately launching military action against Arzawa.

Mursili II, who succeeded Arnuwanda II, fought against Arzawa in the third year of his reign.[101]

The conflict began when people from Attarimma, Huwarsanassa, and Suruda fled to Arzawa, prompting Mursili II to demand their extradition from Tantalus (Uhha-Ziti).[102]

5.7.2 Hittite Attack

Because Tantalus refused to hand them over, Mursili II marched toward Apasa (Ephesus), which served as Tantalus's stronghold.

Tantalus likely used Apasa as his base because a major earthquake had made the area near Mount Sipylus uninhabitable. Strabo records that during Tantalus's reign as king, an earthquake occurred that caused Mount Sipylus to collapse. [103]

Tantalus sent Broteas (Piyama-Kurunta) to intercept the Hittite army, but Broteas was defeated in battle. [104]

Before the Hittite army reached Apasa, Tantalus fell ill and fled to a nearby island. [105]

5.7.3 Outcome of the Battle

In 1318 BC, Tantalus died after his illness worsened. [106]

Tantalus' son Pelops (Tapalazunauli) crossed from the island to the mainland and fought against Mursili II's army, but was defeated and besieged. Pelops managed to escape the siege, but his wife and sons were taken captive. [106-1]

Broteas (Piyama-Kurunta) crossed from the island to the mainland to negotiate with Mursili II but was sent to Hattusa. [106-2]

The statue of the Mother of the Gods made by Broteas was on a rock near Mount Sipylus in Lydia. [106-3]

Broteas may also have had a son named Tantalus. It is said that a container holding Tantalus's remains was kept in Argos. [106-4]

5.7.4 Final Land of Tantalus

From the following, it is estimated that the island Tantalus last used as a base was Samos.

1) Ancaeus (Attarisiya), the brother of Tantalus' grandmother, was king of the Leleges. [106-5]

Samos was an island of the Leleges. [106-6]

2) Samos was near Apasa, where Tantalus established his stronghold.

3) Samos had a large enough population to support owning 1,000 slaves. [106-7]

4) After the death of Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, his daughter Admete fled to Samos. [106-8]

Admete was the daughter of Eurystheus, son of Nicippe, daughter of Pelops, son of Tantalus. [106-9]

5.8 Emigration of Pelops to Greece

Later, Pelops crossed from Asia Minor to Peloponnesus. At that time, Pelops was with his son Chrysippus. [108]

Pelops is thought to have been in Asia Minor for about three years after the battle with Mursili II, hoping to regain his lost ground, but gave up his hopes and went to Peloponnesus.

Near Thebe, southeast of Mount Ida, was the large tomb of Cillus, the charioteer of Pelops, who was the ruler of that region. [108-1]

The Pelops' sphere of activity seems to have extended into the region.

6 About Manapa-Tarhunta

6.1 Manapa-Tarhunta in Hittite texts

Muwa-Walwis, king of Seha River Land, a region of Arzawa, died and was succeeded by his son Manapa-Tarhunta. [109]

Manapa-Tarhunta was expelled from Seha by his brothers and fled to Karkiya (Caria), but the people of Seha revolted and recalled Manapa-Tarhunta.

When Uhha-Ziti revolted against the Hittites, Manapa-Tarhunta supported him. [110]

Uhha-Ziti lost the battle to Mursili II, and Arzawa became a Hittite vassal state and was divided into three parts. [111]

One of them, Seha River Land, was given to Manapa-Tarhunta. Manapa-Tarhunta had sided with Uhha-Ziti, but Mursili II forgave him. [112]

When Piyama-Radu attacked Troy, Manapa-Tarhunta joined Troy. However, he failed to oust Piyama-Radu. [113]

Afterwards, Piyama-Radu attacked Lazpa (Lesbos). There were Manapa-Tarhunta's men on the island, but they joined Piyama-Radu's army. [114]

6.2 Greek name of Manapa-Tarhunta

The grandfather of Manapa-Tarhunta's father, Muwa-Walwis, is thought to have been Kupanta-Kurunta (Manes), the first king of Arzawa, or the Pelasgians who migrated with Manes from Thessaly to the other side of Lesbos. [115]

Manapa-Tarhunta was succeeded by Masturi, who was exiled to Tarhunta-Radu. Descendants of Manapa-Tarhunta then ruled the Seha River Land. [116]

During the Trojan War, in the valley of the Hermus River between Troas and Lydia, there was a large tribe led by the two sons of Lethus, Hippothous and Pylaeus. [117]

Comparing the ages, Lethus is presumed to be the grandson of Manapa-Tarhunta, who succeeded Masturi.

If Masturi is the son of Manapa-Tarhunta, then Masturi's Greek name would be Teutamus. [118]

The Greek name of Manapa-Tarhunta is Mitraeus, Lethus' grandfather. [119]

However, this Mitraeus is reported only by the historian Cephalion as the father of Teutamus, king of Assyria, and may not be correct.

6.3 Wife of Masturi

The wife of Masturi (Teutamus) was Massanauzzi (or Matanaza), daughter of Mursili II and Gassulawiya, and was a Hittite. [120] The historian Cephalion describes Teutamus as the 26th king of Assyria from Ninyas, son of Semiramis. [121]

Ancient Greek historians who were unaware of the existence of Hittite seem to have considered Hittite to be the same as Assyria.

6.4 Center of Seha River Land

It is also possible to consider the Seha River not as the Hermus River, but as the Caicus River flowing near Pergamon, and place the center of the Seha River Land in Mysia of Pergamene.

In that case, the territory of the Seha River Land would include as far as Mysia of Olympene near the Propontis Sea. [122]

Both the Mysians of the Caicus River and the Pelasgians of the Hermus River were tribes that settled in Asia Minor from Argos via Thessaly.

The former migrated to Asia Minor by land from Thessaly, and the latter by sea via Lesbos. [123]

The former expanded their settlements from around Mount Olympus to Mysia of Pergamene.

The former population became the Arcadians, who had migrated some time before the Trojan War, and the latter, the Aeolis, who had migrated after the Trojan War.

The latter was a much larger tribe than the former. [124]

Therefore, it is assumed that the center of Manapa-Tarhunta's control was the Hermus River basin.

7 About Piyama-Radu

7.1 Piyama-Radu in Hittite texts

Piyama-Radu appears in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter (CTH 191), Tawagalawa letter (CTH 181), and Milawata letter (CTH 182) as a person who resisted the Hittites.

7.2 Genealogy of Piyama-Radu

It is only known that Piyama-Radu had a brother Lahurzi and a daughter who married Atpa of Millawanda.

If I am correct in my assumption that Atpa's Greek name is Miletus, son of Aria, Piyama-Radu's Greek name is Celaeneus.

According to the History of Miletus by the Miletus historian Aristocritus, the name of the father of Miletus' wife Tragasia was Celaeneus. [125]

In the Greek traditions, besides this Celaeneus, another Celaeneus appears.

It is Celaeneus, son of Electryon, son of Perseus of Mycenae. [126]

Celaeneus, the father of Miletus' wife, and Celaeneus, the son of Electryon, do not contradict each other chronologically.

According to tradition, Celaeneus, son of Electryon, died fighting with his brothers (Stratobates, Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Anactor, and Archelaus) against the Taphians who invaded Argos. [127]

However, this legend is clearly a fabrication.

If Celaeneus, the son of Electryon, and Celaeneus, the father of Tragasia, the wife of Miletus, are the same person, then the following is true.

Electryon's eldest son Perses succeeded his grandfather Cepheus and lived in Ethiopia. [128]

Ethiopia was not south of Egypt, but near the mouth of the Aesepus River near Zeleia in the northwestern part of the Anatolian peninsula. [129]

During the Trojan War, Memnon, the son of Tithonus, the son of Laomedon of Troy lived in Ethiopia. [130]

It is assumed that Ethiopia came under Troy's control after Perseus' son Perses succeeded his grandfather Cepheus. [131]

Because of this relationship with Troy, Perses, who was living in Ethiopia, requested his father Perseus to send reinforcements, and Perseus sent Electryon to Ethiopia.

Electryon married Mideia the Phrygian, by whom he had many sons in Ethiopia. [132]

Electryon then returned to Peloponnesus, married Pelops' daughter Lysidice (or Eurydice), and gave birth to Alcmena, the mother of Heracles. [133]

7.3 Annexation of Ethiopia by Troy

Ethiopia was included in Adrasteia, which was named after King Adrastus. [134]

Adrastus was the father of Eurydice, the wife of Ilus, son of Tros. [135]

Ethiopia was attacked and captured by Ilus, who gave it to his wife's father Adrastus. [136]

After losing the battle with Ilus, Electryon returned to Peloponnesus and was left in charge of Midea. [137]

At this time, Electryon's sons were under 20 years old.

Some of Electryon's sons remained in Asia Minor. One of them was Celaeneus.

7.4 Piyama-Radu (Celaeneus) rebellion

7.4.1 Rebellion period

When Celaeneus reached warrior age, he began a war against Troy and the Hittites, who were friends with Troy, along with those who had been driven from Ethiopia.

The period of Piyama-Radu rebellion lasted from the reign of Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) to the reign of Tudhaliya IV (1237-09 BC). [138]

In short, Piyama-Radu has been fighting for at least 35 years.

He was a hero like Aristomenes, son of Nicomedes of Messenia, during the Second Messenian War.

7.4.2 Motivation for rebellion

Celaeneus' main motive for rebelling against Troy and the Hittites was the loss of Ethiopia.

However, the fact that Tantalus had been forced out of his territory was also one of his motivations for fighting.

Celaeneus' grandfather Perseus married Cepheus' daughter Andromeda and lived in Ethiopia for at least three years until their first son, Perses, was born. [139]

Before Tantalus was chased by Ilus of Troy, Tantalus' territory bordered Ethiopia, and it is assumed that there was contact between Tantalus and Perseus.

The marriages between the daughters of Pelops, son of Tantalus, and the sons of Perseus prove this.

Eurydice (or Lysidice), daughter of Pelops, married Electryon, son of Perseus. [140]

Amphibia (or Nicippe), daughter of Pelops, married Sthenelus, son of Perseus. [141]

Astydamia, daughter of Pelops, married Alcaeus, son of Perseus. [141-1]

Lysidice, daughter of Pelops, married Mestor, son of Perseus. [142]

Celaeneus appears to have been aware of what happened after Tantalus was driven from his territory.

7.4.3 Troy attack

A letter from Manapa-Tarhunta of Seha River Land to Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) states that Piyama-Radu attacked Wilusa (Troy). Manapa-Tarhunta joined Troy but lost to Piyama-Radu. [143]

This event may have been related to a succession dispute following the death of Ilus, son of Tros, in 1296 BC.

Piyama-Radu supported Phaenodamas, who was competing for the throne with Laomedon, son of Ilus, and deposed Laomedon.

Phaenodamas became king of Wilusa, but was attacked by Hittite forces and lost his throne to Laomedon.

Piyama-Radu went to Lesbos. [144]

7.4.4 Lazpa Attack

The Manapa-Tarhunta letter states that Piyama-Radu attacked Wilusa (Troy) and then Lazpa (Lesbos). [145]

At that time, Manapa-Tarhunta's men were on the island, but they joined Piyama-Radu's army. [146]

In 1560 BC, Xanthus, son of Triopas, colonized the then uninhabited Lesbos from Argos. The island formerly known as Issa became known as Pelasgia. [147]

In 1389 BC, Macareus, son of Aeolus, led a group of immigrants, including Ionians and Pelasgians, from Peloponnesus to settle Pelasgia. [148]

In 1340 BC, Lesbos, son of Lapithus, led a colony from Thessaly and settled on Lesbos, and the island became known as Lesbos. [149]

That is, the island was first inhabited by the Pelasgians, then by the Ionians and Aeolis, and by the time of Piyama-Radu, it was dominated by the Seha River Land.

7.4.5 Rebellion in Lukka

Piyama-Radu fled to Ahhiyawa after a failed rebellion in Lukka. [150]

Prior to this, the relationship between the Greeks and Lukka (Lycia) was as follows.

In 1560 BC, a group of Pelasgians led by Xanthus, son of Triopas, settled near the mouth of the Xanthus estuary in Lycia from Argos. [151]

In 1530 BC, Patarus, son of Xanthus' daughter Lycia, founded Patara near the mouth of Xanthus estuary in Lycia. [152]

In 1425 BC, Lycus of Telchines migrated from Rhodes to Lycia, near the Xanthus River, and dedicated a temple to Apollo Lycius. [153]

In 1348 BC, Proetus summoned Cyclopes from Lycia to strengthen the walls of Tiryns. [154]

In 1289 BC, Sarpedon, son of Minos, migrated from Crete to Lycia via Miletus. [155]

In 1277 BC, Lycus, son of Pandion, traveled from Athens to Asia Minor via Messenia and settled in Lycia. [156]

In 1250 BC, the Caucones, who lived in Lepreus in southern Eleia, could no longer endure the tyranny of Lepreus, the town's ruler, and moved to Lycia. [157]

Lepreus, the son of Astydameia, was a man who legend has it was killed by Heracles in single combat after Heracles attacked Elis. [158]

It is assumed that the cause of Piyama-Radu's revolt in Lukka (Lycia) was related to the last migration.

The area near the Xanthus River in Lycia has been a Greek settlement for a long time, but it is thought that there were constant conflicts with surrounding foreign tribes such as the Solymi.

In 1241 BC, Bellerophontes, son of Glaucus, was invited by Iobates to migrate from Isthmus to Xanthus in Lycia. [159]

Bellerophontes is fighting Solymi in Lycia. [160]

7.4.6 Termination of opposition activities

The Piyama-Radu (Celaeneus) rebellion began in 1295 BC and ended around 1237 BC.

It is estimated that Celaeneus began his rebellion at the age of 25 and remained active until the age of 78.

It is also thought that Hittite's control no longer extends to Asia Minor, and that rebellious activities have naturally ceased.

There is one example of Hittite's influence in Asia Minor weakening.

In 1230 BC, there was a large settlement of the Arcadians in the Seha River Land, which was a vassal state of the Hittites.

The Arcadians, led by Telephus, son of Auge, settled in Mysia of Pergamene from Schoenus and Azania in Arcadia.

Later, Azanians settled upstream of the Hermus River. [161]

Mysia of Pergamene during Roman times was inhabited by descendants of the Arcadians who migrated with Telephus. [162]

7.4.7 Support for Heracles

During Piyama-Radu's activity period, Heracles crossed into Asia Minor.

From 1248 BC for three years, Heracles resided in Lydia. [163]

If my conjecture that Piyama-Radu was Celaeneus, son of Electryon, son of Perseus, is correct, then Piyama-Radu lived near the Maeander River.

Celaeneus was also traditionally regarded as the river god of the Maeander. [164]

It is also conceivable that Heracles crossed over to Asia Minor to support his uncle.

Celaeneus' sister Alcmena was Heracles' mother, making Celaeneus his uncle.

At that time, there was a custom that those who committed murder had to leave their homeland and serve under someone else for a certain period. There is an example of someone going from Tanagra in Boeotia to Chalcis in Euboea. [165]

However, there was no need to go all the way from Argolis to Lydia, and the tradition that Heracles served under Omphale of Lydia seems to be a fabrication. [166]

7.4.8 Lahurzi

The Greek name for Lahurzi, brother of Piyama-Radu, is thought to be one of the sons of Electryon: Stratobates, Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Anactor, or Archelaus. [167]

8 About Wilusa (Troy)

Three names appear in Hittite texts as related to Wilusa.

Namely, Kukkunni, Alaksandu and Walmu.

8.1 About Kukkunni

8.1.1 Kukkunni in Hittite texts

Wilusa king Kukkunni allied with Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. [168]

8.1.2 Greek Name of Kukkunni

According to Greek traditions, the royal house of Troy originated with Dardanus and resided in Ilium during the time of Priam.

Ilium is identified with Wilusa.[169]

Based on the following, it is presumed that Ilus, son of Tros, was the first to migrate from Dardanus to Ilium.

1) Ilus was the founder of Ilium. [170]

2) Ilus expelled Tantalus from near Mount Ida and expelled Pelops, son of Tantalus, from Lydia. [170-1]

It is likely that Ilus married the daughter of the King of Wilusa and succeeded to Wilusa after the King's death.

Kukkunni is thought to have been the king of Wilusa before Ilus.

The name Adrastus is recorded as the father of Ilus's wife, but it is not considered the name of a king of Wilusa. The Greek name for Kukkunni is unknown. [170-2]

8.2 About Alaksandu

8.2.1 Alaksandu in Hittite texts

Wilusa king Alaksandu (or Alakasandu, Alaksandus) allied with Hittite king Mursili II and his Muwatalli II. [171]

8.2.2 Greek name of Alaksandu

Hittite documents state that Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) eliminated Alaksandu's opponents and crowned him King Wilusa. [172]

Based on Greek tradition, a genealogy shows that during the reign of Muwatalli II, the ruler of Ilium was Laomedon, son of Ilus.

Therefore, the Greek name of Alaksandu is Laomedon, and it is presumed that there was a struggle for succession as follows.

In 1296 BC, Ilus died and was succeeded by his son Laomedon. [173]

Laomedon's mother is presumed to have been the daughter of the King of Wilusa. [173-1]

Laomedon concluded a treaty with Mursili II (1321-1295 BC) upon his accession to the throne. [174]

Laomedon was then expelled from Ilium by his competitors. [175]

The person who expelled Laomedon was Phaenodamas (or Hippotes), believed to be the son of Ilus.

Laomedon attacked Ilium with the support of the Hittite army and the armies of Hittite vassals.

It was Muwatalli II who restored Laomedon to the throne, and the attack on Ilium is estimated to have occurred in 1295 BC. [176]

Around this time, the Hittites conquered Arzawa, centered on Lydia, and had great influence in Asia Minor. [168]

In this battle Phaenodamas was killed along with his sons. [178]

The remaining three daughters of Phaenodamas fled to Sicily. [179]

8.3 About Walmu

8.3.1 Walmu in Hittite texts

In the Milawata letter (CTH 182), the Hittite king requests the Milawata king to hand over Walmu, who lost the battle for succession to the throne of Wilusa (Troy). [180]

8.3.2 Greek name of Walmu

The author of this letter was Hattusili III (1265-35 BC), and it is presumed to have been written around the time that Priam, son of Laomedon, who is confirmed in Greek tradition, ascended the throne. [181]

If Walmu became King of Troy through the mediation of the Hittite king, Walmu's Greek name would be Priam.

Alternatively, if the mediation failed and Walmu was unable to become King of Troy, then Walmu was the one who competed with Priam for the right to the throne.

However, it is unlikely that the mediation of the Hittite king would have been realized, and Walmu's Greek name is presumed to be Priam (or Podarces).

8.3.3 Throne Succession Conflict

It is assumed that the struggle for succession to the Wilusa throne was as follows.

8.3.3.1 Exile of Walmu

When Laomedon died, a struggle for succession to the throne ensued. Walmu of Wilusa, who lost the battle for succession to the throne, fled to Milawata (Miletus). King Hittite asked his vassal King Milawata to hand over Walmu to the Hittites so that he could be made king of Wilusa. [182]

Priam is thought to have defected to Miletus, relying on his sister Hesione, who was married to Miletus.

8.3.3.2 Those who exiled Walmu

The man who deposed Walmu was the grandson of the one who had contested the throne with Laomedon when Ilus died.

In other words, he is Aegestus (or Acestes), the grandson of Phaenodamas, who was killed by Laomedon.

However, Aegestus lived in Sicily. [183]

Therefore, it is presumed that there were people within Ilium who were also involved in the expulsion of Walmu.

It was Anchises, father of Aeneas, who later emigrated to Sicily with Aegestus. [184]

Aesyetes, father of Antenor, whose tomb lies on a plain about 1 km south of Ilium, was also a supporter of Aegestus. [185]

Anchises' father was Capys, son of Assaracus (or Asarakos), son of Tros, and his mother was Themiste, daughter of Ilus, so Anchises was also entitled to the throne.

Also, Antenor's father, Aesyetes, was the son of Capys, son of Assaracus, who lived in Dardania, and seems to have been the brother of Anchises. [186]

Aegestus, with support from Anchises and Aesyetes, expelled Priam and briefly took control of Ilium. However, they were attacked by Priam, backed by Hittite forces, and abandoned Ilium. [187]

8.3.3.3 Emigrations of Anchises et al.

Aesyetes was killed in battle while attempting to intercept Priam's army on a plain about 1 km south of Ilium. [188]

Antenor, son of Aesyetes, migrated to the depths of the Adriatic Sea. [189]

Aegestus emigrated to Sicily with Anchises. [190]

Therefore, all pre-Sicily traditions about Aeneas, son of Anchises, are fictions, and Aeneas was born in Sicily. [191]

Aegestus or Elymus (or Elyuius) founded Aegesta (or Egesta) (now Segesta) and Elyma (or Eryx) (now Erice) in the northwest of Sicily. [192]

Elymus was the son of Anchises. [193]

End